• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.329-335
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• 2004

Dog spermatozoa were recovered from the caudae epididymides of 23 domestic dogs which were 11 pure breed and 12 mix-breed dogs ranging in age from 0.6 to 3 years. The experimental designs were as follows: 1) the effect of chilling to 0. 10 or 37$^{\circ}C$. 2) the kinetics of chilling injury at 0 or 4$^{\circ}C$, and 3) the effect of sugars at $0^{\circ}C$. Viable spermatozoa were recovered by percoll gradient separation and adjusted to 5${\times}$10$^{7}$ spermatozoa/ml. In experiment 1, spermatozoa were diluted with 0.33 M glucose supplemented with 3% BSA (G-BSA) at 1:2 dilution. Spermatozoa were loaded into straws and exposed at 0, 10 or 37$^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. In experiment 2, spermatozoa were prepared as the experiment 1 and exposed for 0.5, 5, 15, or 30 min at 0 or 4$^{\circ}C$. In experiment 3, spermatozoa were diluted with different sugars (0.33 M galactose, glucose, fructose, mannitol, lactose, sucrose, raffinose) and cooled to $0^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Sperm membrane integrity, motility and acrosome integrity were assayed after rewarming at 37$^{\circ}C$ for 5 min. Sperm motility and membrane integrity abruptly decreased with decreasing temperature but acrosome integrity gradually decreased (P<0.05). Sperm motility was more sensitive to cold shock than membrane integrity and acrosome integrity. Spermatozoa cooled to $0^{\circ}C$ were more damaged than those at 4$^{\circ}C$. Sperm motility was not different among exposed times at both. 0 and 4$^{\circ}C$. However, membrane integrity of spermatozoa exposed for 30 min at both 0 and 4$^{\circ}C$ was significantly lower (P<0.05). Spermatozoa diluted in 0.33 M fructose or galactose showed lower motility and higher morphological abnormality with coiled tail at $0^{\circ}C$. These sperm characteristics were strongly related. These results indicate that dog epididymal spermatozoa are relatively sensitive to rapid cooling and higher morphological abnormality at $0^{\circ}C$ was shown in spermatozoa diluted in fructose and galactose.

• Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.34-44
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• 2003

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to elucidate the effects of hospice care on pain management of the terminal cancer patients. Method : The subjects of the study were 37 terminal cancer patients hospitalized in the general hospital in JeonJu with the hospice care nit. The data were collected using the questionaire with interviews from July to Nov. in 2000. The severity and interference of pain were examined with the self reported survey based on the Korean version of Brief Pain Inventory (BPI-K). The data were analyzed with the mean, SDs, paired t-test. The hospice care to provide for three weeks. Results : 1) The mean scores of the worst pain for the last 24-hours measured with the pain severity of BPI-K were pre-intervention (6.35) and post (4.76). The pain interference of BPI-K in pre-intervention was enjoy (8.22), work (7.46), walk (7.08) and activity (7.08), while post was of enjoy (6.62), work (6.43), walk (6.11) and activity (5.78), respectively. 2) In pain severity, significant difference was found between the pre-intervention and post in all of followings. - worst pain for last 24 hours (t=4.085, P=.000) - least pain for last 24 hours (t=4.020, P=.000) - average pain for last 24 hours (t=4.254, P=.000) - pain right now (t=4.017, P=.000) 3) In pain interference, significant difference was found between the pre- intervention and the post in all of followings. - activity (t=3.137, P=.003) - mood (t=6.713, P=.000) - walk (t=2.027, P=.050) - work (t=2.132, P=.040) - relate (t=4.143, P=.000) - sleep (t=4.071, P=.000) - enjoy (t=3.881, P=.000) Conclusion : The terminal cancer patients who were offered hospice care had significantly lower hospice care pain and pain interference than those without hospice care. According to these results, hospice care can be regarded as an effective modality in relief of pain in the terminal ill-patients.