• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.212-216
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: Green manure and graminaceousmanure crops have several benefits, such as improving soil physical and chemical properties and utilizing excessive greenhouse nutrients that they have a potential to be a water pollutant source. METHODS AND RESULTS: The objective of this study was to investigate nitrogen (N) supplying capabilities of green manure and graminaceous manure crops for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris L.) grown under greenhouse conditions. For this two leguminous manures (Crotalaria juncea (Cr.) and Sesbaniaexaltata (Se.)) and two graminaceous manures (Sorghum bicolor; Haussolgo(Ha.) and Sudangrass (Sg.)) in the greenhouse were grown, cut, and incorporated into the greenhouse soil before planting. Chemical nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate was estimated based on N recommendation for lettuce and Chinese cabbage. 100% of the N recommended rates (1N) were 70 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for lettuce and 60 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage and 50% of the N recommendation rates (0.5N) were 35 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for lettuce and 30 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Chinese cabbage. Nitrogen treatments were control (0N), Cr., Se., Cr + 0.5 N, Se + 0.5 N, Ha + 0.5 N, Sg + 0.5 N, and N recommendation rate (1N). Incorporated N from green manure and graminaceous manure crops were 130, 116, 93, and 87 kg N $ha^{-1}$ for Cr., Se., Ha., and Sg., respectively. Lettuce and Chinese cabbage were grown after incorporated green manure crops into the greenhouse soil. There was no significant difference in lettuce and Chinese cabbage yields under N treatments except control (0 kg/ha). Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE)was from 44% to 73% and the highest NUE was under Se. treatment. Although yields were not statistically different under N treatments except control, actual yield increase ranged from 170 to 1,100 kg/ha for lettuce and ranged from 2,770 to 5,210 kg/ha for Chinese cabbage compared to yield under N recommendation rate. Estimated economic benefit from this would be higher approximately between \2,770,000 and \5,210,000/ha under N treatments except control than the N recommendation rate. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that incorporating green manure crops, such as Cr. and SeSe. into soil or adding 0.5 N after incorporation of them can be beneficial in many ways in that it increases economic return because of yield increase, reduces the use of chemical N, and decreases the negative environmental impact on water quality because excessive N in the greenhouse soil can be used by green manure crops during the fallow.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.119-123
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• 2011

To use barley as a green manure crop, this study has been conducted in Suwon, Gyeonggi-do to establish the barley green manure (BGM)-rice cropping system with emphasis on soil incorporation date and BGM density. The nitrogen (N) contents of rye and barley, grass green manure crops, were 1.4~2.4% at early growth stage and decreased rapidly to 0.6~1.0% at late growth stage. The biomass of barley was 449 kg/l0a at heading stage (HS) and increased to 421 kg/10a at 10 days after heading stage (DAH), 473 kg/10a at 20 DAH. C/N ratio of BGM was the lowest 26.3 at HS. The N contents of BGM was in the range of 0.9~1.5%, the highest at HS and gradually decreased, and the output of N were 4.3-6.3 kg/10a. The total amount of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium of BGM showed the highest level at 10 DAH. Culm length of rice was relatively longer as the BGM application time was delayed. The application of BGM into soil increased plant height of rice by 7.2~7.7 em as compared to the plants treated with commercial fertilizer at recommended rate. but panicle length of rice showed a similar tendency in both the soil-applied of BGM and commercial fertilizer. N contents of unhulled rice was the highest at HS of BGM and followed by 10 DAH of BGM and 20 DAH of BGM. This trend could also be seen in rice straw. The yield of rice in the soil-applied of BGM was 10~15% lower than in the soil-applied of commercial fertilizer. Based on this study, application of BGM made it possible to save 30~50% of application amount of nitrogen fertilizer for following crops.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.636-641
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• 2011

Four different green manure crops, hairy vetch, Italian ryegrass, crimson clover, orchard grass were cultivated to test the differences in their effects on soil improvement. After plowing to incorporate the green manure crops, tomato plants were grown as a succeeding crop to investigate the effects of green manure on the soil physical properties and plant growths. The experimental results showed that green manure could decrease the soil hardness. Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as the green manure were especially effective in decreasing the soil hardness. Orchard grass and Italian ryegrass provided more void in soil matrix, resulting increased soil moisture contents. After two months, bulk density was decreased in the plots of Italian ryegrass and orchard grass. However, there were no significant differences between green manure plots and control after the cultivation of the succeeding crop. The results indicated that the growing Italian ryegrass and hairy vetch as green manure helped growing tomato plants. Orchard grass also improved the soil characteristics, comparable to Italian ryegrass in spite of their relatively small biomass.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2003

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of the mulching of hairy vetch and pig manure on the growth, yield and crude protein contents of the mulching of hairy vetch and application of animal slurry were treated and investigated in $2000{\sim}2002$. At the first year of cultivation, there were no differences among the treatments in plant height, but second year the growth of plants increased and continued over long times as the hairy vetch mulched and fertilized. The length and diameter of plant root were increased in the plot of hairy vetch mulching and the application of animal slurry. At first year of cultivation, no clear difference was found for among the treatments on dry weight and dry matter ratio in roots. At second year of cultivation, they were increased at in the plot of mulching and fertilizer treatment. The appearances of weeds in the field on Astragalus membranaces were much lower on the plots of live-mulching of hairy vetch than those on the control. The yield of root was 255kg highest in the plot of mulching and animal slurry application of 2-year-old roots. The root yield of Astragalus membranaces was increased about $8{\sim}10%$ compared to that with control, due to supply of nutrients. During the cultivation times, organic matters and N contents in soil increased by the mulching of hairy vetch and the application of animal slurry. The concentration of K, Ca concentration in soil showed a tendency to increase.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2011

To investigate a comparison of rice yield and quality by a utilization of green crops using barley and hairyvetch, this study was carried out in rice (Oryza sativa L.) organic cultivation field. Convention barley harvest (CBH), Green barley crop (GBC), Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC), and Non-Green crop (NGC) were treated in rice cultivation field. The results obtained as following: 1) Culm length and pancile length in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation were longer than organic cultivation but were not significant difference in all treatments. Yields of milled rice in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were by 90.3% and 95.9%, respectively. 2) Protein contents in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were by 5.7% lower than 6.6% in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. Amylose contents in all treatment were similar as range 18.8% to 19.1%. Whiteness contents in Green barley crop (GBC) and Green barley+Green Hairyvetch crop (GB+HVC) were slightly higher by 38.9% and 39.1%, respectively, than 37.7% in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. 3) Palatability values in Barley harvest (BH) and Non-Green crop (NGC) were slightly higher by 82.0 and 83.8, respectively, than 77.6 in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation. 4) Head rice in Non-Green crop (NGC) was 95.5%, while that of Convention barley harvest (CBH), Green barley crop (GBC), and Green barley+Green Hairy-vetch crop (GB+HVC) were slightly low as range 93.8% to 94.2%. White core and belly rice in Convention barley harvest (CBH) cultivation was the highest level by 1.7%. 5) Leaf blast, neck blast, sheath blight, rice stem maggot, rice leaf roller, rice leaf-tier, and green rice leafhopper were occurred lightly in rice field.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1-7
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• 2002

CODEX의 유기농업기준에 대하여 기본적으로는 공감하고 있으나, 아시아적 기후의 특성과 농가당 소유면적이 유럽이나 미주$\cdot$오세아니아 지역에 비하여 상대적으로 너무 협소한 점을 감안하여 아시아의 유기벼 재배농가들에게 과중한 부담을 주지 않을 수 있는 선에서의 유연성을 부여해야 할 것이다. 윤작이나 휴경의 경우, 지역에 따라 벼-딸기 등의 과채류-벼-토마토 등 과채류-벼 행태나, 병-보리 또는 호밀 등의 사료 또는 녹비작물-벼-자운영 등의 사료 또는 녹비작물-벼 행태의 윤작 또는 녹비작물 재배형태의 윤작 또한 유기재배로 인정해야 할 것이다. 완충지배 역시, 일정거리 보다는 경계선상에 주작물보다 상당히 키가 큰 다른 식용이나 녹비용 작물을 재배하면서 이웃 관행농장으로부터의 영농화학물질의 비산을 막아줄 수 있는 조처만으로도 유기재배 인증획득이 가능토록 해야 할 것이다. 제체작업 또한 오리를 이용할 경우, 기본적인 제초효과는 물론 해충포식이 이루어지며, 배설물에 의한 자연적인 시비가 원활히 이루어지게 볏대를 튼튼하게 자극시켜주며, 고랑사이의 공기유통 촉진과 흙탕물에 의한 잡초 발아억제 효과 등 다양한 부대효과를 올리 수 있게 된다. 왕우렁이 제초법 또한 논의 건조와 백로 등 조류의 접근만 차단해 주면 완벽한 제초가 이루어지고 있으며, 불시 경운에 의한 제초법도 유기농업 실천에 크게 기여할 수 있는 최선의 방안으로 활용되고 있는 중이다.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.767-779
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• 2015

soil microbial activities and diversities in a newly reclaimed soil. Soil chemical properties, population of microbe, microbial biomass, and properties of microbial community were investigated under 4 different treatment (animal manure compost+green manure, chemical fertilizer, and without fertilizer). The experiment was conducted for 3 years from 2012 to 2014. The most of chemical properties in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment were increased continually compare to chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. The population of bacteria and fungi were higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment, however, there was no difference on actinomyces. Soil microbial biomass C content was higher in the animal manure compost+green manure treatment than in chemical fertilizer and without fertilizer. Biolog examination showed that catabolic diversities of bacterial communities were higher in the treatment of animal manure compost+green manure. It was showed that principle component analysis of the Biolog data differentiated the organic matter amended soils from NPK and control. These results indicated that application of animal manure compost+green manure had a beneficial effect on soil microbial properties.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.287-293
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: Soil incorporation of green manure crop(GMC) and liquid pig manure(LPM) is one of the methods for reduction of chemical fertilizer and the increase of crop yield. The objective of this study was to select optimal incorporation time of GMCs on growth and nutrient property in paddy soil treated LPM. METHODS AND RESULTS: The kinds of GMCs were Hordeum vulgare L.(green barley, GB) and Vicia villosa roth(hairy vetch, HV). The effects of GMCs on rice yield were investigated under different incorporation times of GMCs(LPM1: at 25 days before rice transplantation, LPM2: at 18 days before rice transplantation, LPM3: at 11 days before rice transplantation). In GB treatments, the biomass was greater in the order of $$LPM3{\geq_-}LPM2{\geq_-}LPM1$$. Contents of N, P and K ranged 1.21~1.28, 0.36~0.38 and 1.41~1.45%, respectively, regardless of incorporation times. The amounts of nutrient supply in GB treatments were higher in LPM1 than those in other treatment conditions. In GB treatments, rice yields in LPM1, LPM2 and LPM3 were 523, 525 and 526(increasing yield 3% than control) kg/10a, respectively. In HV treatments, the amounts of nutrient supply were higher in the order of $$LPM3{\geq_-}LPM2{\geq_-}LPM1$$. Rice yields were 530 kg/10a for LPM1, 531 kg/10a for LPM2, 535 (increasing yield 5% than control) kg/10a for LPM3 in HV treatments, respectively. CONCLUSION(s): The optimum incorporation time of green barley and hairy vetch was at 11 days before rice transplantation(LPM3) in paddy soil with liquid pig manure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.400-404
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• 2000

Hairy vetch (vicia villosa Roth), leguminous green manure crop, can increase soil fertility and reduce chemical nitrogen application for cash crop such as spring corn. More yield of hairy vetch is needed at planting cash crop to obtain higher effect of green manure. Hairy vetch waa seeded on Sep.10, Oct.1, and Oct. 20 and at 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha of seeding rate respectively, in 1996 and 1997, Dry matter and nitrogen yield of hairy vetch were measured on May 1 in 1997 and 1998. Proper seeding rate of hairy vetch was 30 kg/ha irrespective of years and seeding dates. Above-ground dry matters of hairy vetch on May 1 in 1997 and 1998 decreased according to delayed seeding, and those were 5.5-7, 4-4.5, 1.3-2.2 ton/ha on Sep. 10, Oct. 1 and Oct 20 of seeding date, respectively in seeding rate 30-40 kg/ha. Also nitrogen yield of hairy vetch on May 1 decreased according to delayed seeding, and those were 220-280, 160-180, 60-100kg/ha on Sep. 10, Oct. 1 and Oct 20 of seeding date, respectively in seeding rate 30-40kg/ha. Therefore, we suggest that hairy vetch has to be seeded earlier in autumn to obtain high green manure yield in spring. To determine the detailed optimum seeding time in autumn, hairy vetch was seeded on Aug. 20, Aug. 31, Sep. 10, Sep. 20, and Sep. 30 in 1999 and was harvested on April 22, April 27, and May 2 in 2000, respectively. Dry matter and nitrogen yield of hairy vetch by seeding in late August were higher than those by seeding in September indicating that dry matter of hairy vetch were 7-8, 6-7, 4-5, 2-3 ton/ha and nitrogen yield were 240-290, 200-260, 150-220, 70-120 kg/ha, respectively when seeded on Aug. 20, Aug. 31, Sep. 10, Sep. 20 and Sep. 30 and harvested on April 22-May 2. Increase of dry matter and N yield of hairy vetch by 10days delayed harvest was higher in late August seeding than in September seeding. So hairy vetch should be seeded in late August if possible to obtain much more green manure yield and be seeded until September because green manure yield decrease rapidly when seeded after October.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.853-858
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• 2011

The cultivation methods are important for determining crop yield of green manure. The effect of cultivation methods of green manure crops (GMC) on biomass and rice yield was investigated. This experiment was conducted at Sinheung series (fine loamy, mixed, nonacid, mesic family of Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts from Oct. 2007 to Oct. 2008 at the National Institute of Crop Science (NICS), RDA, Suwon, Gyeonggi province, Korea. Seven GMC (hairy vetch, barley, Chinese milk vetch, rye, crimson clover, oats, rattail fescue) were cultivated and incorporated on paddy soil by broadcasting before rice harvesting (BBRH) and partial tillage seeding (PTS). Among the three leguminous GMC, the biomass and N production were the highest at the hairy vetch of PTS. Among the four gramineae GMC, the biomass and N production tended to be higher in the rye of BBRH and barley of PTS. The C/N ratio (56.5~74.2) of rye was high compared with hairy vetch (14.1). Among the GMC, the incorporation of hairy vetch increased $NH_4$-N contents in rice paddy soil at 14 and 42 days after transplanting. These results showed that hairy vetch had no significant to rice yield compared with conventional fertilization. Therefore, hairy vetch seems to be the most efficient green manure crop as an alternatives to chemical N fertilizer in the central regions of Korea.