• Electronics and Telecommunications Trends
• /
• v.11 no.3 s.41
• /
• pp.45-55
• /
• 1996

본 고에서는 이동국과 기지국간 신호방식에 적용되는 PCS 이동성 관리 프로토콜에 대하여 기술하였다. 기술의 내용으로는 Proposed W-CDMA PCS 표준화를 기본으로 하여 이동성 관리 프로토콜 기능 및 구조 그리고 기본호 절차, 메시지 포맷 및 내용으로 이루어져 있으며, 오류처리에 대해서도 기술하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.54 no.6
• /
• pp.781-786
• /
• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate errors on written tests of science, matters, in middle school 7th grade. Errors were defined something you have done which is considered to be incorrect or wrong, or which should not have been done. We found and classified errors, and then examined the frequency of types of errors on the written tests. A total of 167 test items from 10 middle schools were analyzed for this study. Errors on the written tests were classified into 5 types: insufficient information; unnecessary information; inaccurate information; information against curriculum; and unclear information. A total of 81 errors were counted out of 167 test items. The results of this study are expected to help teachers develop written test items to convey definite meanings by text and would be used as basic information for improving written test item standards.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Sensory Integration
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.35-44
• /
• 2018

Objective : This study aimed to perform a translation, backward translation, item modification, and test of content validity for Korean version of Miller Assessment for Preschoolers (MAP). Methods : Professors in department of occupational therapy, translators, or occupational therapists participated in the processes of translation, comparison and synthesis I, backward translation, comparison and synthesis II, test of understanding, and modify of items. Content Validity Indices (CVI) was calculated for data analysis by using Microsoft Office Excel. Results : Results of comparison between the original MAP and Korean MAP in professor panels were mean $3.66{\pm}0.40$, item-level CVI (I-CVI) 0.94, and overal scale CVI (S-CVI) 0.83. In agreement, result of comparison between of the original MAP and backward translated MAP (version English) was mean 3.14. The erroneous content was omission 13 times, the addition 3 times, the substitution 6 times, erroneous terms 11 times, and reordering 6 times. Average of understanding test in the therapist panels was $3.66{\pm}0.27$. The agreements were I-CVI 0.93 and S-CVI 0.58. Conclusion : Using assessment tools that developed in another country is important to do test of content validity and systematic translation process in Korea. For developing Korean version of MAP, validity and reliability studies need to be followed in near future.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
• /
• v.16 no.1
• /
• pp.113-139
• /
• 2013

The purpose of this study is to provide informations about cause of failures when students solve word problems by analyzing what errors students made in solving word problems and types of error and features of error according to problem solving strategy. The results of this study can be summarized as follows: First, $5^{th}$ grade students preferred the expressions, estimate and verify, finding rules in order when solving word problems. But the majority of students couldn't use simplifying. Second, the types of error encountered according to the problem solving strategy on problem based learning are as follows; In the case of 'expression', the most common error when using expression was the error of question understanding. The second most common was the error of concept principle, followed by the error of solving procedure. In 'estimate and verify' strategy, there was a low proportion of errors and students understood estimate and verify well. When students use 'drawing diagram', they made errors because they misunderstood the problems, made mistakes in calculations and in transforming key-words of data into expressions. In 'making table' strategy, there were a lot of errors in question understanding because students misunderstood the relationship between information. Finally, we suggest that problem solving ability can be developed through an analysis of error types according to the problem strategy and a correct teaching about these error types.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.377-399
• /
• 2010

Mixed calculations involving fractions and decimals covered in the unit 6-Na in elementary school math class cause students difficulties, leading them make lots of errors. If students fail to understand temporarily or partly what the teacher taught or lose confidence and continue to have difficulty due to a lack of understanding and skills of algorithm, though they properly understand the concept and principle of the learning content, it should be resolved through intensive teaching. For students suffering from this problem, a correct diagnosis and appropriate treatment are required. Therefore, this study developed a feedback program after diagnosing students' errors through evaluating them in order to continuously assist them to fully understand contents regarding mixed calculations involving fractions and decimals.

• Journal of Educational Research in Mathematics
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.281-302
• /
• 2015

In the current study, answer sheets from 8007 students in 236 Korean schools were selected and analyzed to examine errors that emerge in the process of solving descriptive questions of the National Educational Achievement Assessment in mathematics. Questions used in the analysis were response assessment covering middle school mathematics topics: "mathematical symbols and equations" and "functions." The behavioral domain of the questions was that of "problem solving and computation," which requires establishing an equation for a word problem and allows the calculation of an answer that meets a certain condition. The analysis results revealed various errors in each stage of each question, from understanding to solving; the study attempts to conjecture causes for these errors and draw pedagogical implications.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.34 no.3
• /
• pp.197-226
• /
• 2023

Generative Text Summarization is one of the Natural Language Processing tasks. It generates a short abbreviated summary while preserving the content of the long text. ROUGE is a widely used lexical-overlap based metric for text summarization models in generative summarization benchmarks. Although it shows very high performance, the studies report that 30% of the generated summary and the text are still inconsistent. This paper proposes a methodology for evaluating the performance of the summary model without using the correct summary. AggreFACT is a human-annotated dataset that classifies the types of errors in neural text summarization models. Among all the test candidates, the two cases, generation summary, and when errors occurred throughout the summary showed the highest correlation results. We observed that the proposed evaluation score showed a high correlation with models finetuned with BART and PEGASUS, which is pretrained with a large-scale Transformer structure.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2018

The identification of behavioral errors by seafarers that have caused marine accidents may provide important clues for the reduction or prevention of marine accidents. The purpose of this study is to identify the behavioral errors of seafarers by the type of marine accident using the theory of Skill-, Rule-, and Knowledge-Based Behavior (SRKBB). In order to identify behavioral errors, we collected the information related to 1,744 cases of maritime accidents over a 9 year period (2008 ~ 2016). The behavior errors of the seafarers who caused the marine accidents were classified as SBBE (Skill-Based Behavioral Error), RBBE (Rule-Based Behavioral Error), and KBBE (Knowledge-Based Behavioral Error). After analyzing the frequency of behavioral errors according to the type of marine accident, results showed SBBE had the highest frequency of errors, followed by RBBE. Additionally, the frequency of occurrence of accidents such as stranding, overturning, and sinking was high in KBBE. This study showed it is possible to identify behavioral errors of seafarers according to the type of marine accidents.

• Food Industry
• /
• s.198
• /
• pp.59-102
• /
• 2007

본 자료는 2006년도 식품의약안전청 연구개발사업으로 수해오딘 "제외국의 식품안전정보 수집체계에 관한 비교연구"의 연구결과를 활용하여 제작되었으며, 중국에서 발간된 식품표준 및 법규의 내용을 일부 발췌.번역한 것으로 원문의 용어를 그대로 사용하였기 때문에 우리가 흔히 사용하는 용어와 상이할 수도 있으며 번역상 오류나 부적절한 표현이 있을 수도 있으므로 필요시 원문을 참고하시기 바랍니다.

• Electric Engineers Magazine
• /
• v.219 no.11
• /
• pp.28-36
• /
• 2000

오늘날 전력에너지를 사용하고 있는 가정, 사무실 및 산업체 등 전력수요 전반에 걸쳐 전력품질에 민감하게 반응하는 다양한 전기설비들이 많이 사용되고 있다. 즉, 컴퓨터를 비롯한 정보관리시스템, 산업체 공정제어설비, 에너지관리시스템, 전자현금취급기 및 안전시스템 등은 전력품질 상태에 따라서 데이터 또는 기억내용 상실, 자료 송수신 오류 및 설비 손상이 발생하기도 한다.