• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.5
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• pp.365-373
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• 2007

Background: Smoking is one of the most important leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Smoking habit is recognized as nicotine dependence, which consists of physical and psychosocial dependence. To evaluate social nicotine dependence, the Kano Test for Social Nicotine Dependence (KTSND) working group developed a new questionnaire, which consists of 10 questions with a total score of 30 in Japan. We examined the social nicotine dependence among healthy adults using the new KTSND questionnaire and evaluated validity of the KTSND questionnaire in Korea. Method: We applied Korean KTSND questionnaire version 2 to employees of hospital, university students and people for medical examination and promotion test. Complete data obtained from the 741 responders were analyzed. Result: The mean age of responders was 31.8 years. Among them, males were 57.8%. Current smokers, ex-smokers, and non-smokers were 13.8%, 12.8%, and 73.4% respectively. According to smoking status, the total KTSND scores of current smokers were significantly higher than those of ex-smokers, and of non-smokers ($17.1{\pm}5.4$ versus $14.3{\pm}5.5$, and $12.3{\pm}5.5$, $p{\leq}0.001$). The total KTSND scores of males were higher than those of females, suggesting that males have a propensity for depending nicotine socially much more than females ($14.3{\pm}5.7$ and $11.7{\pm}5.4$ respectively, p<0.001). Eight of ten questions produced significantly different scores among three different smoking groups. When current smokers were sub-classified by heavy smoking index (HSI) that represented physical nicotine dependence, we did not find a significant difference of KTSND score between low HSI group (<4) and high HSI group (${\geq}4$), This finding suggested that the psychosocial dependence might play a different role from physical nicotine dependence in smoking. Most of the non-smokers (62.5%) had an experience of harmful passive smoking especially in public place. Conclusion: Our study suggested that the KTSND questionnaire could be a useful method to evaluate psychosocial aspects of smoking.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.287-295
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• 2007

Background : This study investigated and analyzed the life style of male white- collar workers and their perception of obesity to determine how to improve eating habits and prevent obesity. Materials and Methods : Using the questionnaires distributed to and collected from 300 male white-collar workers in Daegu, the survey was conducted from December 20, 2005 to February 28, 2006. Two hundred sets of collected questionnaires were used for the analysis, and SPSS WIN 12.0 was employed to analyze the data. Results : Forty-two percent of subjects had weights ranging between 71 kg and 80 kg; 39.5%, weighted between 61 kg and 70 kg. The waist measurements of 64.5% of all respondents were between 32 and 34 inches. The lifestyle questions found that 54% of respondents were smokers and 88.5% drank alcohol. In addition, 62.5% of all respondents reported doing exercise, whereas 37.5% reported no exercise. Conclusion : The height and weight of 200 respondents were used to calculate the body mass index (BMI). Only 31.6% had a normal BMI, whereas 32% were found to be overweight, a condition likely to lead to obesity. Meanwhile, 36.5% of respondents were obese or morbidly obese.

• Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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• 2011.05b
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• pp.941-946
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• 2011

본 연구는 직장암 검진에 영향을 미치는 요인을 규명하기 위해 시도하였다. 자료수집은 2011년 1월 10일부터 2월 23일까지 서울에 소재한 건강검진센터에 내원한 환자 211명을 대상으로 설문 및 면접조사를 하였다. 연구결과 첫째, 성별의 경우 남성 수검자는 74.2%로 비수검자 31.6%보다 유의하게 높은 분포를 보였다((p=0.035). 둘째, 흡연여부는 흡연자가 수검하는 경우는 47.4%, 비수검자는 25.4%로 두군간의 유의한 차이를 보였다(p=0.006). 셋째, 가족력이 있는 경우가 가족력이 없는 경우에 비해 교차비가 1.95로 유의하게 나타났다(95% Cl=1.69-3.41). 이러한 결과를 토대로 직장암 검진을 위한 적극적인 홍보를 위한 장-단기적인 전략을 세우는 것이 직장암 조기발견을 위한 효율적인 정책이라고 할 수 있겠다.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.5
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• pp.490-497
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• 2005

Background : The paraoxonase enzyme plays a significant role in the detoxification of various organophosphorous compounds in mammals, and paraoxonase (PON) 1 is one of the endogenous free-radical scavenging systems in the human body. In this study, we investigated the interaction between cigarette smoking and the genetic polymorphism of PON1 with lung cancer in Korean males. Methods : Three hundred thirty five patients with lung cancer and an equal number of age-matched controls were enrolled in this study. Every subject was asked to complete a questionnaire concerning their smoking habits and alcohol drinking habits. A 5' exonuclease assay (TaqMan) was used to genotype the PON1 Q192R polymorphism. The effects of smoking habits and drinking habits, the PON1 Q192R polymorphism and their interactions were statistically analyzed. Results : Cigarette smoking and the Q/Q genotype of PON1 were significant risk factors for lung cancer. Individuals carrying the Q/Q genotype of PON1 were at a higher risk for lung cancer as compared with those individuals carrying the Q/R or R/R genotype (odds ratio, 2.84; 95% confidence interval, 1.69 - 4.79). When the groups were further stratified by the smoking status, the Q/Q PON1 was associated with lung cancer among the current or ex-smokers (odds ratio, 2.56; 95% confidence interval, 1.52 - 4.31). Current smokers or ex-smokers who had the Q/Q genotype showed an elevated risk for lung cancer (odds ratio: 15.50, 95% confidence interval: 6.76 - 35.54) as compared with the group of subjects who never smoked, and had the Q/R or R/R genotype. The odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of smokers with the PON1 Q/Q type compared to the nonsmokers with the PON1 Q/R or R/R type were 53.77 (6.55 - 441.14) for squamous cell carcinoma, 6.25 (1.38 - 28.32) for adenocarcinoma, and 59.94 (4.66 - 770.39) for small cell carcinoma, and these results were statistically significant. Conclusion : These results suggest that cigarette smoking and the PON1 Q/Q genotype are risk factors for lung cancer. The combination of cigarette smoking and the PON1 Q/Q genotype significantly increased the lung cancer risk irrespective of the histologic type of cancer.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.215-226
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the alcohol volume consumed and alcohol dependancy according to multiple rounds of drinking. Sectional data collected in 2012 as part of an International Alcohol Control Study were used, and 855 of 1,789 drinker aged 19 to 64 were conducted. The proportion of multiple rounds drinking were significantly higher in males(χ²=37.607, p<.001), students(χ²=52.466, p<.001), single(χ²=34.205, p<.001), smoking experience and stressed(χ²=40,09, p<.001; χ²=21.66, p<.001) among drinkers. In particular, the alcohol volume consumed of unmarried people, smokers, and stress groups were significantly higher than married people, non-smokers and no-stress group. The highest alcohol intake in the first, 2nd and third rounds was found in bars in the liquor trade (F=67.8g, p<0.001). The total alcohol intake increased as the number of rounds increased (F=209.993, p=0.001) and the number of drinkers who tested positive for alcohol dependency increased, using the tests RAPS4 and DSM-IV(F=129.836, p<0.001; F=94.669, p<0.001). The OR of alcohol dependancy in males was 2.3(95% CI: 1.745-3.057), unemployed was 3.2(95% CI: 1.053-9.838), smokers was 3.9(95% CI: 1.230-12.292), and stress group was 2.1(95% CI: 1.561-2.768) compared to females, employed, non-smokers, and no-stress group respectively. In conclusion, it suggests that those consuming multiple rounds drinking can become more vulnerable to alcohol harms due to its relation to smoking, stress and increased dependence on alcohol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.532-537
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• 2012

We investigated the effect of smoking on cardiovascular responses during acute dynamic exercise. Eleven college students who had been smoking (duration of smoking: $7.45{\pm}0.90$ years; number of cigarettes per day: $17.72{\pm}1.22$) participated in this study. All subjects completed a graded exercise testing to determine the relative exercise intensity. The cardiovascular responses were measured at rest, and during mild and moderate exercise immediately, 24, and 48 hours after smoking. The same procedures were repeated during 24-h smoking withdrawal. All subjects were continuously instrumented to measure systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), and total vascular conductance (TVC) at rest and during exercise. The results showed that compared to the nicotine abstention, SBP, DBP, MAP, and HR were significantly higher at 24 and 48 hours after smoking ($p$<0.05), and CO was significantly higher at rest and during moderate exercise ($p$<0.05). There were no differences in SV and TVC before and after smoking. Thus, the results suggest that smoking is associated with an exaggerated sympathetic nerve activity during dynamic exercise. Consequently, smoking cessation may help reduce cardiac events, such as stroke and heart attack, during exercise.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.105-111
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• 2020

Smoking is associated with increased inflammation and is a risk factor for a range of diseases. Conversely, yogurt has beneficial effects on health. This study examined the effects of yogurt consumption on the hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels in smokers. The participants were categorized into four groups. Non-smokers were assigned to the control and yogurt groups while smokers were assigned to the smoking and combined (yogurt plus smoking) groups. The participants consumed yogurt, and either smoked or did not smoke for three weeks. The changes in hematological parameters and fibrinogen levels were examined. In the combined group, the proportion of neutrophils and fibrinogen levels increased significantly, whereas the lymphocyte proportion decreased. The eosinophil proportion increased significantly in the Smoking group, but no change was observed in the combined group. In addition, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration increased in the smoking and combined groups, indicating that smoking may affect the lifespan of red blood cells. In conclusion, this study showed that yogurt consumption might influence the immune function by modulating the levels of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and fibrinogen in smokers. Furthermore, the absence of any increase in the eosinophil proportion in the combined group, unlike in the smoking group, suggests that yogurt consumption may have an inhibitory effect on allergic reactions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.639-650
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• 2023

The levels of harmful components in aerosols from heated tobacco products (HTPs) have been reported to be significantly lower than in cigarette smoke. However, it remains unclear whether the use of HTPs can mitigate the cardiovascular risks associated with cigarette smoking (CS). The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a short-term switch from CS to HTP use on cardiac autonomic regulation (CAR). Seven healthy male smokers completed an open-label, randomized, cross-over trial consisting of five days of CS, use of three different HTPs (IQOS use, IQ; lil SOLID use, LS; lil HYBRID use, LH), or non-smoking (NS). Each session was separated by a one-week washout period, and levels of exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) and carboxyhemoglobin (COHb), systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and heart rate variability (HRV) reflecting CAR were assessed before use of the product assigned to each session and at 24, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hr after use. Levels of exhaled CO and COHb were statistically significantly reduced only during NS. There were no statistical changes in SBP and DBP within any session. However, in HRV spectral analysis, log-transformed high frequency (lnHF) increased statistically significantly in IQ, LS, and NS, respectively. Normalized HF (HFnu) was significantly increased in NS and LH, respectively. lnHF and HFnu showed significant interaction effects. The findings of this study suggest that a short-term switch to HTPs instead of CS may lead to different distribution patterns of CAR, primarily driven by enhanced cardiac vagal tone.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.2089-2099
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• 2015

This study examined the relationships between the blood heavy metal (Pb, Hg and Cd) concentration and exposure-related factors. The subjects were 2,042 (male: 953, female: 1,089) who were recruited through a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Differences in the concentrations of mercury were observed in males, whereas females showed differences in lead and cadmium. Analyses of the blood concentrations according to body mass index and waist circumference showed significantly higher concentrations of mercury. In males, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol of dyslipidemia was higher than normal in the blood lead concentration. In females, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of dyslipidemia was higher than normal in the blood lead concentration. The blood lead and cadmium concentrations of male smokers was higher than non-smokers, and cadmium showed the same results in females. The blood lead levels were higher in male alcohol consumers than non-drinkers. The blood concentrations of mercury and cadmium showed significant differences according to household income. Blood concentrations of heavy metals were closely related to exposure-related factors, and age, smoking, drinking alcohols, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and household income were found to be relevant.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.403-410
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• 2018

This study is to look at the risk of chronic diseases in adults and oral health behaviors affecting periodontitis by gender. This study selected 3,071 males aged 35 to 65, 4,273 females, and 7,344 people as the final subjects of the study using the sixth original data from the National Health and Nutrition Survey. In this study, subjective oral health classified under 'bad' presented 1.69 times(p<0.001) the risk of Periodontitis for males and 1.50 times(p<0.001) for females. There was a 2.01 times(p<0.001) of a risk of periodontitis for male and 1.40 times(p=0.001) of a risk for females. Smokers have a 1.68 times(p<0.001) of a risk for males and 2.07 times(p<0.001) of a risk for females, thus a higher risk for periodontitis for females. The risk of periodontitis was 1.44 times(p<0.001) of a risk for males and 1.30 times(p<0.05) for females when compared in normal hypertension. Obesity was at a rate of 1.199 times(p<0.05) as much for males in the non-military group, 1.202 times(p<0.05) that of females for periodontitis and putting females slightly more at risk. For diabetes, males were at risk of 1.28(p<0.05) whereas it being 1.53 times(p<0.05) for females, compared the average health female. In total, Males were found to be at the greatest risk of periodontitis, while women were at the highest risk for smoking. All parameters except smoking and diabetes show a higher risk of periodontitis for females. As males are more likely to have a higher risk of periodontitis than females, they are considered to be more interested in oral health care and need systematic oral health education and policies to prevent oral diseases.