• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.295-306
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• 2018

In the present study, we compared the effects of 50% ethanolic extracts of Chinese and Korean Wolfiporia cocos (CPE and KPE) on in vitro lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells and their anticancer activities in Sarcoma 180 cells. We further compared the anticancer activities and the 50% inhibitory concentrations ($IC_{50}$) of CPE with KPE with cultivated for one and two years in a landfill and a facility (LPE and FPE), respectively. In addition, the single oral dose toxicities of CPE and KPE were evaluated in mice. Lipid accumulation was inhibited after 48 hours, in CPE and KPE treated 3T3-L1 cells; however, no significant difference was observed between CPE and KPE in their lipid accumulation inhibitory activities. The anticancer activity of KPE was higher than that of CPE at $300{\mu}g/mL$ (p<0.05), revealing the possibility of an auxiliary biological means for origin identification. The anticancer activities of LPE and FPE were significantly stronger than that of CPE (p<0.05) but there was no difference between extracts from one- and two-year-old W. cocos, irrespective of the cultivation method. In single oral dose toxicity tests, CPE and KPE did not induce mortality during the 14-day observation. Thus, the 50% of lethal dose ($LD_{50}$) of CPE and KPE were estimated to be higher than 2,000 mg/kg. Taken together, our results indicate that the anticancer assay could be an auxiliary means of identifying the origin of W. cocos. In addition, artificial cultivation could be an alternative way to reduce the import of W. cocos. Lastly, 50% ethanolic W. cocos extracts could be potential candidates for obesity and cancer managements.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.56-59
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• 2014

Apex removal is a common practice in artichoke cultivation to harvest heads of lateral shoots. This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of apex removal by different planting times on the growth and yield of Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) in open field. Two treatments (apex removal and no apex removal) at three different planting times ($1^{st}$: Sep. 27, 2011, $2^{nd}$: March 29, 2012, and $3^{rd}$: Sep. 21, 2012) were tested using 'Green Globe' variety. There was no difference in the head characteristics and the number of harvested head between the treatments. The head weight was heavier in no apex removal of 242.7 g than the apex removal of 170.8 g. The yield also increased in no apex removal by 25% (1,249 kg/10a) compared to the apex removal of 997 kg/10a at the first planting time. At the second planting time, there was no difference in the head weights between the treatments. But the number of the harvested head was higher in no apex removal with 10.8 than 8.2 of the apex removal. The yield of no apex removal was 2,660 kg/10a, which was higher than 1,848 kg/10a of apex removal. At the third planting time, the head weight increased in no apex removal with 253.5 g compared to the apex removal with 218.7 g. The yield of no apex removal was 1,405 kg/10a, which was higher than 1,148 kg/10a of the apex removal. All the tests at 3 different planting times showed that the artichoke yields were higher in no apex removal than in apex removal. Therefore, it is desirable to cultivate artichoke without removing the apex for the higher yield and labor saving in open-field cultivation in Jeju island.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.324-332
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• 2010

This experiment was carrid out to develop a culture method by sequential highland-lowland cultivation for year-round production of fresh leaves in Ligularia stenocephala. Rootstocks of Ligularia stenocephala cultivated in Daegwallyeong openfield were digged up on late October 2007 and then stored in $-2^{\circ}C$ refrigerator. The rootstocks were monthly transplanted in protected greenhouse in Gangneung from November 2007 to June 2008 for lowland cultivation, and also they were monthly transplanted in rainshelter in Daegwallyeong from June to August 2008 for highland cultivation. The early growth of Ligularia stenocephala transplanted on January 2008 was faster. Most plant of Ligularia stenocephala regardless of transplanting time of rootstock grew over 30cm at the time of first harvesting of leaves till May, while the yield decreased during the summer season. The average plant height of Ligularia stenocephala transplanted on July and August in Daegwallyeong highland was lower than that cultivated in Gangneung lowland during spring season. Using of rootstock stored made it possible to produce in highland from Apr. to Oct. during summer season, and also to produce in lowland from Nov. to May next year. Therefore, the results indicates that sequential highland-lowland cutivation by using of stored rootstock will be capable of yearround production of fresh leaves in Ligularia stenocephala.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.246-253
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• 2011

This experiment was carried out to examine the residual amount variation of carbendazim and chlorpyrifos in fruit parts of red pepper according to the open field and/or the rain shelter house. It was shown higher residual amounts of agrochemicals in the field than the house condition at two hours (0 day) after chemical application, but it was shown higher residual amounts in the house at 5 days and 10 days. Although the residual amount in the field was higher than in the house at the beginning, the chemicals fast degraded in field condition. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos remained as time passed in order of receptacle, but the residual amounts of two chemicals in leaf at $5^{th}$ day. Carbendazim and chlorpyrifos were lessened until 10 days after chemical application, and reduction rate were 19.1% and 66.4% in flesh, 45.2% and 62.3% in receptacle, and 41.6% and 72.0% in the stalk, respectively. The reduction rate at 15 days showed 31.1%, 75.3% in flesh, 43.5%, 81.7% in receptacle, and 47.7%, 82.8% in stalk, respectively. Therefore the reduction rate of carbendazim showed receptacle > stalk > flesh, and that of chlorpyrifos showed stalk > receptacle > flesh in order. The calculated half-life of carbendazim showed 29.6 days in flesh, 13.6 days in receptacle, and 16.0 days in stalk, but that of chlorpyrifos showed 8.3 days in flesh, 8.3 days in receptacle, and 6.3 days in stalk. In conclusion, the half-life of carbendazim was longer than that of chlorpyrifos in even part, and especially was longest in flesh part of fruit.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.389-400
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• 2005

This study was conducted to investigate into the ecological environments and the soil microflora of purple-bracted plantain lily (Hosta longipes Matsumura) for wild vgetables. Native soil textures of purple-bracted plantain lily were in the order of sandy loam (SL) > loam (L) > clay loam (CL). pH in soil was relatively acid by 4.8, electric conductivity was 0.08mS/cm, and organic matter content was 0.08g/kg. CEC was measured by $100.8cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1}$ and available phosphate was 103.4mg/kg. Contents of exchangeable cations in terms of potassium, calcium, and magnesium were measured by $0.33cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1},\;2.26cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1},\;and\;0.87cmol^{(+)}kg^{-1}$, etc. Diurnal changes in the air temperature of the natives were 15 to $20^{\circ}C$, that temperature differential was relatively little compared with that in open field by 15 to $30^{\circ}C$. Relative humidity in the natives were much more humid by 60 to 80% compared with that in open feld by 35 to 85%. Light intensity in the natives and the open field at ten o'clock were $2,300{\mu}mol/m^2/sec.\;and\;1,750{\mu}mol/m^2/sec.$ Total number of soil microorganisms were $8.4{\times}10^7\;c.f.u./g$. Mycorrhizal spore densities over $500{\mu}m,\;355{\sim}500{\mu}m,\;251{\sim}354{\mu}m,\;107{\sim}250{\mu}m\;and\;45{\sim}106{\mu}m$ were 0.8, 1.3, 2.1, 38.1, and 110.0 respectively. Mycorrhizal root infections by vesicle and hyphae were 17% and 6%. However, arbuscules in the roots were not shown.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.132-137
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• 2011

BACKGROUND: This experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of potassium fertigation on the growth and yield of fourteen years-old 'Campbell Early' grapevine (Vitis labrusca L.) on a sandy loam soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: Potassium application (125 kg/ha/yr) was top-dressed as 30% of annual potassium application in all treatments and the remainders were drip-irrigated with 0 (0% of total K, K0 level of the remainder), 25 (17.5% of total K, K1/4 level of the remainder), 50 (35% of total K, K1/2 level), and 100mg/L (70% of total K, K1 level) in the intervals of 2 times a week for 12 weeks and the effect of K drip fertigation was compared to control treatment in which the K remainder was applied with surface application as additional fertilizer. The growth of stem diameter, leaf number and shoot length were highest in K1/2 (50 mg/L K), but K of mineral contents was lowest in K0. Yield of grapevine was no difference in 2008, but significantly higher K1/2 than other treatments in 2009. However, fruit quality (color degree, brix, acid contents) was no difference among the treatment. CONCLUSION(s): From the results, It is expected that K1/2 levels of fertigation based on soil testing could be more efficient to get optimum yield and save potassium fertilizer than control (surface application) treatments when grapevine was drip-irrigated at open field condition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.110 no.3
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• pp.406-418
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• 2021

This study was conducted to evaluate optimal storage techniques for bare root plants and container seedlings of Quercus variabilis and Zelkova serrata in order to maintain high quality of seedlings until planting. Refrigerated storage treatments were given at two temperatures (-2℃ [freezing] and 2℃ [cooling]) for nine different durations (0, 15, 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 days after storage). We analyzed total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content and measured shoot moisture content (SMC) during the storage stage and survival rate (SR) and dry weight during the planting stage of seedlings. The TNC content and SMC of the seedlings of the two species decreased with an increase in storage duration. The TNC content of seedlings rapidly decreased after 180~240 days of storage. The TNC reduction rate in the freezing treatment was lower than that in the cooling treatment. Also, with an increase in the storage duration of the two species, the SMC reduction rate in the cooling treatment increased in comparison with that in the freezing treatment. In both the species, the SR after planting decreased rapidly after 60 days of cooling storage and 180 days of freezing storage, respectively. The SR after planting was less than 60% when the TNC content for both the species dropped below 20 mg g^-1. In addition, the SR was lower than 80% when SMC measured before storage decreased by approximately 30% and 20% for Q. variabilis and Z. serrata, respectively. Our results suggest that cooling (1~2℃) storage is recommended for a short-term period (2 months or less), whereas freezing (-2~-4℃) storage is suitable for longer periods (2~6 months). These optimal storage techniques, allied with seedling harvesting and handling systems, will improve the quality of seedling production in nursery stages and increase seedling growth performances in plantations.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.392-400
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• 2024

This study was conducted to find the flowering and growth characteristics according to the different altitudes (plains and mid-mountain regions) and cultivation methods (field and plastic houses cultivation) of Elsholtzia splendens. Experimental regions located at 12 meters and 500 meters above sea level were selected for the plains and the mid-mountain, respectively, and the same method was applied for cultivation management by different altitudes and cultivation methods. In the mid-mountain region, flower bud emergence (2-3 days), flowering (9 days), and full bloom (6-7 days) stages of Elsholtzia splendens were earlier than in the plains, and field cultivation was earlier than plastic house cultivation. The plant height, the main stem diameter, and the number of branches tended to increase gradually after an initial rapid growth at 59 to 69 days after planting date. The days of duration of sunshine (less than 8 hours) from the rainy season (June 20) to the period when vegetative growth increases gradually (59 to 69 days after planting) was 22 to 29 days and 26 to 35 days in the plains and the mid-mountain regions respectively, and this period was estimated time of transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth. The spikes growth of Elsholtzia splendens by cultivation altitudes was higher in the mid-mountain region than in the plains, and there were no statistically significant differences in growth characteristics except for the main stem diameter, the number of branches, and the dry matter. Also, the amount of flowering and growth was higher in the plastic house cultivation compared to the field cultivation. As a result, some differences in flowering amount were observed when cultivating Elsholtzia splendens for landscaping purposes, but it was considered possible to cultivate in both plains and mid-mountain regions. This study therefore provides ecological information for understanding the relationship between weather characteristics and growth of Elsholtzia splendens.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.475-483
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• 2023

This study was conducted to determine the optimal irrigation starting point by analyzing tree growth, physiological responses, fruit quality, and productivity in peach orchards. Seven-year-old 'Kawanakajima Hakuto' peach trees were used in an experimental field (35°49'30.4"N, 127°01'33.2"E) located within the National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science located in Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do. The irrigation starting point was set with four levels of -20, -40, -60, and -80 kPa from June to September 2022. While there were no significant differences in increase of trunk cross-section area and leaf area among treatments, shoot length and diameter decreased in the -80 kPa and -20 kPa treatments. The photosynthetic rate measured in August was highest for -60 kPa (17.7 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), followed by -40 kPa (15.6 μmol·m^-2·s^-1), -20 kPa (14.5 μmol·m^-2·s^-1) and -80 kPa (14.0 μmol·m^-2·s^-1). SPAD value measured in May and August was lower in the -80 kPa and -20 kPa treatments than in the -60 kPa and -40 kPa treatments. The harvest date reached three days earlier in the -20 kPa treatment compared to other treatments. The fruit weight was highest in the -60 kPa (379.1 g), followed by -40 kPa (344.0 g), -80 kPa (321.0 g) and -20 kPa (274.9 g). Firmness was the lowest in the -20 kPa treatment. The soluble solid content was highest in the -60 kPa treatment (13.3°Bx).The ratio of marketable fruits was highest in the -60 kPa treatment (50.7%) and lowest in the -80 kPa treatment (23.4%). In conclusion, we suggest that setting the irrigation starting point at -60 kPa could improve the fruit quality and yield in peach orchards.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.301-305
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• 2012

The amount of irrigation water can be calculated based on the irrigation schedule in irrigation manual. At present, the maximum irrigation manual, which was developed in 1999 for the maximum yield with maxmum irrigation, is using. Now the water saving irrigation manual for red pepper, without decrease of crop yield, has been developded in 45 areas of korea. Among 45 regions, 9 regions which were selected respectively from 9 Provinces of Korea, were used for this study. The water saving irrigation manual has been used easily without soil sampling and measurement of soil water status. The objective of this study is to assess the possibility of the saving of irrigation water compared to the maximum irrigation manual. The average potential evapo-transpiration (PET) during 30 years in 9 region for the red pepper cultivation was a $2.69mm\;day^{-1}$. The saving amount of irrigation water for red pepper cultivation by saving irrigation manual compared to the maximum irrigation manual in a year was 309.4 mm, 303.3 mm and 309.5 mm in the soil of Sandy Loam (SL), Loam (L) and Silty Loam (SiL), respectively. The average saving amount of irrigation water for red pepper cultivation by saving irrigation manual compared to the maximum irrigation manual in a year was 307.4 mm.