• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2009

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of ruminally inserted artificial fiber (RIAF; polymerized fibrous implements) on growth performance, feed intake and carcass characteristics of Hanwoo steers. Thirty six steers averaging $368.3\pm20.3kg$ were randomly assigned into three groups: control group, the ruminal insertion of three pieces (T1), and five pieces (T2) of RIAF. Average daily gain, feed intakes and conversions among treatments were similar. Numbers of rumen villi were higher in RIAF treatment (T1 and T2) groups than control group, but they were not significant (p>0.05). The length of villi were significantly longer in T2 than control group (p<0.05). Fecal weight tended to decrease in T1 compared with the control group (p>0.05). There was no differences on carcass traits inc1uding longissmus muscle area, back fat thickness, marbling score, meat color, and fat color among treatments.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.696-707
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• 2009

Objective : We designed this study to investigate differences between stroke reattack and stroke first attack group to establish fundamental data and prevent a secondary stroke. Methods : 826 subjects were recruited from the patients admitted to the department of internal medicine at Kyung Hee University Oriental Medical Center, Kyung Hee University East-West Neo Medical Center, Kyungwon University Incheon Oriental Medical Center, Kyungwon University Songpa Oriental Medical Center and Dongguk University Ilsan Oriental Medical Center from 1 April 2007 to 31 August 2009. We compared general characteristics, classification of diagnosis, subtypes of cerebral infarction, risk factors, Sasang constitution, diagnostic classifications between stroke reattck and stroke first attack groups. Results : 1. In general characteristics, age differed significantly between the reattck and first attack groups. 2. Classification of diagnosis differed significantly between reattck and first attack groups. 3. In risk factors, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, alcohol drinking, and stress were significantly different between reattck and first attack groups. 4. Diagnostic classifications were significantly different between reattck and first attack groups. Conclusion : To prevent recurrence of stroke, education on stroke risk factors associated with recurrence is needed. In addition, those who are diagnosed as Dampness-Phlegm need to be well-controlled.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.216-221
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• 2017

Reducing optical reflection in the visible light range, in order to increase the share of transmitted light and avoid the formation of ghost images in imaging, is important for polymer lens applications. In this study, polymer lenses with refractive indices of n=1.56, 1.60, and 1.67 were fabricated by the injection-molding method with a polymer lens monomer, dibutyltin dichloride as the catalyst and an alkyl phosphoric ester as the release agent. To investigate their anti-reflection (AR) effects, various AR coating structures, viz. a multi-layer AR coating structure, tri-layer AR coating structure with a discrete approximation Gaussian gradient-index profile, and tri-layer AR coating structure with a quarter-wavelength approximation, were designed and coated on the polymer lens by an E-beam evaporation system. The optical properties of the polymer lenses were characterized by UV-visible spectrometry. The material properties of the thin films, refractive index and surface roughness, were analyzed by ellipsometry and AFM, respectively. The most effective AR coating structure of the polymer lens with low refractive index, n=1.56, was the both side coating of multi-layer AR coating structure. However, both side coating of the tri-layered discrete approximation Gaussian gradient-index profile AR coating structure gave comparable results to the both side coating of the multi-layer AR coating structure for the polymer lens with a high refractive index of n=1.67.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.310-320
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• 2009

In this paper, we estimate area-averaged solution of peening residual stress using a 3-D multi-impact symmetry-cell FE model. The symmetry-cell model includes factors reflecting peening phenomena and plastic shot. Area-averaged solution is much closer to XRD experimental solution than 4-node-averaged solution in plastic shot FE model. We then obtain FE Almen saturation curve corresponding to experimental Almen curve based on area-averaged solution. Using the curve, we obtain FE area-averaged solution in major peening materials, and compare the FE solution with experimental solution. In peening materials, surface, maximum compressive residual stress and deformation depth reach experimental solutions. Thus, FE Almen curve is useful for estimation of residual stress solution and could improve the efficiency of peening process. Consequently, it is confirmed that concept of area-averaged solution is the realistic analytical method for evaluation of peening residual stress.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.61-68
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• 2008

The roof structural model of liquid manure storage tank was designed to improve a structural safety and an ability of resistance to corrosion by the bad environmental condition with high humidity and high gas concentration. Due to corrosion of a general steel, the 5 years used materials were reduced to one-third of a new material in the result of a bending strength test. Some structural materials were tested to evaluate a strength and an anti-corrosion, and stainless steel pipe (STS439), steel angle with zinc hot dipping, rectangular steel pipe covered with FRP (Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics) resin were selected finally. A stainless steel is more expansive about $3{\sim}5$ times than general structural steel. But its durability under heavy corrosive environment is expected twice as long as general steel. The roof models were designed as closed cone type for each of the three structural materials. In the result of a FEM (Finite Element Method) structural analysis for the developed models, the safe snow depth was higher 2.3 times than a general roof structure, when elements of equal section modulus were used.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2010.08a
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• pp.244-245
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• 2010

최근 광전자 분야에서는 미래 에너지 자원에 대한 관심과 함께 GaN 기반 발광다이오드 및 태양전지 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. GaN는 높은 전자 이동도와 높은 포화 속도 등의 광전자 소자에 유리한 특성을 가지고 있으나, 고 인듐 함유량과 막질의 우수한 특성을 동시에 구현하는 것은 매우 어렵다. 이를 극복하기 위한 방법으로써 선택 영역 박막 성장법(Selective Area Growth)은 마스크 패터닝을 통해 제한된 영역에서만 박막을 성장하는 방법으로써 GaN의 막질을 향상 시킬 수 있는 방법으로 주목받고 있다. 본 논문에서는 대면적 기판에서 GaN의 막질 향상뿐만 아니라 고인듐 InGaN 박막 성장을 위하여 서브마이크로미터 주기와 크기를 갖는 홀 패턴을 포토리소그라피 공정 최적화를 통해 구현할 수 있는 방법에 대해 논의한다. 그림. 1은 사파이어 기판 위에 선택 영역 박막 성장법을 이용하여 성장한 n-GaN/활성층/p-GaN의 구조를 나타낸 그림이다. 이를 통하여 서브마이크로미터 스케일의 반극성 InGaN면 위에 높은 인듐 함유량을 가지면서도 우수한 특성을 갖는 박막을 얻을 수 있다. 본 실험을 위하여 사파이어 기판 위에 SiO2를 증착한 후 포토레지스트(AZ5206)을 도포하고 포토리소그라피 공정을 진행하여 2um 크기 및 간격을 갖는 패턴을 형성했다. 그림. 2는 AZ5206에 UV를 조사(5초)하고 현상(23초)한 패턴을 윗면(그림. 2(a))과 $45^{\circ}$ 기울인 면(그림. 2(b)) 에서 본 SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) 사진이다. 이를 통해 약 2.2um의 홀 패턴이 선명하게 형성 됨을 볼 수 있다. 그 후 수백나노 직경의 홀을 만들기 위해서 리플로우 공정을 수행한다. 그림. 3은 리플로우 온도에 따른 패턴의 홀 모양을 AFM(Atomic Force Microscope)을 이용하여 측정한 표면의 사진이다. 이를 통해 2차원 평면에서 리플로우 온도 및 시간에 따른 변화를 볼 수 있다. 그림.3의 (a)는 리플로우 공정을 진행하기 전 패턴이고, (b)는 $150^{\circ}C$에서 2분, (c)는 $160^{\circ}C$에서 2분 (d)는 $170^{\circ}C$에서 2분 동안 리플로우 공정을 진행한 패턴이다. $150^{\circ}C$와 $160^{\circ}C$에서는 직경에 큰 변화가 없었고, $160^{\circ}C$에서는 시료별 현상 시간 오차에 따라 홀의 크기가 커지는 경향이 나타났다. 그러나 $170^{\circ}C$에서 2분간 리플로우 한 시료 (그림. 3(d))의 경우는 홀의 직경이 ~970nm 정도로 줄어든 것을 볼 수 있다. 홀의 크기를 보다 명확히 표현하기 위해 그림.3에 대응시켜 단면을 스캔한 그래프가 그림.4에 나타나 있다. 그림.4의 (a) 및 (b)의 경우 포토레지스트의 높이 및 간격이 일정하므로, 리플로우에 의한 영향은 거의 없었다. 그림. 4(c)의 경우 포토레지스트의 높이가 그림.4(a)에 비해 ~25nm 정도 낮은 것으로 볼 때, 과도 현상 및 약간의 리플로우가 나타났을 가능성이 크다. 그림. 4(d)에서는 ~970nm의 홀 크기가 나타나서 본 연구에서 목표로 하는 나노 홀 크기에 가장 가까워짐을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, $170^{\circ}C$ 이상의 온도와 2분 이상의 리플로우 시간 조건에서 선택 영역 성장을 위한 나노 홀 마스크의 크기를 제어할 수 있음을 확인하였다.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-89
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• 2018

Austenitic stainless steels have excellent corrosion resistance, durability and fire resistance. Especially, since STS304L among austenitic types is a low-carbon variation of STS304 and has excellent intergranular corrosion resistance, it can often be used under the welded condition without heat treatment after field welding. This paper investigated ultimate behaviors such as ultimate strength and weld metal fracture mechanism of STS304L fillet-welded connections with TIG(tungsten inert gas) welding through test results. Main variables of specimens are weld length and welding direction against loading. Fracture of specimens are classified into three modes(tensile fracture, shear fracture and block shear fracture). Ultimate strengths were compared according to the welding direction and weld length and TFW series with transverse fillet weld had the highest strength compared with other types(LFW series with longitudinal fillet weld and FW series with all round weld). It is known that current design specifications such as KBC 2016 and AISC2010 underestimated the strength of TFW and LFW specimens and provided unconservative estimates for FW specimens. Finally, strength equations were proposed considering material properties of STS 304L material.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.101-111
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• 2006

In case of drilled shafts installed by drilling through soft overburden onto a strong rock, the piles can be regarded as end-bearing elements and their working load is determined by the safe working stress on the pile shaft at the point of minimum cross-section or by code of practice requirements. Drilled shafts drilled down for some depth into weak or weathered rocks and terminated within these rocks act partly as friction and partly as end-bearing piles. The base resistance component can contribute significantly to the ultimate capacity of the pile. However, the shaft resistance is typically mobilized at considerably smaller pile movements than that of the base. In addition, the base response can be adversely affected by any debris that is left in the bottom of the socket. The reliability of base response therefore depends on the use of a construction and inspection technique which leaves the socket free of debris. This may be difficult and costly to achieve, particularly in deep sockets, which are often drilled under water or drilling slurry. As a consequence of these factors, shaft resistance generally dominates pile performance at working loads. The efforts to improve the prediction of drilled shaft pile performance are therefore primarily concerned with the complex mechanisms of shaft resistance development. In this study, the numerical analyses are carried out to investigate the behavior characteristics of side of rock socketed drilled shafts varying the loading condition at the pile head. The difference of behavior characteristics of side resistance is also evaluated with the effects of modelling of asperity.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.1 no.3
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• pp.176-182
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• 1998

The borehole radar reflection survey can image the underground structure with high resolution, however, we cannot get any information on the orientation of the reflectors with dipole antenna alone. The direction-finding antenna system is commonly used to give the solution to the problem. However, the interpretation of the data from direction- finding antenna may be time-consuming, and sometimes have ambiguities in the sense of precise determination of the azimuth. To solve the problem, we developed the automatic azimuth finding scheme of reflectors in borehole radar reflection data using direction-finding antenna. The algorithm is based on finding the azimuthal angle possibly showing the maximum reflection amplitude in the least-squared error sense. The developed algorithm was applied to the field data acquired in quarry mine. It was possible to locate nearly all of the reflectors in three dimensional fashion, which coincide with the known geological structures and man-made discontinuities.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.405-412
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• 2001

Corrosion tests were carried out in $360^{\circ}C$ water and $360^{\circ}C$ 70ppm LiOH solution to investigate the corrosion behavior of new zirconium alloys (Zr-0.4Nb-0.8Sn-xFeCrMn, Zr-0.2Nb-1.1Sn-xFeCrMn, Zr-1.0Nb-xFeCu). Microstructures of tested alloys were analyzed by optical microscope and TEM. The cross-sectional surface and crystalline structure of the oxide layer were analyzed by SEM and XRD. From the results of corrosion test, all the alloys showed higher corrosion rates in $360^{\circ}C$ 70ppm LiOH aqueous solution thats in $360^{\circ}C$ water. Especially, high Nb-containing alloy exhibited the acceleration of corrosion rate in LiOH solution. The low Nb- and Sn-added alloys showed better corrosion resistance than the Sn- free high Nb alloy. from the effect of final annealing on the corrosion, it was observed that the partially recrystallized alloys showed better corrosion resistance than fully recrystallized alloys. This would be related to the size and distribution of the second phase particles.