• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제51권2호
• /
• pp.240-244
• /
• 2013

정삼투식 담수화 기술은 차세대 담수 방법으로 주목을 받고 있으나, 상용화를 위해서는 유도용액 처리공정에서의 에너지 효율 향상을 필요로 한다. 중탄산암모늄을 유도용질로 이용하는 정삼투식 담수화 시스템은 정삼투 막모듈, 유도용액 분리공정, 유도용액 회수공정으로 이루어진다. 담수 생산을 위한 유도용액 분리공정에서 발생하는 암모니아와 이산화탄소의 혼합기체는 연속운전 및 경제성 향상을 위하여 회수되어 중탄산암모늄 용액으로 재농축되어야 한다. 이러한 유도용액 회수공정의 흡수액으로 희석된 중탄산암모늄 용액을 이용하는 방법이 있다. 본 연구에서는 용액의 농도에 따른 흡수성능 및 특성을 관찰하기 위한 실험을 수행하였고, 정삼투식 담수 공정에서 중탄산암모늄 용액을 분리된 암모니아와 이산화탄소 재농축에 이용할 수 있음을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 파일럿급 정삼투식 담수 공정의 설계 및 운전에 활용될 예정이다.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제17권4호
• /
• pp.277-286
• /
• 2007

전 세계적으로 물 부족 문제를 해결하기 위한 한 가지 대안으로서 해수 담수화 기술이 높은 관심을 받고 있다. 본 연구에서는 해수 담수화를 위한 고효율 저에너지 소모 공정으로 떠오르고 있는 역삼투막의 제조를 위해 cellulose triacetate(CTA)의 적용 가능성을 살피고자 하였다. 염소에 대한 안정성과 유기물에 대한 저항성을 가지는 CTA를 사용하여 막을 제조할 시 아세틸화도, 용매, 첨가제와 같은 제막 조성의 변화가 막의 성능에 미치는 것으로 나타난다. 높은 아세틸화도와 CTA의 용매인 다이옥산과 아세톤의 비에서 다이옥산의 함량이 높을수록 높은 유량과 염 제거율을 가지는 막의 제조가 가능하다. 첨가제로는 acetic acid와 maleic acid가 선호된다. 실제 해수 담수화 플랜트에 상용화된 CTA 막($HOLLOSEP^{(R)}$)을 적용해 본 결과 다른 화학적 처리 없이 계속적인 염소 처리만으로 장기간 안정된 유량과 수질을 나타낸다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.735-741
• /
• 2010

A pilot test was carried out to investigate the long term operation characteristics of Microfiltration (MF) system as a pretreatment for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) processes for two years. A commercialized MF module with pressurized operation type was used to filter seawater to remove particles which can foul reverse osmosis (RO) membrane. Silt Density Index (SDI) values of filtered seawater by the MF system were ranged from 0.14 to 1.79, which meet the SDI standard for RO feed water as depicted in previous literatures. Although the tested seawater is quite clean (i.e., dissolved organic cabon (DOC) concentration and turbidity were about 1 mg/l and less than 1 NTU, respectively) enough not to foul the MF membrane, steep increase in trans-membrane pressure (TMP) with a constant flux were observed over a whole operation period. A set of operation and water analysis data implies that the steep increase in TMP was resulted from iron and maganese fouling by the combination of metal corrosion by seawater and oxidation state by aeration and residual chlorine.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.301-307
• /
• 2018

Membrane distillation (MD) is a thermally driven desalination process with a hydrophobic membrane. MD process has been known to have a lower fouling potential compared to other pressure-based membrane desalination process (NF, RO). However, membrane fouling also occurs in MD process. In this study, the membrane fouling was observed in MD process according to the pre-treatment processes. The filtration and precipitation processes were applied as the pre-treatment to prevent the membrane fouling. The pore sizes of roughing filters were 0.4, 5, 10, 30, and $60{\mu}m$. The concentration of the coagulant was 1.2 mg/L as $FeCl_3$. The membrane fouling on MD membrane was successfully removed with both pre-treatment processes.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제25권2호
• /
• pp.177-184
• /
• 2011

Membrane fouling is an unavoidable phenomenon in operation of seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) and major obstacle for economic and efficient operation. When fouling occurs on the membrane surface, the permeate flux is decreased, on the contrary, the trans-membrane pressure (TMP) is increased, therefore operation and maintaining costs and potential damage of membranes are able to the pivotal risks of the process. Chemical cleaning process is essential to prevent interruptions for effective RO membrane filtration process. This study focused on proper chemical cleaning condition for polyamide RO membranes of 4 companies. Several chemical agents were applied for chemical cleaning under numbers of operating conditions. Additionally, a monitoring tool of FEEM as autopsy analysis method is adapted for the prediction of organic bio-fouling.

• 멤브레인
• /
• 제26권5호
• /
• pp.351-364
• /
• 2016

최근 폴리아마이드 선택층에 나노물질을 혼합하여 해수담수화 성능을 높이고자 하는 연구가 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 본 총설은 역삼투 분리막 해수담수화 공정에서의 에너지 효율 향상을 위한 우수한 성능을 가진 폴리아마이드 기반 나노복합막을 소개하고자 한다. 그래핀 옥사이드 및 탄소나노튜브와 같은 탄소나노물질 및 제올라이트, 실리카 나노입자 등의 다양한 나노물질들이 기존 폴리아마이드의 투과분리성능을 높이기 위해 적용되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 최근 연구 중인 각 나노소재별 성능향상 특장점을 소개하고, 더 높은 성능을 갖는 나노복합막 제조를 위한 연구방향을 제시하고자 한다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제23권2호
• /
• pp.207-214
• /
• 2009

This study examines the optimum filtration conditions in pretreatment of seawater desalination by reverse osmosis. For this purpose, Masan bay seawater is treated through a gravity filter column while $FeCl_3$ is added as coagulant. The conditions of coagulantd osage, media depth, filtration rate, and backwash time are evaluated. The study results show that the filtrate quality improved with increasing coagulant dosage, but head loss rapidly increased. After 4mg/L, the unit filter run volume reduced to less than $200m^3/m^2$. Considering the head loss development, 4mg/L is determined as the optimum dosage. The better filtrate qualities are obtained with depth of 100cm than that of 80cm. The two stage filtration, which outperformed the single stage filtration, is suggested for treatment of Masan bay. The filtration rate of 5m/h is decided as the optimum condition considering the head loss development. At 10m/h, the filtrate quality deteriorated even though the extent was minimal, and head loss increased rapidly. The backwash time of 10 min is decided appropriate.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제33권4호
• /
• pp.281-289
• /
• 2019

Desalination plants are generally studied with higher operating costs compared to water supply facilities. This study was conducted to reduce the cost of water production and to preserve existing water resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to utilize the control valves to increase maximum efficiency, thereby reducing the power of the pumps and operating costs. Specific energy consumption was shown to reduce the process operating power by up to 1.7 times from 6.17 to $3.55kWh/m^3$ based on seawater reverse osmosis 60 bar. In addition, the water intake process was divided into pre, inter, and post-according to the use method of blasting, and the water treatment process was divided into pre, inter, and post blending. In order to reduce power consumption, the blending process was combined to operate the facility, which resulted in the reduction of power consumption in the order post > pre-inter> inter blending.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제60권3호
• /
• pp.371-376
• /
• 2022

액화 천연 가스는 도시가스로 공급되기 위해 기화의 과정을 거치는데 이 때 약 800 kJ/kg의 냉열이 발생한다. 현재 이 에너지는 모두 바다로 버려지고 있어 에너지 재순환 관점에서 보면 아주 심각한 에너지 낭비를 초래하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 이 점에 착안하여 버려지는 액화 천연 가스의 냉열을 활용할 수 있는 해수담수공정을 제안하고 이 공정을 최적화하여 고유 전력 소비와 경제성에 대해 분석하였다. 그 결과 제안된 공정의 에너지 소모량은 -5.2 kWh/m³, 담수생산 단가는 0.148 USD/m³으로 계산되어 현재까지 개발된 어떤 공정보다도 우수함을 확인하였다.

• 상하수도학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.771-778
• /
• 2013

Gas hydrate (GH) process is a new desalination technology, where GH is a non- stoichiometric crystalline inclusion compounds formed by water and a number of gas molecules. Seawater GH is produced in a low temperature and a high pressure condition and they are separated from the concentrated seawater. The drawback of the GH process so far is that salt contents contained in its product does not meet the fresh water quality standard. This means that the GH process is not a standalone process for seawater desalination and it needs the help of other desalting process like reverse osmosis (RO). The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of GH process on energy saving for RO process in seawater desalination. The GH product water quality data, which were obtained from a literature, were used as input data for RO process simulation. The simulation results show that the energy saving effect by the GH process is in a range of 68 % to 81 %, which increases as the salt removal efficiency of the GH process increases. Boron (B) and total dissolved solids (TDS) concentrations of the final product of the hybrid process of GH and RO were also investigated through the RO process simulation to find relavant salt rejection efficiency of the GH process. In conclusion, the salt rejection efficiency of the GH process should exceed at least 78% in order to meet the product water quality standards and to increase the energy saving effect.