• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.306-313
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• 2017

Purple bamboo salt (PuBS) is commonly used as a medicinal food in Korea and has beneficial potentials such as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Rubus coreanus is called Bokbunja, which is used as a traditional medicine for treating asthma, impotence, and allergic diseases in Korea. The aim of present study was to investigate the immunostimulatory effect of PuBS composed with Rubus coreanus (PuBS-R). We performed comparative analysis between PuBS and PuBS-R in Raw264.7 cells, which is a mouse macrophage cell line, and peritoneal macrophages isolated primarily from the mouse peritoneal cavity. We evaluated cytotoxicity and the immune cytokine response in PuBS- and PuBS-R-treated cells. Both PuBS and PuBS-R did not have any cytotoxicity in Raw264.7 cells up to $500{\mu}g/mL$. Gene and protein levels of immune cytokines such as tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$), $interferon-{\gamma}$ ($IFN-{\gamma}$), interleukin (IL)-10, and IL-12 were significantly elevated by PuBS-R more than PuBS in Raw264.7 cells. Moreover, we evaluated the immunostimulatory effects of PuBS-R on mouse primary peritoneal macrophages. Protein levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-10, and IL-12 were significantly higher in PuBS-R-treated peritoneal macrophages than PuBS-treated peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest the potential immunostimulatory effect of PuBS-R for immunity against harmful infection.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.221-225
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• 2012

The anti-inflammatory effects of Undaria pinnatifida water extract (UPWE) were investigated using lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in this study. To examine the potential anti-inflammatory properties of UPWE, the cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and IL-$1{\beta}$ were measured. As a result, there was no cytotoxicity in the macrophage proliferation treated with UPWE compared to the control. NO levels decreased with increasing concentration of UPWE. Moreover, the secretion of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$ and IL-$1{\beta}$ were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner, and IL-6 inhibition activities were over 50% at 0.1%. These results suggested that UPWE may have significant effects on inflammatory factors and be a potential anti-inflammatory therapeutic materials.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.152-159
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• 2019

To characterize new physiologically active components in Korean apple vinegar, a crude polysaccharide (KAV-0) was prepared by precipitation with 80% (v/v) ethanol. KAV-0 mainly comprises 38.2% mannose, 19.1% galactose and 14.3% glucose. In an in vitro cytotoxicity analysis, KAV-0 promoted the proliferation of peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner, and showed no cytotoxicity in B16-BL6 melanoma cells. Murine peritoneal macrophages and RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by KAV-0 produced various cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and tumor necrosis factor $(TNF)-{\alpha}$, and nitric oxide (NO). Intravenous (i.v.) administration of KAV-0 significantly augmented NK cell cytotoxicity against Yac-1 tumor cells. In experimental lung metastasis caused by B16-BL6 melanomas, prophylactic i.v. administration of KAV-0 at a dosage of $1,000{\mu}g/mouse$ inhibited lung metastasis by 53.0%. These results suggest that the crude polysaccharide (KAV-0) isolated from Korean apple vinegar has a considerably high anti-metastatic activity and immunomodulatory activities beneficial to human health.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.34 no.7
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• pp.443-452
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• 2024

This study aimed to examine the influence of 3,6-anhydroxygalactose (L-AHG) on the pro-inflammatory M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory responses observed in the RAW264.7 mouse macrophage cell line following stimulation with lipopolysaccharides (LPS). L-AHG exhibited a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression, a hallmark of M1 polarization, and subsequent NO production in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, the LPS-induced upregulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), which drives the production of prostaglandin E2, an inflammatory mediator, was also inhibited by L-AHG. L-AHG did not affect the LPS-triggered Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated pro-inflammatory signaling pathway, which culminated in the activation of transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). However, it was observed to inhibit the generation of reactive oxugen species (ROS) in a dose-dependent manner, as well as the TAK1-driven activation of JNK and p38 MAPK. Given that the active p38 MAPK is known to contribute to the assembly of active nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, which catalyzes the intracellular generation of pro-inflammatory ROS in LPS-stimulated macrophages, the dose-dependent reduction in the LPS-induced ROS generation by L-AHG may be mainly due to the prevention of TAK1-driven activation of p38 MAPK. Together, these results demonstrate that the L-AHG-mediated inhibition of the TAK1-JNK/p38 MAPK activation phase of the pro-inflammatory signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells by L-AHG represents a promising mechanism for suppressing M1 polarization and pro-inflammatory responses in macrophages.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• v.7 no.10 s.48
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• pp.60-64
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• 2002

알려진 녹용의 효능을 과학적으로 증명하고 활성성분을 이용하여 신의약품 개발에 기여하고자 한다. 본 연구실에서는 녹용의 가장 대표적인 효능인 조혈작용을 하는 성분을 구조 분석하여 MADG임을 밝히었다. MADG는 조혈촉진기능뿐만 아니라 대식세포 증식기능 그리고 비장세포성장을 촉진하는 등 면역활성 조절제로써의 기능도 나타내었다. 그리고 녹용에 존재하는 인지질 중에서 포화지방산을 가지고 있는 phophatidylcholine도 면역활성을 촉진시키었다. 항진균작용을 하는 성분을 구조 분석한 결과 lysophophatidylcholine임을 밝히었으며 그 유도체인 CHJ-ester가 숙주세포에는 해를 주지 않으면서 항진균작용을 하는 것을 관찰하였다. 그리고 골다공증치료효과를 검색하기 위해 녹용 정제성분으로 연구한 결과 파골세포로의 분화를 100$\%$ 저해함을 밝히므로 녹용이 골다공증 치료효과가 있음을 증면하였다. 녹용성분의 유도체인 SCOH가 파골세포분화를 억제함을 밝혀 현재 골다공증치료제로써의 가능성을 조사하고 있다. 본 연구실에서는 1999년부터 녹용연구를 시작하여 현재까지 10여 개의 활성성분을 분석한 바 있다. 현재 조혈세포촉진작용, 면역증진작용, 골다공증치료작용, 대식세포 증식작용, 항진균작용, 항간질작용에 대한 성분 분석 및 그 약리 기전을 연구하고 있다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.532-539
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• 2004

Purpose: There has been a renewal of interest in Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), especially correlation in pathogenesis of sepsis by many infectious diseases and in regulation of host inflammatory and immune response. We developed immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) to determine serum human MIF concentration. Materials and Methods: The IRMA system utilizes solid phase bound monoclonal anti-recombinant human MIF (rhMIF) antibody as a capture antibody, biotinylated polyclonal anti-rhMIF antibody as a detector antibody. We applied with rhMIF that concentration of standard solutions increased from 0 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml. We used $^{125}I$-streptavidin (SA) as radiotracer to determination of rhMIF concentration. Streptavidin was labeled with $^{125}I$ by Chloramine-T method and $^{125}I$-SA was purified by ultracentrifugation. $^{125}I$-SA stability was evaluated by ITLC analysis at $4^{\circ}C$ and room temperatures until 60days. To validate IRMA system for MIF, we experimented intra-assay and inter-assay coefficients of variation, recovery test and dilution test. Results: Radiolabeling yield of $^{125}I$-SA was 87% and purified $^{125}I$-SA retained above 99% radiochemical purity. $^{125}I$-SA showed above 93% stability in $4^{\circ}C$ until 60days that it is good for immunoradiometric assay as radiotracer. Plotted standard dose response curve showed that increased concentration of rhMIF linearly correlated (R2=0.99) with bound radioactivity of $^{125}I$-SA. The highest intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation were 5.5% and 7.6%, respectively. The average of recovery of MIF in samples was 102%. In dilution test, linear response curves were obtained (R2=0.97). Conclusion: Radioimmunoassay using $^{125}I$-SA as radiotracer thought to be useful for the determination of serum MIF concentration, and further, its data will be used to evaluate the correlation between clinical significance and serum MIF concentration in patients with various inflammatory diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.384-388
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• 2001

The effects of MeOH extracts of Schizandra chinensis fructus (SZX) on the immunoregulatory effect (lymphocyte proliferation, subpopulation, nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity) and apoptosis $(sub-G_1\;peak)$ of L1210 cells were examined. The proliferation of splenocytes and thymocytes were enhanced by the addition of $10\;{\mu}g/mL$ of SZX. SZX were administered p.o. once a day for 7 days in adult male BALB/c mice. SZX resulted in altering subpopulation of splenic B and/or T and thymic T lymphocytes, especially the number of $T_H$ cells were markedly increased by the treatment of SZX in vivo and in vitro. SZX treatment induced the apoptotic cell death in L1210 mouse leukemia cells. In addition, SZX accelerated the production of nitric oxide and phagocytic activity in peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that SZX have an immunoregulatory property and anti-cancer action.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2008

Korean Marine Plants (KMU-4, 6, 7) obtained from an herb which widely used in medicine for the treatment of a variety of pathologies. In this study, using mouse peritoneal macrophages, we have examined whether KMU-4, 6, 7 affects nitric oxide (NO) and COX-2 induced IFN-$\gamma$ and LPS and cell viability. KMU-6 inhibits IFN-$\gamma$ and LPS-induced NO. We found that KMU-6 had a little effect on COX-2 expression. These finding means that KMU-6 can be used in controlling macrophages mediated inflammatory disease. The present results indicate that KMU-6 has an inhibitory effect on the production of NO through down-regulation of COX-2 expression in LPS stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.313-319
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• 2008

Scutellaria barbata was examined to evaluate its modulatory effects on the functional activation of macrophages under lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. To do this, hot water extract (Sb-HWE) was prepared from Scutellaria barbata and several inflammatory parameters such as nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) determination and intracellular signaling pathway were selected to be tested. Sb-HWE strongly blocked NO production in LPS-activated RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. However, it did not suppress inducible NO synthase (iNOS). In agreement, Sb-HWE did not diminish inflammatory signaling composed of NF-${\kappa}B$ and its upstream activation signaling enzymes such as Akt and $I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$. Sb-HWE protected RAW264.7 cells from LPS-induced cytotoxicity up to 80% at 400\;{\mu}g/ml$. Furthermore, this extract blocked phagocytic uptake of FITC-dextran, while sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells was not decreased. Therefore, our data suggest that Sb-HWE may have differential immunoregulatory function depending on macrophage-mediated immune responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.7
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• pp.1079-1083
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• 2015

Activating macrophage cells play an important role in the host immune defense system. In this paper, immuno-modulatory activities of polysaccharides separated from Jubak (JPS) in macrophage cells were investigated. Immuno-modulatory activities were estimated based on cell proliferation, nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production, degree of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and nuclear factor (NF)-${\kappa}B$ phosphorylation in RAW264.7 macrophage cells. JPS (62.5 to $250{\mu}g/mL$) did not induce a cytotoxic event. Additionally, NO and proinflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ and interleukin-6) production significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, phosphorylation of MAPKs and NF-${\kappa}B$ increased upon JPS treatment. Therefore, our results suggest that polysaccharides separated from Jubak can induce macrophage activation through MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling and induction of Th1 polarization.