• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
• /
• 1995.11a
• /
• pp.115-115
• /
• 1995

다중 효용관식 증발기는 보통의 증발기에서 응축하여 제거하는 증기를 다음 효용관의 가열원으로 재사용하는 것으로 그 자체로도 에너지 절감효과가 있는 것으로 알려져 있다[1,2,4]. 기계식증기 재압축 증발기는 보통 증발기에서 응축시켜 제거하는 발생 증기를 압축하여 고온의 증기로 만든 다음 가열원으로 재이용하는 장치로 이에 대한 효용은 문헌에 잘 나타나있다[3,4]. 여기서는 다중효용관과 증기 재압축기를 조합한 증발기 중에서 Forward feed 방식의 다중효응관에 증기 재압축기를 부착한 경우에 대하여 타당한 물질수지, 열수지, 전열 식, 상평형식을 소개하였다. 또한 압축기의 용량을 결정하기 위한 단열압축공정의 지배방정 식을 소개하였다. 원료의 조건, 효용관의 수 및 총전열온도차가 주어지면 상기의 지배방정식의 해를 구할 수 있는데. 본연구에서는 Gauss-Seidel의 연속치환법을 이용하였다. 이와 같이 지배방적식의 해를 구하면 효용관의 면적, 압축펌프의 용량, 각효용관 입출구의 조건 등이 계산된다. 다중효용관 기계식 증기 재압축 증발장치의 최적화를 위하여는 효용관의 전열면적당 가격과 압축펌프의 용량당 가격 그리고 펌프를 운전하는데 필요한 전력의 요금 등의 자료가 요구된다. 총전열온도차에 따른 운전비와 시설비의 합이 최소가 되는 점이 최적 총전열온도차가 되는데 이 점을 구할 때에는 수치적으로 안정한 이분법을 이용하였다. Borland C++를 이용하여 프로그램하였으며 윈도우즈 환경에서 수행되게 하였다. 사용자 쉽게 이용할 수 있게 하기 위하여 각종 필요한 데이터를 입력할 수 있는 Edit box가 화면에 나타나게 하였다. 또한 입력된 데이터를 저장하거나 불려올 수 있는 메뉴, 입력된 데이타를 이용하여 효용관의 면적과 압축기의 용량을 계산하거나 효용관의 수가 주어졌을 때 총전열온도차를 최적화하는 것을 선택할 수 있는 메뉴 그리고 계산 결과를 파일로 혹은 프린트로 출력할 것을 선택할 수 있는 메뉴가 있다. 사용자는 해당되는 데이타를 입력한후 마우스로 원하는 작업의 메뉴를 선택하면 된다.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems Conference
• /
• 2008.04a
• /
• pp.313-316
• /
• 2008

에어컨 시스템은 압축기(Compressor), 응축기(Condenser), 증발기(Evaporator)와 확장밸브(Expansion Valve)로 구성되며, 에어컨 시스템에서 과열도와 저압(증발기의 압력)은 시스템의 효율 증대 및 성능 개선과 안정성에 대하여 결정적인 영향을 미친다. 따라서, 과열도와 저압을 조절하기 위해, 각각의 압축기내의 인버터 주파수와 확장밸브의 개도 제어가 중요하며 선형과 비선형 시스템 모두에 대하여 견실한 성능을 나타내고, 외란에 대하여 강인한 성능을 보이는 퍼지 제어기를 설계한다. 본 논문에서는 과열도와 저압을 제어하기 위하여, 3대의 확장밸브와 1대의 압축기를 가진 에어컨 시스템에 대하여 다중 퍼지 제어기를 설계한다. 또한, 각 제어 플랜트에 대하여 최적의 퍼지 제어기를 설계하기 위하여 3가지 최적화 알고리즘을 사용한다. 즉, 직렬 유전자 알고리즘(Serial Genetic Algorithm; SGA)과 병렬 유전자 알고리즘인 계층적 공정 경쟁 유전자 알고리즘(Hierarchical Fair Competition Genetic Algorithm; HFCGA), 그리고 Particle Swarm Optimization(PSO)을 사용하여 다중 퍼지 제어기를 최적화하고 시뮬레이션의 결과를 비교한다.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.37 no.5
• /
• pp.513-522
• /
• 2013

In the present work, a numerical study of a horizontal falling film evaporator in a multi-effect distillation (MED) plant is performed. Tube bundles in the evaporator are described as porous media, and a volume-averaged method is applied. To calculate the fluid flow and phase change in the evaporator due to heat transfer in the system, FLUENT and user-defined functions (UDF) are used. To observe the performance of the evaporator under different operational conditions, tests are conducted for a steam mass flux ranging from 0.5 to 2.5 $kg/m^2s$ in the horizontal tube, for mass fraction of the noncondensable gas in the tube inlet ranging from 0% to 1%, and for film Reynolds numbers ranging from 100 to 1,000 for the falling film. The evaporation rate increases with the steam mass flux and Reynolds number. In contrast, the evaporation rate decreases by 0.87% with a 1% increase in the mass fraction of the noncondensable gas in the tube.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.55-60
• /
• 2014

The present study has been conducted to develope a heating system for a green house with heat from underground air at Jeju Island. The temperature of the air deposited in the underground is $16{\sim}18^{\circ}C$ throughout the year, and it also has a large amount of moisture. Therefore, the air could not directly used for the heating of a green house. In this study, a heat pump with dehumidification function has been developed, which consisted of three evaporators, where the moisture removal occurs, accompanied by temperature drop. The dropped temperature is recovered, while passing through a series condenser. The air temperature increased from $17^{\circ}C$ to 35 with a 2.1 kg/h of moisture removal rate. The developed system moisture removal performance shows 0.91 kg/kWh.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.115-124
• /
• 2007

A series of α, β-unsaturated ketones are synthesized by Crossed - Aldol condensation reaction, from ecofriendly 6-methoxy-2-naphthyl ketones and substituted benzaldehydes under solvent free conditions using silica-sulfuric acid as a catalytic reagent. The yields of ketones are more than 90% and the catalyst was reusable for further run. There is no appreciable decrease in the yield of product and the activity of catalyst. These chalcones were characterized by their physical constants and spectral data (IR, 1H-, 13C-NMR and Mass). These spectral data are subjected to correlate various Hammett substituent constants with single and multiparameter correlation equations. From the results of statistical analysis the influence of electronic effects of substituents on the spectral data of the ketones were explained.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.7-12
• /
• 2007

In this paper, we introduce an approach to design multi-fuzzy controllers for the superheat and the low pressure that have an influence on energy efficiency and stabilization of aft conditioning system. Air conditioning system is composed of compressor, condenser several evaporators and several expansion valves. It is quite difficult to control the air conditioning system because the change of the refrigerant condition give an impact on the overall air conditioning system. In order to solve the drawback, we design multi-fuzzy controllers which control simultaneously both three expansion valve and one compressor for the superheat and the low pressure of air conditioning system. The proposed multi fuzzy controllers are given as two kinds of controller types such as a continuous simplified fuzzy inference type and a discrete fuzzy lookup_table type. Here the scaling factors of each fuzzy controller ate efficiently adjusted by veal coding type Genetic Algorithms. The values of performance index of the conventional type are compared with the simulation results of discrete lookup_table type and continuous simplified inference type.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
• /
• v.19 no.12
• /
• pp.3317-3328
• /
• 1995

The objective of the present study is to predict the characteristics of heat and mass transfer around an evaporative condenser. Numerical calculations have been performed using multi-zone method to investigate heat transfer rate and evaporation rate with the variation of inlet condition(velocity, relative humidity and temperature) of the moist air, the flow rate of the cooling water and the shape of the condenser tube. From the results it is found that the profile of heat flux is the same as that of evaporation rate since heat transfer along the gas-liquid interface is dominated by the transport of latent heat in association with the vaporization(evaporation) of the liquid film. The evaporation rate and heat transfer rate is increased as mass flow rate increases or relative humidity and temperature decrease respectively. But the flow rate of the cooling water hardly affect the evaporation rate and heat flux along the gas-liquid interface. The elliptic tube which the ratio of semi-minor axis to semi-major axis is 0.8 is more effective than the circular tube because the pressure drop is decreased. But the evaporation rate and heat flux shown independency on the tube shape.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.607-613
• /
• 2010

A seawater distiller, in which the waste heat from a portable electric generator was used, with a multiple-effect diffusion still was designed. The waste gas from small generators commonly used in islands has not yet been used because it has less thermal energy; however, this waste gas can be used as a heat source for small-capacity distillers and as an additional heat source for solar stills. The proposed distiller comprises a series of closely spaced parallel partitions that are placed in contact with saline-soaked wicks. In the distiller, evaporation and condensation processes are repeated to recycle the thermal energy for increasing the distillate productivity. Experimental results show that the proposed distiller with only one-effect still can produce at least 6.7 kg/day of distilled water; the proposed distiller with a ten-effect still is expected to produce 43 kg/day of distilled water. This amount of distillate is approximately four times the maximum daily productivity of the solar stills, as determined in outdoor experiments.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.189-195
• /
• 2011

In this paper, prediction and comparison on COP(coefficient of performance) of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system are presented to offer the basic design data for the operating parameters of the system. The operating parameters considered in this study include subcooling and superheating degree, compressor efficiency, and condensing and evaporating temperature in the R404A high- and R744 low-temperature cycle, respectively. The main results were summarized as follows : The prediction for performance of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system have been proposed through multiple regression analysis and compared with other researcher's correlations. As a result, prediction proposed in the study shows disagreement with existing equations. Therefore, it is necessary to propose the more accurate correlation predicting the COP of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system through an addition experiments.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 2011

This review describes several kinds of emulsification methods for nanoemulsions and the application of nanoemulsions. Nanoemulsion droplet sizes fall typically in the range of 20 ~200 nm and show narrow size distributions. Although most of the publications on either oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O) nanoemulsions have reported their formation by dispersion or high-energy emulsification methods, an increased interest is observed in the study of nano-emulsion formation by condensation or low-energy emulsification methods based on the phase transitions that take place during the emulsification process. Phase behaviour studies have shown that the size of the droplets is governed by the surfactant phase structure (bicontinuous microemulsion or lamellar) at the inversion point induced by either temperature or composition. Studies on nanoemulsion formation by the phase inversion temperature (PIT) method have shown a relation between minimum droplet size and complete solubilization of the oil in a microemulsion bicontinuous phase independently of whether the initial phase equilibrium is single or multiphase. Due to their small droplet size nanoemulsions possess stability against sedimentation or creaming with Ostwald ripening forming the main mechanism of nanoemulsion breakdown. An application of nanoemulsions is the preparation of nanoparticles using a polymerizable monomer as the disperse phase where nanoemulsion droplets act as nanoreactors, cosmetics and controlled drug delivery. In this review, we mainly focus on the cosmetics.