• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.579-593
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• 2021

In order to understand the types of vegetation in warm temperate-climate zones, vegetation was investigated in several island areas in Jeollanam-do (Jindo, Wando, Gangjin, Goheung, and Yeosu). The evaluation standard for degraded level of warm temperate forests were proposed based on the importance percentage (IP) in canopy layer of the evergreen broad-leaf forests and the number of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species. Through these measurements, the restoration types and techniques for each degraded level were estimated, and it is intended to be used in establishing restoration plans for the southwest coast island area. The vegetation was analyzed using the two-way indicator species analysis (TWINSPAN) method using survey data of 307 plots. As a result, it was divided into 8 communities, and the appearance characteristics of evergreen broad-leaf species were identified in each community. Community I was located on the lower slope at an altitude of 86.6 m, and Neolitsea sericea and Castanopsis sieboldii were dominant. Communities II and III were the vegetation types that appear on the coast below an altitude of 10.5 to 22.5 m, and Machilus thunbergii, Cinnamomum japonicum, N. sericea, and C. sieboldii were dominant. Communities IV and V were vegetation types that appeared in the lower and middle slops between the altitudes of 71.9 to 153.4m, and C. sieboldii was dominant. In community VI, the N. sericea was dominant in the lower and middle slops at an altitude of 166.9 m. The last communities VII and VIII were the vegetation types that appeared on the middle slop at an altitude of 187.8 to 246.2 m. Also, Quercus acuta and Q. salicina were present. In summary, the evergreen broad-leaf forests dominated by M. thunbergii, C. japonicum, and N. sericea appeared mainly in the coastal areas of the lowlands. The community of C. sieboldii was distributed higher inland than this community. The communities that appeared mainly in the inland highlands at levels above these two communities were Q. acuta and Q. salicina. The degraded level was classified as 0 to V, according to the IP of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species and the number of arboreal evergreen broad-leaf species. According to the degraded level, the restoration types (preservation, induction, improvement, creation) and the restoration techniques were determined.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.365-377
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• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the second forest vegetation located in Mt. Duryun affiliated to the ecotone in southern part of Korea, and foreseeing vegetation change based on component species and dominant species on canopy. The second forest vegetation is classified into 3 community units as Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Dendropanax morbiferus-Quercus acuta community and Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation. This research is also expatiated on the relationship between the distribution of communities and the environmental conditions. Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community will be succession horizontally and gradually from the part where Quercus variabilis is dominated relatively at first to the other part in the community, according to the component species of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and evergreen broad-leaved forest as Camellietea japonicae.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.512-527
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• 2012

Jangdo Island (area $1.54km^2$) located in the western end of Dadohae Haesang National Park has been recognized as an prominent ecoregion possessing high moor and national biodiversity hotspot. In terms of the Z$\ddot{u}$rich-Montpellier School's phytosociology, we investigate the diversity of plant communities on the island and reevaluate the Jangdo wetland designated as Ramsar site. Ten physiognomic types of the Jangdo's vegetation were classified into 22 syntaxa (3 associations, 15 communities and 4 subcommunities). Jangdo wetland was actually denominated as 'eutrophic wetland' by Pharagmitetea and Orizetea rather than 'high moor'. Nevertheless, existence value of the Jangdo wetland is evaluated very high as a stepping stone for migratory birds and even plant dispersions. A new site of the northernmost distribution of Arachniodo-Castanopsietum sieboldii, which is a kind of cold-resistant phytocoenosis among the Camellietea japonicae of the warm-temperate broad-leaved forests, was described. Hosta yingeri-Carpinus turczaninovii var. coreana community and Carex wahuensis var. robusta-Juniperus chinensis var. procumbens community were described specifically as an endemic and an edaphic vegetation type, respectively. The unique Jangdo's vegetation reflects regional environmental conditions such as much higher frequency of frost-free days and the highest number of annual average foggy days in Korea and a well-developed aquifer in the depressed basin formed by differential erosion. We identified that human interventions (pasture, logging, forest fire, cultivation, etc.) has been involved intensively on every vegetation types, even though a rugged and inaccessible topography of the island. Particularly the Jangdo wetland has been recently threatened by fundamental distortion on hydrological system. We request an immediate establishment of the conservation prescription manual.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.558-568
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• 2021

Poor supervision and tourism activities have resulted in forest degradation in islands in Korea. Since the southern coastal region of the Korean peninsula was originally dominated by warm-temperate evergreen broad-leaved forests, it is desirable to restore forests in this region to their original vegetation. In this study, we identified suitable areas to be restored as evergreen broad-leaved forests by analyzing the environmental factors of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests in the islands of Jeollanam-do. We classified forest lands in the study area into six vegetation types from Sentinel-2 satellite images using a deep learning algorithm and analyzed the tolerance ranges of existing evergreen broad-leaved forests by measuring the locational, topographic, and climatic attributes of the classified vegetation types. Results showed that evergreen broad-leaved forests were distributed more in areas with a high altitudes and steep slope, where human intervention was relatively low. The human intervention has led to a higher distribution of evergreen broad-leaved forests in areas with lower annual average temperature, which was an unexpected but understandable result because an area with higher altitude has a lower temperature. Of the environmental factors, latitude and average temperature in the coldest month (January) were relatively less contaminated by the effects of human intervention, thus enabling the identification of suitable restoration areas of the evergreen broad-leaved forests. The tolerance range analysis of evergreen broad-leaved forests showed that they mainly grew in areas south of the latitude of 34.7° and a monthly average temperature of 1.7℃ or higher in the coldest month. Therefore, we predicted the areas meeting these criteria to be suitable for restoring evergreen broad-leaved forests. The suitable areas cover 614.5 km², which occupies 59.0% of the total forest lands on the islands of Jeollanamdo, and 73% of actual forests that exclude agricultural and other non-restorable forest lands. The findings of this study can help forest managers prepare a restoration plan and budget for island forests.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.66-75
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• 1996

To propose basic information for national resource management and planting disign, plant community structure of evergreen broad-leaved forest was investigated. Fifty-two plots(each size 300m$^{2}$) were set up at Ch'omch'alsan area of Chindo, Korea. TWINSPAN and DCA methods were used for classification and ordination analysis. Fifty-two plots were divided into seven groups, which were Quercus variabilis-Carpinus tschonoskii community, Q. glauca community, Castanepsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Q. stenophylla community, Castanopsis cuspidata var. sieboldii-Camelia japonica community, Q. acuta-Camelia japonica community, Carpinus coreaca-Q spp. community, C. coreana community. Pinus densiflora almost have been selected. Carpinus tschomoskii, Q. variabillis and Q. serrata were to be succeeded by Castanea cuspidata var. sieboldii, Q. stenophylla, Q. acuta and Neolitsea sericea in canopy layer. And Neolitsea sericea, Q. glauca and Camellia japonica was showed high importance values in fertile soil condition. Future restoration plan was necessary for a tourist resort or national forest in warm temperate region. And evergreen broad-leaved plants shall be planted in considering of environmental condition at warm temperate and industrial complex area.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2018.04a
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• pp.50-50
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• 2018

본 연구는 국내 생육이 확인된 미기록 외래식물을 보고하고 그 특성을 기술하고자 한다. 가는잎가시상추(Lactuca saligna)는 국화과 다년생 초본이며 높이 10~65cm에 까지 자란다. 줄기에 난 잎은 피침형, 좁은피침형이며, 기부는 이저(耳底), 줄기를 반쯤 감싼다. 유라시아원산으로 지중해, 유럽온대까지 넓은 생육범위를 보인다. 한국에서는 부산, 울산 해안가 주변 공터에서 생육이 확인되었다. 부산, 울산 해안가 저지대를 중심으로 신속한 분포확산이 예상된다. 근연종인 가시상추의 국내 분포확산, 위해성 등을 고려할 때 가는잎가시상추에 대한 주의가 요구된다. 좀전동싸리(Melilotus indicus)는 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 60cm까지 성장한다. 잎은 우상 3소엽, 소엽은 도란형~좁은도란형, 길이는 1~2.5cm이며 거치가 있다. 좀전동싸리는 국내생육하는 전동싸리와 매우 유사한 형태적 특성을 보인다. 좀전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 2~3mm 개화기는 4~5월이며, 전동싸리는 꽃의 길이 4~7mm 개화기는 7~11월로 차이를 보인다. 지중해, 유럽 남서부 원산으로 전세계적으로 온대 전역에 유입된 것으로 알려져 있다. 국내에서는 제주시 한림읍 옹포리 일대 해안가 저지대 공터 및 초지에서 생육이 확인되었다. 넓은 면적에서 분포하며 제주도에 정착된 것으로 판단된다. 나도뿔이삭풀은(Hainardia cylindrica) 해안 초지에 생육하는 일년초이며 높이 5~35cm까지 성장한다. 수상화서는 25cm에 이르며, 쇠뿔모양으로 단단하다. 소수는 화서 중축에 파인곳을 메우고 있으며, 길이 5~8mm 1개의 소화를 포함한다. 초형은 혁질이며 예두이다. 남아메리카원산으로 북아메리카, 호주 일본 등에 귀화되어 있다. 한국에서는 전라남도 완도군 신지면 신리 해안가 일대 공터 및 초지에 생육이 확인되었다. 나도뿔이삭풀속 Hainardia 은 국내 처음 보고되는 속이며, 뿔이삭풀과 유사한 형태적 특성으로 인해 국명을 신칭하였다.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.903-910
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• 2011

The research was carried out in order to find climate factors which determine the distribution of Machilus thunbergii, and the potential habitats under the current climate and three climate change scenario by using classification tree (CT) model. Four climate factors; the minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC), the warmth index (WI), summer precipitation (PRS), and winter precipition (PRW) : were used as independent variables for the model. The model of distribution for Machilus thunbergii (Mth-model) constructed by CT analysis showed that minimum temperature of the coldest month (TMC) is a major climate factor in determining the distribution of M. thunbergii. The area above the $-3.3^{\circ}C$ of TMC revealed high occurrence probability of the M. thunbergii. Potential habitats was predicted $9,326km^2$ under the current climate and $61,074{\sim}67,402km^2$(South Korea: $58,419{\sim}61,137km^2$, North Korea: $2,655{\sim}6,542km^2$) under the three climate change scenarios (CCCMA-A2, CSIRO-A2, HADCM3-A2). The Potential habitats was to predicted increase by 51~56%(South Korea: 49~51%, North Korea: 2~5%) under the three climate change scenarios. The potential expand of M. thunbergii habitats has been expected that it is competitive with warm-temperate deciduous broadleaf forest. M. thunbergii is evaluated as the indicator of climate change in Korea and it is necessary for M. thunbergii to monitor of potential habitats.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.126-136
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• 2017

We describe characteristics of diversity and distribution of oak forests on the Daegok-cheon gorge of the Southeastern Korean Peninsula, the oldest prehistoric site, in view of a sort of food resources of acorns. The $Z{\ddot{u}}rich$-Montpellier School's method was adopted for field investigation on the oak dominant stands. A total of 20 phytosociological $relev\acute{e}s$ composed of 193 taxa were analyzed by syntaxonomy and ecological flora. The Daegok-cheon's oak forests occupied 36.9% ($513,374m^2$) of the surveyed area, and its 99% ($507,677m^2$) was Quercus variabilis and Q. serrata stands. Oak forests of the Daegok-cheon gorge are a kind of regional vegetation type characterizing by the high relative net contribution degree (r-NCD) of Platycarya strobilacea and Sapium japonicum, which are an edaphic type of the xerophilous and thermophilic oak forests. The region of the Daegok-cheon petroglyphs is defined as an ecoregion with rich acorn supply and abundant water resources, and the warmer environment, which attracts prehistoric man.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.197-203
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• 1992

During the study of the distribution of cellular slime molds in Halla mountain of Korea, a new yellow-pigmented Dictyostelium was isloated. This exibited several distinctive features which differed from the published species, and was designated as a new species, Dictyostelium jlavidum sp. n. Hong et Chang (Type strain HL-1). It was cultivated at $20-22^{\circ}C$ on weak nutrient agar media, 0.1 L-P in association with Escherichia coli. Sorocarps were 4-10 mm or more in length, conspicuously yellow throughout or with sori, typically solitary, unbranched or sparsely and irregularly branched. Sorophores were strongly tapered from bases to tips. Bases were typically well-formed disks in form or conically expanded. Sori were yellow to yellowish in color, and the pigmentation intensified with age. Spores were long and thin elliptical, mostly $4.8-9.6{\times}1.9-3.8\;(ave.\;7.3{\times}2.8)\;\mu\textrm{m}$, L/B index about 2.4-2.8, without polar granules.anules.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.37-43
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• 2005

This study presents the Mid-Lateglacial vegetation history of southwestern Korea. From the result of AMS dating and pollen analysis, four local pollen assemblage zones(BS) were recognized. The four local pollen assemblage zones are BS 1. 12,222cal BC$\sim$9,160cal BC: cool-temperate northern/altimontane mixed coniferous & deciduous broad-leaved forest, BS 2. 9,160cal BC$\sim$ 4,210cal BC: cool-temperate central/montane deciduous broad-leaved forest, BS 3. 4,210cal BC$\sim$125cal BC: cool-Temperate southern/submontane mixed coniferous & deciduous broad-leaved forest. BS 4. BC125cal ${\sim}$present: warm-temperate/cool-temperate southern/submontane coniferous forest. Pine forest expanded since 4,210cal BC and full-scale rice cultivation might started since 2,120cal BC. A radical expansion of Pinus densiflora forest after postglacial stage might be caused by human impacts including full-scale agriculture.