• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.186-196
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• 1994

Three fully dehydrated partially $Ag^+$-exchanged zeolite A(Ag_4Na_8-A, Ag_6Na_6-A, and Ag_8Na_4-A) were treated at $250^{\circ}C$ with 0.1 torr Rb vapor at 4 h. Their structures were determined by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction methods in the cubic space group $Pm{\bar3}m$ (a = 12.264(4) $\AA$, a = 12.269(1) $\AA$, and a= 12.332(3) $\AA$, respectively) at $22(1)^{\circ}C$, and were refined to the final error indices, R(weighed), of 0.056 with 131 reflections, 0.068 with 108 reflections, and 0.070 with 94 reflections, respectively, for which I > $3\sigma(I).$ In these structures, Rb species are found at three different crystallographic sites; three $Rb^+$ ions per unit cell are located at 8-ring centers, ca. 6.0∼6.8 $Rb^+$ ions are found opposite 6-rings on threefold axes in the large cavity, and ca. 2.5 $Rb^+$ ions are found on three fold axes in the sodalite unit. Also, Ag species are found at two different crystallographic sites; ca. 0.6∼1.0 $Ag^+$ ion lies opposite 4-rings and about 1.8∼4.2 Ag atoms are located near the center of the large cavity. In these structures, the numbers of Ag atoms per unit cell are 1.8, 3.0, and 4.2, respectively, and these are likely to form hexasilver clusters at the centers of the large cavities. The $Rb^+$ ions, by blocking 8-rings, may have prevented silver atoms from migrating out of the structure. Each hexasilver cluster is stabilized by coordination to 6-ring, 8-ring $Rb^+$ ions, and also by coordination to a 4-ring $Ag^+$ ion.

• (The) Research of the performance art and culture
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• no.37
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• pp.187-221
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• 2018

The style of performance to contemporary nongak is not fixed in a specific period of time, but in conjunction with the total change in society that has occurred during its long time from traditional society to the modern times. It is important to recognize that the traditional performance art forms that we see and feel today, including nongak, are constantly interacting with the times and are a change in the design that has been shaped in the past. Now, we must get rid of the negative idea that there is some fixed prototype in Nongak. Also, the value and the need for preservation of current Nongak should not be evaluated according to the ' pure genealogy of village descent, ' which was possible only in villages with small population movements long ago. If can get rid of the stereotypes, can greatly expand the view that we read the values of a certain Nongak. Looking away from a few of these traditional fixed perceptions can significantly broaden the view of reading the winning values of some farmers ' songs. In this regard, this report determined the performing style and nature of Changwon's Toichon-noangak through a structural analysis of the Toichon-noangak in contemporary, and discussed the significance of the transmittion of Toichon-noangak. Changwon Toichon Nongak started out as an even-present ritual performance based on the religious nature of the village community and actively exchanged with the economic, social and cultural foundations of the Republic of Korea, which began to accumulate in the modern changes. Generally, the performance style of village Nongak has a combination of characteristics according to the ritual, Dure(collective labor), entertainment, and these three functions. Toichon Nongak is also a village Nongak style and in which of ritual nongak and village entertainment nongak are connected in parallel as one in the big total structure. The origin, background, purpose, and style of towing of Toichon noangak demonstrates that the Toichon noangak is originally ceremonial noangak derived from a prayer style of Dongje. Then, various factors influences are interacting with Toichon noangak within the orbit of modern society, such a style of playing, popular nongak, is believed to have undergone an extended change. Overall, Toichon nongak performance style can be called nongak, which maintains traditional customs and it also has the changed characteristics according to the times of village society.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.82 no.3
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• pp.235-245
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• 1993

This study was carried out to understand the stand structure based on the compositional characteristics of natural deciduous forest dominated by Quercus species, which will provide with fundamental ecological and silvicultural information for effective forest management. Of two tracts selected from the Seoul National University Research Forests, one is located in Kwangju-Gun Kyunggi-Do, and the other in Kwangyang-Gun Chollanam-Do. Point-quarter sampling method w-as employed to survey woody vegetation confined to larger than 6cm in DBH. The numbers of sample points were 152 and 187, in Kwangju-Gun and Kwangyang-Gun, respectively. Comparative analysis for two forest tracts was made as follows ; 1) species composition by calculation of importance values ; 2) number of stems per hectare for major tree species ; 3) species diversity for the forests in two locations ; 4) inter-species association based on $X^2$ test. The relative dominate of Quercus speices showed 88% at Kwangju-Gun, Kyunggi-Do and 50% at Kwangy-ang-Gun. Chollanam-Do. Such high dominance occurred due to high importance values of Quercus variahilis and Q. mortgolica in both locations. Quercus serrata showed low value at Kwangju-Gun. Kyunggi-Do whereas Q. acutissirna, Q. dentata and Q. aliena did none at Kwangyang-Gun. Chollanam-Do. The species diversity and evenness in oak communities exhibited 0.82 and 0.61, respectively at Kwangju-Gun. Kyunggi-Do, while those did 1.09 and 0.73 at Kwangyang-Gun, Chollanam-Do. Therefore, it was considered that Ku-angju-Gun region was disturbed severely by human activities but Kwangyang-Gun region eras less disturbed. Frequent appearance of Carpinus and Acer species indicates increase in diversities and better development of succession at Kwangyang-Gun region.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.235-248
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• 2018

The present work was performed in order to study the effect of competing cation of $Ca^{2+}$ ion on ion exchange of $Cs^+$ on zeolite Y (Si/Al = 1.56). Three single-crystals of fully dehydrated and partially $Cs^+$-exchanged zeolites Y (Si/Al = 1.56) were prepared by the flow method using mixed ion-exchange solutions. The $CsNO_3:Ca(NO_3)_2$ molar ratios of the ion exchange solution were 1 : 1 (crystal 1), 1 : 100 (crystal 2), and 1 : 250 (crystal 3) with a total concentration of 0.05 M. The single-crystals were then vacuum dehydrated at 723 K and $1{\times}10^{-4}Pa$ for 2 days. The structures of the crystals were determined by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique in the cubic space group $Fd{\bar{3}}m$, at 100(1) K. The unit-cell formulas of crystals 1, 2, and 3 were ${\mid}Cs_{21}Ca_{27}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$, ${\mid}Cs_2Ca_{36.5}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$, and ${\mid}Cs_1Ca_{37}{\mid}[Si_{117}Al_{75}O_{384}]-FAU$, respectively. In all three crystals, the $Ca^{2+}$ ions preferred to occupy site I in the D6Rs, with the remainder occupying sites I', II', and II. On the other hand, the significant differences in the fractional distribution of $Cs^+$ ions are observed depending on the intial $Cs^+$ concentrations in given ion exchange solution. In Crystal 1, $Cs^+$ ion are located at sites II', II, III, and III', and in crystal 2, at sites II, IIIa, and IIIb. In crystal 3, $Cs^+$ ions are only located at sites IIIa and IIIb. The degree of $Cs^+$ ion exchange decreased sharply from 28.0 to 2.7 to 1.3 % as the initial $Ca^{2+}$ concentration increases and the $Cs^+$ content decreases.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.89-115
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• 2019

This study was conducted to present the stylistic differences between Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie, famous as writers of classical mystery novels, through data analysis, and further to present the analytical methodology of the study of style based on text mining. The reason why we chose mystery novels for our research is because the unique devices that exist in classical mystery novels have strong stylistic characteristics, and furthermore, by choosing Arthur Conan Doyle and Agatha Christie, who are also famous to the general reader, as subjects of analysis, so that people who are unfamiliar with the research can be familiar with them. The primary objective of this study is to identify how the differences exist within the text and to interpret the effects of these differences on the reader. Accordingly, in addition to events and characters, which are key elements of mystery novels, the writer's grammatical style of writing was defined in style and attempted to analyze it. Two series and four books were selected by each writer, and the text was divided into sentences to secure data. After measuring and granting the emotional score according to each sentence, the emotions of the page progress were visualized as a graph, and the trend of the event progress in the novel was identified under eight themes by applying Topic modeling according to the page. By organizing co-occurrence matrices and performing network analysis, we were able to visually see changes in relationships between people as events progressed. In addition, the entire sentence was divided into a grammatical system based on a total of six types of writing style to identify differences between writers and between works. This enabled us to identify not only the general grammatical writing style of the author, but also the inherent stylistic characteristics in their unconsciousness, and to interpret the effects of these characteristics on the reader. This series of research processes can help to understand the context of the entire text based on a defined understanding of the style, and furthermore, by integrating previously individually conducted stylistic studies. This prior understanding can also contribute to discovering and clarifying the existence of text in unstructured data, including online text. This could help enable more accurate recognition of emotions and delivery of commands on an interactive artificial intelligence platform that currently converts voice into natural language. In the face of increasing attempts to analyze online texts, including New Media, in many ways and discover social phenomena and managerial values, it is expected to contribute to more meaningful online text analysis and semantic interpretation through the links to these studies. However, the fact that the analysis data used in this study are two or four books by author can be considered as a limitation in that the data analysis was not attempted in sufficient quantities. The application of the writing characteristics applied to the Korean text even though it was an English text also could be limitation. The more diverse stylistic characteristics were limited to six, and the less likely interpretation was also considered as a limitation. In addition, it is also regrettable that the research was conducted by analyzing classical mystery novels rather than text that is commonly used today, and that various classical mystery novel writers were not compared. Subsequent research will attempt to increase the diversity of interpretations by taking into account a wider variety of grammatical systems and stylistic structures and will also be applied to the current frequently used online text analysis to assess the potential for interpretation. It is expected that this will enable the interpretation and definition of the specific structure of the style and that various usability can be considered.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.303-345
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• 2019

This article analyzes the multi-layered communication in the Webtoon Princess Pari, released on the Daum portal site, created (written and illustrated) by Kim Naim, through analyzing the narrative structure and comments with the qualitative / quantitative methodology. The webtoon Princess Pari is structured in an omnibus style in which unit narratives are intermittently articulated, multi-lined, and interconnected. As integrated narratives which link with unitary narratives, Pari's growth story as a shaman and a romance narrative are structured. The classical original story of the shaman was used as a prehistory corresponding to the prequel of the webtoon through a preview, and the writer restructured the narrative to overcome the contradictions of the gender asymmetry and the patriarchal ideology of the original text. The viewer then creates a conversational space by giving critical and reflective comments. According to a statistical analysis conducted through sampling, the types of comments can be classified as follows: Appreciation and criticism of the contents ≫ Emotional response ≫ Intuitive overall review ≫ Knowledge and reflection ≫ Comments on comments. In the process of creation and acceptance of the Webtoon, a multi-layered dialogue between classical and modern, content and audience, acceptance and creation has been at play. In the creation dimension, the writer used a device to fill the gap of mythical symbols of the contents. At the level of the audience, they formed a culture of sharing information, knowledge, and reflection about tradition/folk/culture through comments. This corresponds to classical and modern dialogue through the webtoon. The viewers form a sympathetic bond, attempt hermeneutical coordination, supplement the information, and search for a balanced angle through controversial conversation. In addition, by commenting on attitudes, views, and perspective, the commentators showed a behavioral pattern corresponding to meta-criticism in literature. The viewers' comments acted as feedback on the creation of the webtoons, so that the creation and acceptance itself influenced the production of the content of the webtoon. The webtoon Princess Pari, which was based on Korean classical narrative, has been reorganized onto 'moving and dynamic' content, which leads to sense, thinking, criticism and reflection through the formation of various dialogues.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.135-149
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• 2003

Domestic zeolite ores are mostly composed of Ca-type clinoptilolite, accompanying a little amounts of mordenite. However, other types of zeolite ores rich in ferrierite, heulandite, or mordenite are less commonly found. Based on the quantitative XRD analysis, zeolite contents are determined to be nearly 50∼90 wt%. Impurities (mostly ＞ 10 wt%) in the zeolite ores chiefly consist of quartz, feldspar, smectite, and opal-CT. The determined CEC values ($CEC_{AA}$ ) of powdery samples (grain size: < 125 $\mu\textrm{m}$) of zeolite ores by the Ammonium Acetate method are mostly higher than 100 meq/100 g. Some zeolites from the Guryongpo area, corresponding to the clinoptilolite ore, are measured to be dominantly high in CEC values ranging 170∼190 meq/100 g. Cation exchange property of the zeolite ores varies greatly depending on the types or zeolite species present in the ores. Despite of the lower grade in zeolite content, the $CEC_{AA}$ of ferrierite ore is comparatively high. Compared to this, the $CEC_{AA }$ of heulandite ore is very low, though the zeolite ore exhibits the highest grade ranging up to about 90 wt%. In addition, the CEC values calculated theoretically from the framework composition of clinoptilolite-heulandite series are not consistent with those determined by the cation exchage experiment. The measured $CEC_{AA}$ of clinoptilolite ores are generally higher than those of heulandite ores. This may be due to the higher Ca abundance in exchangeable cation composition and the presence of probable stacking faults in heulandite. The variation of $CEC_{CEC}$ is roughly proportional, though not strictly compatible, to the zeolite contents in clinoptilolite ores. It seems to be caused by the fact that the $CEC_{AA}$ of clinoptilolite locally varies depending on crystal-chemical diversity, i. e., the variation in framework composition (Si/Al) and exchangeable cation composition (especially, the contents of Ca and K). In addition, the determined CEC values ($CEC_{MB}$ ) of zeolite ores by the Methylene Blue method are much higher than those calculated from smectite contents. It suggests a probable reaction of Methylene Blue ion ($C_{16}$ $H_{18}$ $N_3$S+) with larger-pore zeolites than clinoptlolite-heulandite series, i.e., ferrierite and mordenite as well as with smectite. This can be supported by the fact that the ferrierite ore accompanying little amount of smectite has the highest value in CE $C_{MB}$ .

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.201-213
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• 2003

The adsorption property and ability of domestic zeolites for some heavy metal ions (Ag, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn, Mn), which may cause a serious environmental problem in industrial wastewater, were evaluated on ore unit through a series of adsorption experiments together with careful examinations of mineral composition and properties of the zeolites. Though the adsorption behavior basically took place in the form of a cation exchange reaction, the higher CEC value does not necessarily to imply the higher adsorption capacity for a specific heavy metal. A general trend of the adsorption selectivity for heavy metals in the zeolites is determined to be as follow: $Ag\geq$Pb>Cr,Cu$\geq$Zn>Mn, but the adsorption properties of heavy metal ions somewhat depend on the species and composition of zeolite. Clinoptilolite tends to adsorb selectively Cu in case of Cr and Cu, whereas heulandite prefers Cr to Cu. A dominant adsorption selectivity of the zeolite ores for Ag and Pb is generally conspicuous regardless of their zeolite species and composition. The zeolite ores exhibit a preferential adsorption especially for $Ag^{+}$ so as not to regenerate when treated with $Na^{+}$ . In the adsorption capacity for heavy meta ions, the zeolites differ in great depending on their species: ferrierite>clinoptilolite>heulandite. Considering the CEC value of mordenite, the mordenite-rich ore appears to be similar to the clinoptilolite ore in the adsorption capacity. The adsorption capacity for heavy metals is not positively proportional to the CEC values of the zeolites measured by the exchange reaction with ammonium ion. In addition, the adsorption capacity roughly tends to depend on the zeolite contents, i.e., the grade of zeolite ore, but the trend is not consistent at all in some ores. These may be caused by the adsorption selectivity for some specific heavy metals, the presence of possible stacking micro-faults and natural cations such as K hardly to exchange in the zeolite. Considering the economic availability and functional effectiveness as natural zeolite resources, clinoptilolite ores could be applicable to utilize the domestic zeolites for the removal of heavy metals.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2022

To study the properties of Sr²⁺ exchange into zeolite A with increasing the molar concentration of Na⁺ in given exchange solution, four single crystals of fully dehydrated Sr²⁺- and Na⁺- exchanged zeolite A were prepared by the bath method using mixed ion-exchange solutions. The Sr(NO₃)₂:NaNO₃ molar rations of the ion exchange solution were 1:1(crystal 1), 1:100(crystal 2), 1:250(crystal 3), and 1:500 (crystal 4), respectively, with a total concentration of 0.05 M. The single-crystals were then vacuum dehydration at 623 K and 1×10^-4 Pa for 2 days. Their single-crystal structures were determined by single-crystal synchrotron X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group Pm3-m, at 100(1) K, and were then refined to the final error indices of R₁/wR₂=0.047/0.146, 0.048/0.142, 0.036/0.128, and 0.040/0.156 for crystals 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. In crystals 1 and 2, the 6 Sr²⁺ ions are found at three different crystallographic sites. In crystal 3, 1 Sr²⁺ and 10 Na⁺ ions are found in large cavity and sodalite unit. In crystal 4, only 12 Na⁺ ions occupy three equipoints. The degree of Sr²⁺ ion-exchange decreased sharply from 100 to 16.7 to 0% as the initial Na⁺ concentration increase and the Sr²⁺ concentration decrease. In addition, the unit cell constant of the zeolite framework decreased with this lower level of Sr²⁺ exchange.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.6-14
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• 1997

The crystal structures of $Sr_{31}K_{30}-X\;(Sr_{31}K_{30}Si_{100}A1_{92}O_{384};\;a=25.169(5) {\AA}$) and $Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}-X (Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}Si_{100}A1_{92}O_{384};\;a=25.041(5) {\AA}$) have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques in the cubic space group $\=F{d3}\;at\;21(1)^{\circ}C$. Each crystal was prepared by ion exchange in a flowing stream of aqueous $Sr(ClO_4)_2\;and\;(K\;or\;T1)NO_3$ whose mole ratio was 1 : 5 for five days. Vacuum dehydration was done at $360^{\circ}C$ for 2d. Their structures were refined to the final error indices $R_1=0.072\;and\;R_w=0.057$ with 293 reflections, and $R_1= 0.058\;and\;R_w=0.044$ with 351 reflections, for which $I>2{\sigma}(I)$, respectively. In dehydrated $Sr_{31}K_{30}-X,\;all\;Sr^{2+}$ ions and $K^+$ ions are located at five different crystallographic sites. Six-teen $Sr^{2+}$ ions per unit cell are at the centers of the double six-rings (site I), filling that position. The remaining 15 $Sr^{2+}$ ions and 17 $K^+$ ions fill site II in the supercage. These $Sr^{2+}$ and $K^+$ ions are recessed ca $0.45{\AA}\;and\;1.06{\AA}$ into the supercage, respectively, from the plane of three oxygens to which each is bound. ($Sr-O=2.45(1){\AA}\;and\;K-O=2.64(1){\AA}$) Eight $K^+$ ons occupy site III'($K-O=3.09(7){\AA}\;and\;3.11(10){\AA}$) and the remaining five $K^+$ ions occupy another site III'($K-O=2.88(7){\AA}\;and\;2.76(7){\AA}$). In $Sr_{8.5}Tl_{75}-X,\;Sr^{2+}\;and\;Tl^+$ ions also occupy five different crystallographic sites. About 8.5 $Sr^{2+}$ ions are at site I. Fifteen $Tl^+$ ions are at site I' in the sodalite cavities on threefold axes opposite double six-rings: each is $1.68{\AA}$ from the plane of its three oxygens ($T1-O=2.70(2){\AA}$). Together these fill the double six-rings. Another 32 $Tl^+$ ions fill site II opposite single six-rings in the supercage, each being $1.48{\AA}$ from the plane of three oxygens ($T1-O=2.70(1){\AA}$). About 18 $Tl^+$ ions occupy site III in the supercage ($T1-O=2.86(2){\AA}$), and the remaining 10 are found at site III' in the supercage ($T1-O=2.96(4){\AA}$).