• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.441-446
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• 2012

본 연구에서 추출 용매의 선택은 작두콩과 대두, 서리태의 추출 수율과 실험의 용이성 등을 고려하여 메탄올을 사용하여 실험을 진행하였다. 작두콩의 화학적 특성을 알아보기 위해 일반성분 중 수분, 회분, 조단백질, 조지방 실험을 하였으며, 이 중 조지방에서 서리태, 대두와는 다른 작두콩만의 특징을 찾을 수 있었다. 작두콩의 조지방 함량은 1.2%로 서리태와 대두의 조지방 함량 16.1, 16.5%와 비교해 볼 때 매우 낮음을 알 수 있었다. 이 낮은 조지방 함량으로 인해 비극성 유기용매 헥산이나 에틸아세테이트 등에서 추출 수율이 서리태나 대두에 비해 낮게 나타났다. 구성아미노산은 함량과 구성비율을 실험하였다. 그 결과 Histidine의 구성비율이 서리태(2.9%)나 대두(3.0%)와 비교해 볼때 9.2%로 상대적으로 높은 구성비율을 나타냈다. 콩에서 대표적인 항산화활성 물질로 알려진 이소플라본은 작두콩에서 검출되지 않았다. 작두콩과 대두, 서리태의 비타민 실험결과는 모두 비타민 C의 함량이 비타민 A의 함량보다 높게 검출되었다. 무기질 함량 실험에서는 작두콩과 대두, 서리태에서 10가지 무기질 중 칼륨, 칼슘, 마그네슘의 함량이 높게 나타났다. 총 폴리페놀은 대두 1,165.7 mg/100 g, 서리태 1,298.6 mg/100 g, 작두콩 1,152.0 mg/100 g으로 서리태 보다는 적지만 대두와는 유의적 차이를 보이지 않았다. 총 플라보노이드는 대두 71.8 mg/100 g, 서리태 97.5 mg/100 g보다 작두콩에서 유의적으로 높게(493.2 mg/100 g) 나타났다. DPPH 라디칼 소거활성 결과를 토대로 $SC_{50}$ 값을 구한 결과 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol(8.3 ${\mu}g/mL$)과 대등한 13.1 ${\mu}g/mL$로 항산화활성이 높게 나타났으며, 농도 의존적으로 활성이 증가하고 있음을 알수 있었다. 이상의 결과 같은 콩과의 식물이지만 대두나 서리태와는 다른 화학적 특성을 가지고 있고 높은 항산화활성을 갖는 작두콩의 식품이나 건강기능식품으로서의 활용가치를 확인할 수 있었고, 항산화활성 물질의 분리 등 더 많은 연구가 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제19권9호
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• pp.1294-1298
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• 2009

콩의 대표적인 이소플라본인 genistein과 daidzein에 의해 암세포 생존율에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여, HCT116 세포주에 genistein과 daidzein을 농도 의존적으로 처리하였다. Genistein은 처리한 농도 의존적으로 암세포 생존율을 감소시켰으며, 이에 반해 daidzein은 세포생존율에 큰 변화를 보여주지는 못하였다. 이전의 마이크로어레이 실험 결과에 의하면, $50{\mu}M$의 genistein에 의해 2배 이상 증가되는 유전자 71개, 2배 이상 감소되는 유전자 64개가 검색되었다. 이중 3개의 유전자(DKK-1, ATF3 그리 고 NAG-1)를 선택하여, 마이크로어레이 실험 결과를 검증하기 위하여 RT-PCR을 수행하였다. RT-PCR 결과 마이크로어레이 결과와 모두 일치함을 증명하였다. 한편, genistein과 daidzein에 의한 병합처리에 의해 암세포생존에 미치는 영향을 확인하였다. 그 결과 병합처리에 의한 상승적인 세포독성 효과를 확인하였다. RT-PCR과 real-time PCR의 결과 genistein과 daidzein의 병합처리에 의해 항암유전자인 NAG-1 유전자가 상승적으로 발현이 증가됨을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 이소플라본뿐만 아니라 대두제품에 의한 암 화학예방법의 기전을 이해하는 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.263-270
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• 2003

팥과 녹두는 떡의 소나 앙금 등 주로 전분의 특성을 이용하는 형태로 소비가 제한적인 편이다. 식생활을 통해 질병의 예방 및 개선 가능성이 대두되면서 각종 식물체로부터 여러 생리활성물질의 활성탐구 및 추출에 많은 노력이 이루어지고 있으나, 대두와 같은 두류로 분류기는 팥과 녹두의 경우 이들 생리활성물질에 대한 인구는 거의 없는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 대두에 비해 상대적으로 연구가 미진한 팥과 녹두의 생리활성 및 이소플라본 함량을 조사하였고, 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1.팥과 녹두에서는 daidzein이 검출되지 않았고, genistein은 건조중량 1 kg당 40.7 mg과 27.8 mg이 들어 있었다. 2. 팥과 녹두의 전자공여능은 90%의 활성을 보인 팥이 84.6%의 활성을 나타낸 녹두에 비해 유의적으로 높았다. 3. 팥과 녹두의 SOD 유사활성 역시 거의 같은 수준으로 높았고, 매우 안정적이었다. 4. 혈전용해능은 팥의 경우 원액에서는 활성이 없었으나, 추출액의 pH를 6.4로 조절한 후 18시간 동안 냉장처리한 결과 비교적 큰 활성을 보였으며, pH 3.0으로 조절시 더욱 증가하였다. 녹두는 추출액을 pH 6.4와 3.0으로 조절시 모두 비활성도가 증가하였으나 pH 3.0에서는 pH 6.4보다 활성이 낮았다. 이들 시료는 36$^{\circ}C$에서 배양시 14시간까지는 반응을 거의 보이지 않다가 15시간이 지나면서 활성이 크게 나타나는 특이성을 보였다. 5. 열처리가 혈전용해활성에 미치는 영향을 비교해보면, 팥과 녹두 모두 10$0^{\circ}C$에서 10분 처리시 가장 활성이 컸고, 그 다음이 55$^{\circ}C$에서 30분, 10$0^{\circ}C$에서 30분 순으로 유사한 양상을 보였다 특히 10$0^{\circ}C$에서 10분간의 열처리시 55$^{\circ}C$에서 30분 처리한 것에 비해 혈전용해활성이 증가한 것으로 미루어 팥과 녹두의 혈전용해활성은 열에 대한 안정성이 크다고 할 수 있다. 반면 10$0^{\circ}C$에서 30분간의 과도한 열처리는 활성의 저하를 초래했다.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.539-547
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• 2015

This study investigated elementary school students' perception and recognition of soybean foods and assessed their intake levels of isoflavones. A survey was administered to 300 sixth grade students in Daegu. The amount of isoflavones consumed by students was estimated by food intake frequency and the 24-hour recall method based on their general dietary habits and perception of soybean foods. Subjects' mean height was 152.2 cm, mean weight was 45.2 kg, and body mass index was $19.4kg/m^2$. All subjects had knowledge of soybeans and most preferred bean-paste pot stew of all soybean-based foods. Students typically ingested isoflavones two or three times per week in the forms of tofu, bean-paste pot stew, and bean sprouts. The average amount of isoflavones consumed from soy foods was 26.43 mg/day (daidzein 9.27 mg/day and genistein 17.16 mg/day) as assessed by food frequency questionnaire and 30.83 mg/day (daidzein 13.63 mg/day and genistein 16.40 mg/day) by the 24-hour recall method, showing that the 24-hour recall method assessment amount was 4.4 mg higher than that of the food frequency questionnaire. The major food sources of isoflavones were soybean paste and soybeans. Those who were especially knowledgeable about soybean foods expressed the view that these sources were a good or affordable enriched source of isoflavones.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.89-95
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the effect of soy isoflavone on plasma nitrite concentration and the antioxidant enzyme activities of erythrocyte and the liver using adult male rats fed high fat diet. Seven-week old male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three groups and fed high fat diet (15% beef tallow, 1 % cholesterol; control: IF0) or high fat diets containing isoflavone 80 ppm (IF80) or 320 ppm (IF320) for 10 weeks. Plasma nitrite concentration as a vasodilator, and antioxidant enzyme activities in erythrocytes and the liver were measured. Plasma nitrite concentration was increased by 45% and 35%, respectively, in IF80 and IF320 than in IF0 group. Erythrocyte catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities increased by 31 %, 30% and 40% in IF320 compared to IF0 group. Especially, erythrocyte GR activity increased by 61 % in IF80 group. However, catalase activity in the liver was decreased in IF80 group. GPx and GR activities in the liver were not differ among groups. The results suggest that soy isoflavone have the protective effect against risk factors related with cardiovascular disease by improving vasodilator factor, nitrite, and antioxidant enzyme activities in blood. (Korean J Nutrition 38(2): 89～95, 2005)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.32-39
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• 2003

Phytoestrogens, especially soy-derived isoflavones, are receiving great scrutiny as a food supplement for preventing hormone dependent disease such as postmenopausal osteoporosis. Their beneficial effects are derived from aglycone form of isoflavones, such as daidzein, genistein or glycitein. In contrast to the common usage of soybean, black bean (Rhynchosia Molubilis : Yak-kong) has been used as a supplement for preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis in oriental medicine. To investigate the effects of the saliva, artificial stomach fluid, and digestive enzymes on the conversion of glycosidic isoflavone to aglycone form, soybean and black bean were extracted with 70% methanol and freeze-dried. The recovery yield of methanol extracts of black bean was 14.1% which was higher than that of soybean, 13.5%. In terms of total isoflavones, we routinely obtained larger amount of isoflavones from black bean than those from soybean. By incubating methanol extracts of soybean and black bean with IN HCI for 180 min, the proportions of aglycones relative to the total isoflavone were significantly increased (32.4% and 52.4%, respectively). In vitro conversion, digestive enzymes ($\beta$-glucosidase and $\alpha$-glucosidase) may hydrolyze glycosidic bond of isoflavone more effectively than saliva or artificial stomach fluid did. It seems to say that the activity of $\beta$-glucosidase was higher than those of $\alpha$-glucosidase. The rate of conversion of glucoside form to aglycone form in black bean and soybean was low in physiological condition (pH) tested, although the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoside was active. These results demonstrated that the composition of aglycone in food may be the important factors in terms of the bioavailability of isoflavones. (Korean J Nutrition 36(1): 32-39, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.40-47
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• 2005

This study was performed to determine the effect of three different concentrations of soy-isoflavones on calcium and phosphorus balance in either sham-operated or ovariectomized female rats. Seventy-two 16-week old Sprague-Dawley rats underwent sham operation or bilateral ovariectomy. They were provided diets containing different levels of soy iso-flavones for 6 weeks: 50 ppm (Jow isoflavone intake; LI) , 250 ppm (medium isoflavone intake; MI) and 500 ppm (high isoflavone intake; HI). The subsequent fecal and urinary excretions of calcium and phosphorus were then measured. In the sham-operated rats, body weight gains and food efficiency ratio of the MI and HI groups were significantly lower than the control group while food intake was not different. However, there was no significant difference in the ovariectomized rats. The fecal excretion of calcium was significantly lower in the LI, MI and HI groups than the control group in sham operated rats, and significantly lower in the HI group than the control group in ovariectomized rats. Also, apparent ab-sorption rate of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference among groups. Urinary excretion of calcium and phosphorus was significantly lower in the HI group than the LI group in the sham-operated rats. Urinary excretion of calcium was significantly higher in the control ovariectomized rats than in the control sham-operated rats. Retention of calcium and phosphorus did not show any significant difference in both groups. From the above result, we see that isoflavone intake increases calcium retention through an increase in calcium absorption and also suppresses the increase of calcium excretion in urine in ovariectomy. Therefore, it is suggested that isoflavone intake is recommended for menopausal women who experience sharp bone loss due to the decrease in estrogen honnone.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.476-482
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• 2003

We studied the effects of soy isoflavone supplements on bone metabolism marker (serum osteocalcin, urinary deoxypyridinoline) and urinary mineral excretion (urinary Ca, Mg, Zn) in 47 postmenopausal women. There were 24 participants in the treatment group and 23 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas: Physical examination, diet survey, bone metabolism marker and urinary mineral excretion. The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.9 mg) and the control group (25.4 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. The analysis of bone metabolism marker changes in the treatment group after 12 weeks of taking the isoflavone supplements demonstrated significant differences in the following: Serum osteocalcin (13.7 ng/mL in befor versus 6.8 ng/mL in after) and urinary deoxypyridinoline (5.9 nmol/mmol Cr in befor versus 4.5 nmol/mmol Cr in after). The subjects in the treatment group showed no significant difference in urinary Ca excretion. But the subjects showed a significant difference in urinary Mg (131.9 mg/day in befor versus 115.6 mg/day in after) and Zn (400.5 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in befor versus 310.2 $\mu\textrm{g}$/day in after) excretion in the isoflavone treatment group at the levels of p<0.001, p<0.01, respectively. No changes were made in the intake of minerals. The composition of serum osteocalcin and urinary deoxypyridinoline, and indicators of bone metabolism, including the excretion Mg and Zn, significantly decreased. As a result, bone mineral loss was lessened. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 476~482, 2003)

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.801-807
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• 2006

To elucidate the effect of soy isoflavone supplementation on bone mineral density and antioxidant enzyme activity in 60 postmenopausal women residing in Iksan area were recruited. There were 31 participants in the treatment group and 29 in the control group. The treatment group consumed isoflavone extract capsules daily (which contained 90 mg of soy isoflavones) for 12 weeks. The study compared before and after isoflavone intake in the following areas. Physical examination, diet survey, bone mineral density (BMD) and antioxidant enzyme activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TA)). The average age of the treatment group was 64.6 years and that of the control group was 66.5 years. There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of height, weight and body mass index. Both groups maintained a regular diet pattern in terms of their average daily nutrient intake. There were no significant differences between the treatment group (23.3 mg) and the control group (24.0 mg) in terms of daily isoflavone intake based on diet. Isoflavone supplementation of 12 weeks did not resulted in any significant changes in BMD or parameters of antioxidant enzyme activity, implying the necessity of more intensive intervention for a substantial change. In conclusion, this study revealed that antioxidant enzyme activity holds a significant relationship with the bone mineral density in postmenopausal women and further systematic research on dose and period of isoflavone supplementation is needed to clearify the positive effect of isoflavone on BMD and/or blood antioxidant capacity in postmenopausal women.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.214-219
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• 2010

In this study, phytoestrogen for the industrial production of soybean probiotics by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) was studied in a soybean extract. Soybean was fermented with LAB, Lactobacillus plantarum KCTC 3108 and Bifidobacterum longum ATCC 15707. The change in the content of various isoflavones (aglycone and glucoside) and the $\beta$-glucosidase activity in soybean during fermentation were investigated and shown to be dependent on the starter organism. Soybean extract powder fermented with L. plantarum showed the highest $\beta$-glucosidase activity and the greatest increase in the aglycone content. After 48h of fermentation, the contents of daidzin, genistin and glycitin in L. plantarum decreased from a mean initial levels of $83.03{\pm}2.17$, $168.13{\pm}8.17$ and $20.02{\pm}1.07$, respectively, to mean levels of $5.34{\pm}3.24$, $3.79{\pm}0.57$ and $1.87{\pm}1.09\;mg$/100 g. Whereas, after 48h fermentation, the contents of daidzein, genistein and glycitein increased from a mean initial levels of $8.09{\pm}0.78$, $11.20{\pm}0.84$ and $4.71{\pm}0.46$, respectively, to mean levels of $85.76{\pm}0.84$, $175.87{\pm}2.21$ and $22.41{\pm}0.91\;mg$/100 g. Taken together, these results suggested an increase of aglycones and decrease of glucoside in isoflavones occurred during fermentation, which coincided with an increase of $\beta$-glucosidase activity in the fermented soybean extract powder.