• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.199-206
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• 2000

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of winter forage rye and green manure hairy vetch on soil mineral nitrogen and corn nitrogen uptake. Soil nitrate at corn seeding decreased slightly with cultivation of winter rye, but soil nitrate did not decreased by cultivation of winter hairy vetch. Soil nitrate nitrogen increased 60~70 kgN/ha higher by hairy vetch green manure than winter rye and fallow at 6-leaf and harvest stage of corn, respectively, and much soil nitrate nitrogen such as 85, 125 kgN/ha was remained at N fertilizer 100, 200 kgN/ha of hairy vetch green manure at harvesting time, respectively. Corn yield was not different among treatments of winter crop and N rate, but nitrogen concentration of corn stover increased by hairy vetch green manure. Increase of total corn nitrogen uptake by hairy vetch green manure was 50~60 kgN/ha compared with winter rye and fallow. It is thought that basal fertilizer nitrogen 100 kgN/ha could be reduced by hairy vetch green manure in considering soil nitrate and nitrogen uptake at harvesting time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.324-331
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• 2014

Landscape crops have decorated its surrounding landscape by being cultivated from spring to late fall. Recently, landscape crops are starting to get the limelight as crops that can be cultivated in large area farmlands. Therefore, we examined the growth characteristics of landscape crops, green manure yield and nitrogen production of crops that are cultivated during summer, which are sunflower, cosmos, sunnhemp and sesbania, in order to select crops that can be utilized as landscape crops and green manure crops. The height of landscape crops increased when the harvest time was later. Especially, sunnhemp, cosmos, sunflower and sorghum grew over 100cm. The days to flowering of sunnhemp and cosmos were 50 and 53 days each, and their flowering period of more than 50 days were long. The days to flowering of sunflower, which was 52 days, was short, and its flowering period, which was 21 days, was also short. When the harvest time was later, the green manure yield and nitrogen production of all crops increased. Individually, the green manure yield was higher in sunnhemp, sorghum, sunflower, with $7.2{\sim}7.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$, and was lowest in sesbania. The nitrogen production was higher in sunnhemp, with $168.1kg\;ha^{-1}$ Therefore, as seen in its flowering characteristics, green manure yield and nitrogen production, sunnhemp had the best green manure and landscape effects among the landscape crops for summer.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2008

The aim of present work was to assess the response of soil microbial activity and diversity to green manures under the organically managed grape-greenhouse in early spring. Hairy vetch, milk vetch, and red clover were seeded in fall, and enzymatic activities by dehydrogenase and fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolase, and microbial diversities by Biolog $EcoPlate^{TM}$ and phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) were characterized for soils sampled in early spring. Dehydrogenase activity and FDA hydrolytic activity did not differentiate the green manures but the average well color development of Biolog EcoPlate was higher in soils covered with red clover than control soil. Soil microbial functional diversity by Biolog EcoPlate differentiated the soils covered with hairy vetch and milk vetch, and Shannon diversity index by Biolog EcoPlate was higher in soils covered with hairy vetch than control soil. Principal component analysis of PLFA differentiated the soils covered with milk vetch from control soil.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.134-138
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• 2011

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of seeding time of ryegrass+hairy vetch on the nutrient contribution and growth of the crops. in order to develop utilization of cover crops as an organic nutrient source in a pear orchard. The study was conducted at a diligent farmer in Boseong in Chonnam, and the both ryegrass and hairy vetch applied on 1) 27 September, 2) 15 October, 3) 8 November, and 4) 10 December of 2008 as a cover crop treatment. Sod culture was refereed as a control. Growth of ryegrass was not affected by seeding time, but hairy vetch had fewer leaf and shoot number as seeding time advanced from September to December, and the similar trend was observed for the dry weight of the crops by seeding time. Seeding of cover crop on September was 2.6 times greater dry weight than those of the sod culture (362 kg/10a). Higher N concentration in cover crops occurred on early seeding time, and estimated N contribution from the cover crops was 16.9 kg/10a, which was 2.6 times greater than those of sod culture. $P_2O_5$ production from the cover crops was the greatest on seeding of October, and $K_2O$ production increased at earlier seeding time.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1027-1031
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• 2012

This experiment was conducted to select winter-adaptable crop system or cropping systems for an enhanced carbon (C) fixation amount in plant biomass and soil. Single or mixed cropping systems of green manure crops, rye (R), triticale (TC), hairy vetch (HV), TC+HV, and control (fallow) were investigated during winter and spring. The amount and content of C and N in the above-ground biomass and soil C content by soil depth were measured under different green manure crops. The above-ground biomass was highest in TC+HV followed by R and TC with 664, 585, and 545 kg $10a^{-1}$, which exceeded the biomass of control by 181, 160, and 149%, respectively. The amount of C accumulation was higher in soil surface than deep soil. which was a similar pattern to the above-ground biomass. Therefore, green manure cropping in winter and spring seasons will be very helpful of improve soil organic matter.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.109-114
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• 2010

Rape residue as green manure is an emerging alternative of chemical fertilizer to improve soil quality and crop productivity. Objective of this research was to evaluate the effectiveness of rape residue as green manure on reduction of chemical fertilizer and suppression of weed occurrence in rice-rape double cropping system. Greenhouse experiment was conducted with four treatments: the combination of rape residue and three different N application rates (0, 30 and 70% of recommended application rate (7.8 kg N $10a^{-1}$)) and 100% chemical fertilizer as a control. No difference in rice clum length was observed for all treatments, while panicle length was highest in a treatment of rape residue+70% chemical fertilizer (Rape+70%CF). In addition, rice grain weight at a Rape+70%CF treatment increased by 19% compared to the control. This treatment also reduced weed density and biomass by 58 and 53%, respectively, compared to the control. Our results suggest that use of rape residues as green manure is an environment friendly and effective way to reduce chemical fertilizer and to enhance crop productivity in rice-rape double cropping system in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.813-827
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• 2015

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of organic inputs on soil properties in a newly reclaimed organic soils. The soil of the experiment site was very low in soil fertility and the physico-chemical properties were poor. Several organic input treatments with different source of nutrient were placed, including compost in combination with green manures for organic agricultural practices, chemical fertilizers for conventional agricultural practices, and control without fertilizer. The experiment was conducted with continuous cropping system during 3 years. The chemical properties concentration in compost+green manure treatment was increased continually compare to control and chemical fertilizer treatment, and closed to the recommended rate of fertilizer. The organic matter value for compost+green manure treatment was increased from 0.86~0.96% to 2.00~2.29% by continuous nutrient supply of compost and green manure. However, further investigation on increasing of organic matter value for 3 years is necessary to monitor carefully during the long-term because it will help to clarify the all mechanisms of organic matter on organic input application way. The available phosphate value for compost+green manure treatment was generally increased from 21.9~27.1 mg/kg to 182.0~394.1 mg/kg. In case of exchange cation, the concentration for compost+green manure treatment was increased during 2 years within the range to the recommended rate of fertilizer, however, it is expected to cause a rather over supply for 3 years.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Organic Agriculture Conference
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• 2009.12a
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• pp.298-298
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• 2009

유기농업 토양에서 합리적인 유기물 관리를 위한 기초자료로 활용하기 위하여 밭토양에서 동일한 유기물을 9년간 연용하면서 옥수수의 건물량의 연차간 변화량을 조사하였다. 처리는 무비구(WF)를 비롯하여 화학비료 단용처리(CF), 화학비료 및 돈분왕겨퇴비 혼용(CF+CPR) 두었으며, 유기자원별로는 돈분왕겨퇴비(CPR), 채종유박(RC), 볏짚퇴비(CRS), 녹비(GM) 등 7처리를 두었고, 작물의 생산성은 줄기와 알곡을 포함한 총 건물량에 대하여 화학비료 단용구를 대조로 하여 상대비교하였다. 옥수수의 생육은 파종후 52일 및 수확기에 볏짚퇴비구와 녹비처리구에서 가장 양호하였다. 9년차 옥수수 총 건물량은 화학비료구 1,226kg/10a 대비 녹비처리구에서 121%로 높았으나 볏짚퇴비구 97%, 채종유박 92% 돈분왕겨퇴비 80%로 낮았으며, 무비구의 경우 24%의 수량을 보였다. 양분의 흡수량은 녹비처리구에서 11.8kg/10a로 화학비료구에 비하여 낮았으나 다른 유기자원 처리구보다 높았다. 질소 이용율은 녹비처리구 61.1%로 화학비료구 61.6%와 동일한 수준을 보였다. 화학비료구에 대한 상대적인 수량은 녹비처리구에서 5년차까지 증가하다가 6년차부터 점차 감소하는 경향(y=$-2.044x^2$+25.302x+51.402, $R^2$=0.8571)이었으며, 볏짚퇴비구도 7년차까지는 수량이 증가하다가 8년차부터 감소하는 경향(y=$-1.0621x^2$+13.091x+63.59, $R^2$=0.6643)을 보였다. 유기질비료구와 돈분왕겨퇴비구는 완만한 감소경향을 보였으나 무비구는 급격히 감소하는 경향이지만 점차 감소폭이 좁아지는 경향(y=$0.4584x^2$-9.5544x+69.221, $R^2$=0.8777)을 보였다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.381-391
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• 2009

Crop production can be secured by the cycle of green manure crops as an alternative of the chemical fertilizer. Recently, rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) has been cultivated in the south part of Korea for the production of biodiesel. In this research, we focused on recycling rapeseed residue, which is produced after harvesting the rapeseed for biodiesel, as a potential source of nitrogen to the succeeding crop. Pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of winter rapeseed as green manure on mineralization and uptake of nitrogen to the succeeding corn (Zea mays L.). Result showed that total nitrogen and C/N ratio of rapeseed at the harvesting stage was 0.54% and 63, respectively. The incorporation of rapeseed without decomposition period slightly inhibited nitrogen uptake to the succeeding corn compared to those with 30 days decomposition period. The pH and EC values of soils increased by increasing the period of decomposition of rapeseed from 5.2 to 6.4 and from 0.05 dS/m to 0.21 dS/m, respectively. Significant amounts of $NH_4^+$ and $NO_3^-$ are released by incorporation of rapeseed. The succeeding corn took up 86% and 88% of inorganic nitrogen released from the rapeseed with and without decomposition period, respectively. The overall results suggested that the utilization of rapeseed residue as green manure can be an alternative source of nitrogen in corn-rapeseed double cropping system.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.404-408
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• 2007

The green manure crops such as rye, hairy vetch and scotch oat were applied to reduce the injury by continuous cropping system(CCS) of sesame(Sesamum indicum L.) cultivation, which manure crops was sowed in latter-September or mid-October and returned to soil in the next year of May. The growth and yields were increased as 33%(65.0kg/10a) in the rotational cropping system(RCS) compared to continuous cropping system of 48.9kg/10a. In the CCS of sesame, it was increased as $10{\sim}15%$ in the green manure crop cultivation, and rye cultivation was the most effective crop to reduce the injury of continuous cropping in the green manure crops. The RCS displayed lower disease outbreak and Fussarium oxysporum density in the soil compared with the CCS, and the green manure crop showed good effect in the CCS of sesame. In the RCS, the porosity was most high in the RCS and CCS of rye cultivation, while rye and hairy vetch was effective way to reduce the injury of continuous cropping. The outbreaks of wilt disease and phytophthora blight were increased as the CCS years, however displayed lowest outbreaks of disease and the yields showed highest in the rye cultivation.