• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.484-489
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• 2003

It is well known that root distribution of rice is a crucial factor for nutrient absorbtion and affect by soil fertility management. However, the findings on root distribution are limited due to laborious and tedious work. The characteristics of root distribution were investigated in long-term fertilizer experiment plots that were established in paddy soil, a fine silty family of typic Hal-paqueps (Pyeongtaeg series) in 1967. fertilizer experiment plots of no fertilizer, compost, NPK and NPK+compost plot have been maintained consistently for the past thirty six year and Npk+silicate plot for the past twenty two years. In NPK plot, 150kg N (urea), 100kg -$\textrm{P}_2\textrm{O}_5$ (fused phosphate) and 100kg $\textrm{K}_2\textrm{O}$(potassium chloride) per hectare have been applied. For NPK+silicate plot, 500kg $\textrm{Si}\textrm{O}_2$ (silicate) was applied in addition to fertilizer in NPK plot. For the compost plot, 10,000kg rice straw compost per hectare were applied. Root samples were taken from the positions of hill-center (below hill) and mid-point of four adjacent rice hills at heading stage by cylinder monolith (CM) method. The soil cores were sampled 20cm depth from the soil surface and partitioned four into layers at an interval of 5cm. The soil particles surrounding roots were washed out with tap water, Length and weight of the roots in each soil layer were measured and root length density (RLD), root weight density (RWD), specific root length(SRL) and rooting depth index (RDI) were calculated. Total root length was measured by intersection method. Plant height, tiller and shoot dry weight were the highest in NPK+compost plot. But RLD of hill-center soil cores was the highest in no-fertilizer plots. In the soil cores from mid-point position of four adjacent hills, RLD at 15-20cm soil depth was higher in compost plot than NPK plot. RLD in compost plots showed even distribution compared to those in chemical- fertilizer plots. RWD was the highest in the NPK+compost plot. SRL was the lowest in the NPK+silicate plot. RDI was the highest in the compost plot. Also, in this experiment it was found that the distribution of roots was closely related to the physical properties of the soil as affected by fertilization management.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.225-230
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• 2008

Objective of this study was to access the environmental impacts of the use of discharge water from municipal waste water treatment plant as alternative irrigation resources during drought season for rice cultivation. For the field experiments, it was observed that plant growth and yield characteristics at 20 days of alternative irrigation period with application of FAST (fertilizer application based on soil test) 50% were relatively the same as the control. For the surface water quality, it appeared that $EC_i$ (electrical conductivity of irrigation water) and SAR (sodium adsorption ratio) values of DMWT (discharge waters from municipal wastewater treatment plant) irrigation were twofold higher than those of ground water irrigation as the control regardless of fertilization levels. For the irrigation periods, there were not significantly difference between 10 and 20 days of treatments, but $EC_i$ and SAR values of surface water were highest at 30 days of irrigation periods at initial rice growing stages. Generally, $EC_i$ values of percolation water in all the treatments were gradually increasing until 30days after irrigation, and then decreasing to harvest stage. Overall, it might be considered that there was possibility to irrigate DMWT with application of FAST 50% for 20 days of drought periods at rice transplanting season. Furthermore, efficiency rate of alternative irrigation water for 20 days of drought period was 32.7% relative to the total annual irrigation water for rice cultivation.

• Journal of Gifted/Talented Education
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.65-80
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the Asynchronous development of young gifted children by parents' perception. Total 3 groups of 145 subjects from age 30 months to 6 years 10 months old young gifted children's parents participated. The major findings were as follows: (1) The mean developmental characteristics was at a high average level. The developmental subscales tended to be high. The level of verbal understanding/expression tended to be high. It reared as followed; intellectual capacity, emotional maturity, visual-motor coordination, morality, self-behavior control, emotion control, physical development, social development, peer relationship, leadership ability. (2) There were significant differences between intellectual capacity, verbal understanding /expression and physical, social development, self-behavior control, emotion control. There were significant differences between physical development, self-behavior control and emotion control as children got lower. There were significant differences between verbal understanding/expression and visual-motor coordination as children got older. There were significant differences between social development, peer relationship and self-behavior control, emotion control as children got older. Also, there were significant differences between leadership ability and self-behavior control, emotion control as children got older. There were significant differences between morality and self-behavior control as children got older. These findings suggested that young gifted children were in the special needs because of the developmental differences.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.33-50
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• 2009

The impact on hydrologic components considering future potential climate, land use change and vegetation cover information was assessed using SLURP (Semi-distributed Land-Use Runoff Process) continuous hydrologic model. The model was calibrated (1999 - 2000) and validated (2001 - 2002) for the upstream watershed ($260.4\;km^2$) of Gyeongancheon water level gauging station with the coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency ranging from 0.77 to 0.60 and 0.79 to 0.60, respectively. Two GCMs (MIROC3.2hires, ECHAM5-OM) future weather data of high (A2), middle (A1B) and low (B1) emission scenarios of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) were adopted and the data was corrected by 20C3M (20th Century Climate Coupled Model) and downscaled by Change Factor (CF) method using 30 years (1977 - 2006, baseline period) weather data. Three periods data of 2010 - 2039 (2020s), 2040 - 2069 (2050s), 2070 - 2099 (2080s) were prepared. To reduce the uncertainty of land surface conditions, future land use and vegetation canopy prediction were tried by CA-Markov technique and NOAA NDVI-Temperature relationship respectively. MIROC3.2 hires and ECHAM5-OM showed increase tendency in annual streamflow up to 21.4 % for 2080 A1B and 8.9 % for 2050 A1B scenario respectively. The portion of future predicted ET about precipitation increased up to 3 % in MIROC3.2 hires and 16 % in ECHAM5-OM respectively. The future soil moisture content slightly increased compared to 2002 soil moisture.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.8
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• pp.1254-1260
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• 2010

Microorganisms near the plant rhizosphere usually inhabit the surface or the inside of the plant roots and have a direct effect on plant growth by secreting plant growth promoters or antagonistic materials which protect the root zone system from various pathogens. This study was carried out to identify and isolate the antagonistic materials after isolation of microorganisms showing high antagonistic activities, in hopes of contributing to the development of sustainable agriculture and the preservation of agricultural environments. A number of antagonistic bacteria were isolated from paddy soil. Among isolates, RRj 228 showed plant growth promotion and antagonistic activity. RRj 228 was identified as Pseudomonas sp. according to the results of physiological properties and genetic methods. On the basis of the results of anti-fungal spectrum against several pathogens by RRj 228, the antagonistic effect of the isolate against Botrytis cinerea, Pythium ultimum, Phytopthola capsici, and Rhizoctonia solani, especially against red-pepper anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum acutatum, was remarkable. The experiment evaluating the biological control effect by RRj 228 revealed that the $ED_{50}$ value by the RRj 228 culture against C. acutatum, R. solani and P. ultimum were 0.14 mg/ml, 0.16 mg/ml and 0.29 mg/ml, respectively. An antagonistic substance was isolated and purified by several chromatographies from the RRj 228 culture. The $^1H$ and $^{13}C$ assignment of the antagonistic substance was achieved from two-dimensional $^1H-^1H$ COSY, HMQC, and HMBC. Finally, the antagonistic substance was identified as Phenazine-1-carboxylic acid ($C_{13}H_8N_2O_2$, M.W.=224).

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2012.05a
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• pp.10-10
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• 2012

독일의 와인 생산지는 라인 강과 그의 지류를 따라 대개 서남쪽에 산재해 있다. 독일은 102,000 헥타르(2005년, 전 세계 포도밭의 1.3%)의 포도밭을 가지고 있으며, 매년 약 915만 3천 헥토리터(2005년, 전 세계 생산량의 3.24%)의 와인을 생산하고 있다. 이는 독일이 포도 재배면적으로는 세계 13번째 국가이며, 와인 생산량으로는 세계 8위를 나타내는 수치이다. 독일은 원래 화이트와인의 나라였으나, 레드와인의 생산이 1990년대와 2000년대에 급속히 증가하였다. 현재(2011년) 독일 포도밭의 64%가 화이트와인을 위해 경작되고 있으며, 36%가 레드와인을 위해 경작되고 있다. 화이트와인을 위한 주요품종이 리슬링(Riesling, 22%), 레드와인을 위한 주요품종은 쉬페트부르군더(Sp$\ddot{a}$tburgunder, Pinot Noir, 11.5%)로 알려져 있다. 독일은 다양한 형태의 와인을 생산한다. 드라이(dry), 세미스위트(semi-sweet)와 스위트한 화이트와인들(sweet white wines), 로제와인, 레드와인과 발포성 와인인 젝트(Sekt, 독일형 샴페인)이다. 독일 포도밭의 위치가 북쪽이므로, 독일은 유럽의 다른 나라와는 전혀 다른 다수의 훌륭한 품질의 와인을 생산한다. 오늘날 독일의 포도재배는 1세기에서 4세기쯤의 고대 로마시대부터 시작된 것으로 알려져 있다. 카롤루스 대제(Carolus Magnus, 747/748-814)의 시대 전에 독일의 포도재배는 비록 독점적이지는 않았으나 라인의 서부지역에서 주로 경작되었다. 카롤루스 대제는 포도재배를 라인가우에 보급한 것으로 추측되고 있다. 1787년에 아우스레제(Auslese)로 시작한 수확된 성숙도에 기반을 둔 와인의 후속 분류는 품질보증 고급와인 체계의 초석을 놓았다. 대부분의 현재 독일 와인법은 1971년에 도입되었으며, 그 이후 사용되어온 바와 같이 품질보증 고급와인의 이름이 정의되었다. 독일와인 지역은 세계에서 가장 북쪽인 북위 $50^{\circ}$도 부근에 위치한다. 북쪽의 기후이기 때문에 적합한 포도 품종에 대한 연구가 되어왔으며, 가이젠하임 포도 육종 연구소에서 뮐러-투르가우와 같은 많은 교배종이 개발되어 왔다. 최근에 지역 및 국제 수요가 높은 품질의 와인을 요구함으로서 리슬링의 재배가 증가해 왔다. 와인은 모두 자주 산맥으로 보호된 주로 라인 강과 그 지류인 강 주변에서 생산된다. 강들은 온도를 조절하는 충분한 미기후 효과를 갖는다. 토양은 태양의 열을 흡수해서 그것을 밤에 보존하는 점판암이다. 독일 와인산업은 다수의 작은 포도밭 소유자로 이루어져 있다. 1989/90년에 서부독일에 76,683개의 크고 작은 기업이 있었으나, 1999년에는 68,598로 줄어들었으며, 2010년도의 조사에 의하면 48,009개의 기업이 조업 중인 것으로 나타났다. 그들 자신의 와인을 팔지 않거나 상업화할 수 없는 더 작은 포도 재배자는 여러 가지 선택이 가능하다. 즉 포도를 팔거나, 와인-생산 조합의 기본 와인으로서 그것을 사용하는 와인제조 회사에게 대량으로 와인을 판다. 정말로 좋은 장소에 포도밭을 가진 사람들도 포도밭을 전체적으로 경작하기를 원하는 대량 생산자들에게 빌려주는 선택을 할 수 있다. 2010년에 각각 5ha 이상을 지닌 5,974개의 포도밭 소유자가 독일 전 포도밭 면적의 70.3%를 소유하며, 생업 와인생산자와 기업이 여기에 속한다. 그러나 그들 자신의 포도밭을 지닌 진정으로 큰 와인 양조장은 독일에서는 희귀하다. 2007년의 고에 묘 와인가이드(Gault & Millau Weinguide)에 의한 독일에서 가장 좋은 것으로 생각되는 10개의 와인 양조장 중에 10개가 10.2-19ha의 포도밭, 하나(Weingut Robert Weil, 산토리 소유)가 75ha의 포도밭을 소유하였다. 이것은 대부분의 높은 순위의 독일 와인 양조장 각각 매년 약 100,000병의 와인을 생산한다는 것을 의미한다. 가장 큰 포도밭 소유자는 헤센의 주 와인 양조장(Hessische Staatsweing$\ddot{u}$ter)으로 헤센의 연방주에 의한 소유이며, 200ha의 포도밭을 지니고, 3개의 별도 와인 양조장에서 제조된다. 가장 큰 개인이 소유한 와인 양조장은 팔츠에 있는 85.5ha를 지닌 독토르 뷔르클린-볼프(Weingut Dr. B$\ddot{u}$rklin-Wolf)이다. 2009년도의 독일에서 총 와인 생산량은 910만 헥토리터였으며, 그중에 206만 8천 헥토리터를 수출하였다. 그러나 그해에 총 수입와인 양은 1,266만2천 헥토리터였다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.53 no.10
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• pp.845-859
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• 2020

Climate change and recent heat waves have drawn public attention toward other environmental issues, such as water pollution in the form of algal blooms, chemical leaks, and oil spills. Water pollution by the leakage of chemicals may severely affect human health as well as contaminate the air, water, and soil and cause discoloration or death of crops that come in contact with these chemicals. Chemicals that may spill into water streams are often colorless and water-soluble, which makes it difficult to determine whether the water is polluted using the naked eye. When a chemical spill occurs, it is usually detected through a simple contact detection device by installing sensors at locations where leakage is likely to occur. The drawback with the approach using contact detection sensors is that it relies heavily on the skill of field workers. Moreover, these sensors are installed at a limited number of locations, so spill detection is not possible in areas where they are not installed. Recently hyperspectral images have been used to identify land cover and vegetation and to determine water quality by analyzing the inherent spectral characteristics of these materials. While hyperspectral sensors can potentially be used to detect chemical substances, there is currently a lack of research on the detection of chemicals in water streams using hyperspectral sensors. Therefore, this study utilized remote sensing techniques and the latest sensor technology to overcome the limitations of contact detection technology in detecting the leakage of hazardous chemical into aquatic systems. In this study, we aimed to determine whether 18 types of hazardous chemicals could be individually classified using hyperspectral image. To this end, we obtained hyperspectral images of each chemical to establish a spectral library. We expect that future studies will expand the spectral library database for hazardous chemicals and that verification of its application in water streams will be conducted so that it can be applied to real-time monitoring to facilitate rapid detection and response when a chemical spill has occurred.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.467-480
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• 2011

Spatial and temporal variabilities of NPP(Net Primary Production) retrieved from two satellite instruments, AVHRR(Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer, 1981-2000) and MODIS(MODerate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer, 2000-2006), were investigated. The range of mean NPP from A VHRR and MODIS were estimated to be 894-1068 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr and 610-694.90 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr, respectively. The discrepancy of NPP between the two instruments is about 325 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr, and MODIS product is generally closer to the ground measurement than AVHRR despite the limitation in direct comparison such as spatial resolution and vegetation classification. The higher NPP values over South Korea are related to the regions with higher biomass (e.g., mountains) and higher annual temperature. The interannual NPP trends from the two satellite products were computed, and both mean annual trends show continuous NPP increase; 2.14 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr from AVHRR(1981-2000) and 6.08 $g{\cdot}C/m^2$/yr from MODIS (2000-2006) over South Korea. Specifically, the higher increasing trends over the Southwestern region are likely due to the increasing productivity of crop fields from sufficient irrigation and fertilizer use. The retrieved NPP shows a closer relationship between monthly temperature and precipitation, which results in maximum correlation during summer monsoons. The difference in the detection wavelength and model schemes during the retrieval can make a significant difference in the satellite products, and a better accuracy in the meterological and land use data and modeling applications will be necessary to improve the satellite-based NPP data.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.872-878
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• 2014

This study aimed to enhance storage and freshness of strawberry fruits and foliage vegetables by spray treatment with Chlorella vulgaris as a bio-fertilizer. The tested strain, C. vulgaris CHK0008, was isolated from an organically cultivated rice paddy and identified as C. vulgaris by its morphology and 18S rDNA and 23S rDNA sequence homology. We successfully cultured C. vulgaris CHK0008 in BG11 modified medium (BG11MM) and adjusted $2.15{\times}10^6cell/mL$ C. vulgaris CHK0008 to one OD value by measuring the optical density at 680 nm using a UV-vis spectrophotometer. The soluble solid content of 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits treated by spray application with C. vulgaris CHK0008 was enhanced by 22.2% and 11.5% respectively, compared to untreated controls. Additionally, the decay rates of treated 'Seolhyang' and 'Yukbo' strawberry fruits decreased 63.8% and 74.4% respectively, compared to untreated control. Surface color changes and chlorosis of leaves in leaf vegetables such as lettuce, kale, red ornamental kale, white ornamental kale and beet were observed in samples treated with water spray for 10 days after cold storage. However, the decay rate of leafy vegetables treated with foliar application of 25% C. vulgaris CHK0008 liquid culture was significantly decreased compared to that of the untreated control during storage at $4^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2004.05b
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• pp.148-152
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• 2004

본 연구에서는 물순환의 재생이나 보전에 필수적인 유역 물순환의 정량화와 유역변화의 영향예측을 위해 개발된 WEP (Water and Energy Transfer Process) 모형의 국내 유역에 내한 적용성을 검토하고, 청계천 유역의 물순환 양상을 모의하였다. WEP 모형은 복잡한 토지이용이 이루어지고 있는 도시하천 유역에 내한 물순환의 정량화를 목적으로 일본의 토목연구소 (PWRI; Public Works Research Institute), 과학기술진흥사업단, Jia 박사 등에 의해 공동으로 개발되었으며 지표면 및 비포화 토양층의 물${\cdot}$열 플럭스 계산, 하도흐름의 추적계산 및 지하수 유동계산, 격자내 토지이용의 불균질성 반영 등이 가능한 물리적인 기반의 공간 분포형 모형 (Physically Based Spatially Distributed)이다. 모형을 적용한 청계천 유역 (유로연장 13.75 km, 유역 면적 $50.96km^2$)은 전체 토지이용중 도시지역이 $75.9\%$를 차지하고, 유역내 인구가 120만명에 이르는 도시유역으로 높은 불투수 면적비율, 인공계 물순환 요소의 영향 등의 도시 유역 특성이 물순환의 구조 전반에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 부족하였다. WEP 모형 적용 결과, 모의 기간 동안의 하천 유출량은 실측치에 근사한 값을 나타내었으며 유역의 물순환 양상을 모의할 수 있었다. 청계천 유역은 전형적인 도시 유역의 특성을 보여주었는데, 강우시의 직접유출이 크고, 강우의 유출에 대한 반응이 빠르며, 증발산의 경우는 산림지역보다 도시지역이 상대적으로 적은 것으로 분석되었다. 이번 연구를 통하여 WEP 모형이 유역 물순환 해석에 적절한 모형임을 확인할 수 있었으면, 향후 청계천 유역의 물리적 특성에 대한 매개변수와 인공계 물순환 자료의 보완을 통해 보다 향상된 모의가 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 하였던 Cd과 Mg이 Ca 및 Ca과 vitamin D의 동시(同時) 급여(給與)로 감소(減少)하였고 Cu는 전체적(金體的)으로 변화(變化)가 없었으며 Zn은 Cd 급여(給與)로 감소(減少)하였으나 Ca과 vitamin D의 급여(給與)에 의하여 증가(增加)하였고 Ca은 Ca과 viamin D의 급여(給輿)로 유의(有意)하게 증가(增加)하였다. 신장(腎臟)중의 무기질(無機質) 함량(含量)은 Cd급여(給輿)로 Cu, Mg은 감소(滅少)하였으나 Ca, Zn은 변화(變化)가 없었고 Ca 및 Ca과 Vitamin D의 급여(給與)로 Cd, CU, Zn은 증가(增加)하였다.ce area)는 수술 전100.8$\pm$25.6 mm/$m^{2}$에서 79.3$\pm$ 15.8 mm/$m^{2}$로 감소한 소견을 보였다. 승모판 성형술은 전 승모판엽 탈출증이 있는 두 환아에서 동시에 시행하였다. 수술 후 1년 내 시행한 심초음파에서 모든 환아에서 단지 경등도 이하의 승모판 폐쇄 부전 소견을 보였다. 수술 후 조기 사망은 없었으며, 합병증으로는 유미흉이 한 명에서 있었다. 술 후 10개월째 허혈성 확장성 심근증이 호전되지 않아 Dor 술식을 시행한 후 사망한 예를 제외한 나머지 6명은 특이 증상 없이 정상 생활 중이다 결론: 좌관상동맥 페동맥이상 기시증은 드물기는 하나, 영유아기에 심근경색 및 허혈성 심근증 또는 선천성 승모판 폐쇄 부전등을 초래하는 심각한 선천성 심질환이다. 그러나 진단 즉시 직접 좌관상동맥-대동맥 이식술로 수술적 교정을 해줌으로써 좋은 성적을 기대할 수 있음을 보여주었다.특히 교사들이 중요하게 인식하는 해방적 행동에 대한 목표를 강조하여 적용할 필요가 있음을 시사하고 있다.교하여 유의한 차이가 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 HSP 환자군에서도 $IL1RN^{*}2$ allele 빈도와 carriage