• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.23-30
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• 2000

The use of strut-preloading method is gradually increasing in braced excavations in Korea. And it is necessary to analyze the effects of strut preloading on the wall deflection, wall bending moment and strut axial force, etc. In this study, by using the analysis method of beams on elasto-plastic foundations, measured data and calculated results of 2 sites are compared and parametric studies of correlation between preloading and earth retaining structures in sandy soils are carried out in strut preloading application. As results, about 50%~75% of design strut load is effective as preloading force in considering the displacement and member forces of earth retaining structures. And the effective stiffiness of strut should be at least 25% of th ideal value in order to restrain the excessive increase of wall deflection and bending moments. As one of some methods to prevent excessive movements in braced excavation, to preload the strut is confirmed as more effective way than to increase the stiffiness of strut in braced wall, if the excessive axial force of strut due to preloading can be avoided.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2002년도 가을 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.451-458
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• 2002

This paper presents the prediction of deep excavation-induced ground surface movements using artificial neural network, which is of prime importance in the perspective of damage assessment of adjacent buildings. A finite element model, which can realistically replicate deep-excavation-induced ground movements was employed and validated against available large-scale model test results. The validated model was then used to perform a parametric study on deep excavations with emphasis on ground movements. Using the result of the finite element analysis, Artificial Neural Network(ANN) system is formed, which can be used in the prediction of deep exacavation-induced ground surface displacements. The developed ANN system can be effecting used for a first-order prediction of ground movements associated with deep-excavation.

• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.93-105
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• 2018

지반 굴착에 따른 주변 지반의 침하 문제를 예측하고 평가하기 위해서는 지반침하 위험인자의 정확한 조사와 해석이 필요하다. 지반침하 위험인자를 조사하기 위한 비파괴조사방법에는 여러 가지 물리탐사방법이 있다. 하지만 이러한 물리탐사 방법에는 지하매질 특성에 영향을 미치는 요인들이 있으며, 실제 지반의 토질은 물리탐사에 영향을 주는 복잡한 요소들이 내포하고 있다. 따라서 흙의 공학적 성질에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 한 물리탐사 방법에 미치는 영향을 분석하는 접근이 필요하다. 이 연구에서는 실제 복합지반에서 다양하고 복잡한 요소들을 고려할 수 있도록 Test Bed를 구축하고, 수치해석을 통해 지반거동을 분석하였다. 또한, 지표투과레이더(GPR) 탐사를 통해 지반침하 위험인자 조사를 위한 한계성을 분석하였다. 그 결과, 개착식 굴착공사에 있어서 지반침하는 여러 가지 요인에 따라 발생 할 수 있으며, 특히 연약지반 조건일 경우에는 지하수위 흐름 변화에 큰 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 GPR의 중심주파수 250MHz인 경우, 전기전도도가 높은 점토 지반에서는 전자기파의 감쇠가 심하게 일어나서 땅속 깊은 곳(지표아래 4m)까지의 투과를 어렵게 만들며, 지하수위 아래에서는 지하수면을 전자기파가 통과함에 따라, 전자기파의 감쇠가 심하게 일어나는 것으로 나타났다.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제36권4호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2018

본 수치해석 연구는 하프장전 발파법의 채광발파 및 터널발파에의 적용성을 평가하기 위해 수행되었다. 하프장전 발파란 한 차례의 천공공정 중에 설계된 공깊이보다 2배로 깊은 발파공을 미리 천공한 다음, 연속적인 두 차례의 발파공정을 통해 굴착하는 방법을 말한다. 이 방법의 목표는 발파효율의 향상뿐만 아니라 광산발파나 터널굴착 프로젝트에서 공사비용과 공기를 단축시키는 데 있다. 본 연구에서는 ANSYS AUTODYN 프로그램 상의 Euler-Lagrange 해석기를 사용하여 몇 차례의 해석을 실시함으로써 제안된 방법이 지하굴착에서의 발파결과에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 확인하였다. 해석모델은 오일러 모델(폭약, 공기 및 전색 재료)과 라그랑쥬 모델(암석 재료)로 구성되어 있다. 해석 결과, 제안된 발파방법의 경우에는 긴 발파공의 바닥부에 형성되는 에어데크로 인하여 통상의 발파방법에 비해 발파공 부근에서 더 높은 충격압력과 입자속도를 발휘하는 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.625-639
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• 2018

본 연구는 터널 갱구부의 복잡하고 다양한 지형조건과 공학적인 강도특성이 불량한 토사 및 풍화암이 깊은 심도로 분포하는 조건에 대하여 터널 굴착 중 안정성확보를 위하여 보강되는 보조공법의 보강방법에 관한 논문이다. 기존 터널 갱구부 보조공법(강관보강 그라우팅, Ø60.5 mm, Ø114.3 mm)은 장심도 수평시공이 곤란하여 중첩보강 조건으로 시공되고 있다. 근래, 고강성의 대구경 강관 및 수평방향 장심도(L = 30.0~50.0 m) 시공기술이 개발됨에 따라, 터널 갱구부의 지층 및 지반조건에서 보조공법의 보강방법에 대한 공학적인 검토를 수행하여 효과적인 보강방법의 평가가 필요한 상황이다. 따라서 터널 보조공법 무보강 조건, 기존 중첩보강 조건 및 수평보강 조건과 터널 갱구부의 지반조건을 매개변수로 하여 3차원 연속체 수치해석(Midas GTS NX 3D)을 수행하여 보강효과를 검토한 결과, 보조공법 수평보강조건이 변위(천단침하 및 내공변위) 및 지보재 응력이 가장 작게 발생됨에 따라, 보강효과가 가장 큰 것으로 검토되었다. 본 연구 결과를 토대로, 터널 갱구부 현장에 장심도 대구경 강관 수평보강 그라우팅을 설계 및 시공한 결과, 터널 갱구부 변위 및 지보재 응력은 허용값 이내에서 발생되어 충분한 안정성이 확보되는 것으로 검토되었다. 또한, 터널 갱구부의 지반굴착을 최소화함에 따라, 친환경적인 터널 갱구부 형성이 가능한 것으로 파악되었다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2008년도 춘계 학술발표회 초청강연 및 논문집
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• pp.521-532
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• 2008

Supporting system design and construction management for the soft and hard rock layers with fractured zones are very important theme for the safety of temporary retaining wall, surrounding ground and structures in the urban deep excavation for the construction of subway, railway, building etc. The prevailing design method of supporting system for the soft and hard rock layers in the deep excavation is mostly carrying out by simplification without proper consideration for the characteristic of rock discontinuities. Therefore the behaviors of rock discontinuities and fractured zones dominate the whole safety of excavation work in the real construction stage, serious disaster due to the failure of temporary retaining wall can be induced in the case of developing large deformations in the ground and large axial forces in the supporting system. This paper introduces examples of deep excavation where the soft and hard rock layers with fractured zones were designed to be supported by shotcrete and rock bolt, deformations of corresponding ground and supporting systems in the construction period and increments of axial force in the upper earth anchors and strut due to the these deformations were investigated through detailed analysis of measurement data, the results were so used for the management of consecutive construction that led to the safe and economical completion of excavation work. The effort of this article aims to improve and develop the technique of design and construction in the coming projects having similar ground condition and supporting method.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2010년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.248-259
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• 2010

In the case of relatively good ground and construction condition in the deep excavation for the construction of subway, railway, building etc., flexible earth retaining systems are often used in an economical point of view. It is generally known that the mechanism of behavior in the flexible earth retaining system is relatively more complicated than the rigid earth retaining system. Moreover in the case of long span strut supporting system the analysis of strut axial force change becomes more difficult when the differences of ground condition and excavation work progress on both sides of excavation section are added. When deeper excavation than the specification or installation delay of supporting system is done or change of ground condition is faced due to the construction conditions during construction process, lots of axial force can be induced in some struts and that can threaten the safety of construction. This paper introduces one example of long span deep excavation where struts and rock bolts were used as a supporting system with flexible wall structure. The characteristics of ground deformation and strut axial force change, the measured data obtained during construction process, were analysed, the effects of relatively deeper excavation than the specification on one excavation side and rapid drawdown of ground water level on the other excavation side were deeply investigated from the viewpoint of mutual influences between ground deformations of both excavation sides and strut axial force changes. The effort of this article aims to improve and develop the technique of design and construction in the coming projects having similar ground condition and supporting method.

• 화약ㆍ발파
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-55
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• 1999

The excavation works for deep foundation in urban areas have recently increased complaints of blasting vibration and settlement of ground level. Foundation must be excavated approximately up to 24-28m depths from the surface. The roads and subway line pass through the excavation area. The Dae-chung station is also located at the nearest distance 5-35m from the working site. To protect subway station and adjacient some structures from blasting and settlement, the level of ground vibration, displacements and stress were monitored and analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows ; 1. An empirical particle velocity equation were obtained by test blasts at Nassan Missi 860 Office tel construction site. $V{\;}={\;}K(D/\sqrt{W})^{-n}$, where the values for n and k are estimated tobe 0.371 and 1.551. From this ground vibration equation, the max. charge weight per delay time against distance from blasting point is calculated. Detailed blasting method is also presented. 2. To measure the horizontal displacement in directions perpendicular to the borehole axis, 6 inclinometers installed around working sites. The displacement at the begining was comparatively high because the installation of struts was delayed, but after its installation the values showed a stable trend. Among them, the displacement by 3 inclinometers installed on a temporary parking area showed comparatively high values, for example, the displacement measured at hole No. IC-l recoded the max. 47.04mm for 6 months and at hole No. IC-2 recorded the max. 57.33mm for 7 months. So, all of these data was estimated below a safe standard value 103mm. 3. Seven strain gauge meter was installed of measure the magnitude and change of stress acted on structs. The measured value of maximum stress was $-465{\;}kgf/\textrm{cm}^2,{\;}-338.4{\;}kgf/\textrm{cm}^2,{\;}302.3{\;}kgf/\textrm{cm}^2$ respectively. In compareto the allowable stress level of steel, they are estimated to be safe.

• 지질공학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.167-179
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• 1995

서울 지하철 8호선 설계시는 지보형식 설정을 위한 정량적 기준으로 RQD,N치 및 탄성계수의 3가지 요소들만이 사용되었다. 이러한 요소들로 얻어진 지보형식은 지질이나 불연속면의 방향성, 불연속면의 특성을 정량화 하지 못하였기 때문에 지보형식의 결정 및 안정성에 문제가 있었다. 따라서 보다 많은 정량적인 요소들을 포함시키고 경제적인 지보형식을 결정하기 위해 8호선 성남구간을 선택하여 총 1745개소에서 RMR에 의한 암반분류와 374개소에서 Q-system에 의한 암반분류를 실시 하였으며, 이들에 의해 구해진 지보형식과 8호선 설계시의 표준지보형식을 비교검토하였으며, 또한 지질, 지질구조 및 지형에 따른 암반평점과의 관계를 검토하였다. 지보형식을 비교 검토한 결과 PD-4혹은 PS-4로 설계된 표준지보형식은 4-6개의 지보형식으로 세분되어져야 하며 암반평점은 단층 및 절리와 같은 지질구조가 발달된 곳과 계곡부가 대체로 암반평점이 낮고 굴착심도가 깊은 산악지역은 높으며 상록구간은 이들의 중간정도의 양상을 보인다.

• 한국지반공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국지반공학회 2009년도 춘계 학술발표회
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• pp.308-319
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• 2009

In the case of relatively good ground and construction condition in the deep excavation for the construction of subway, railway, building etc., flexible earth retaining systems are often used in an economical point of view. It is generally known that the mechanism of behavior in the flexible earth retaining system is relatively more complicated than the rigid earth retaining system. Moreover in the case of long span strut supporting system the analysis of strut axial force change becomes more difficult when the differences of ground condition and excavation work progress on both sides of excavation section are added. When deeper excavation than the specification or installation delay of supporting system is done or change of ground condition is faced due to the construction conditions during construction process, lots of axial force can be induced in some struts and that can threaten the safety of construction. This paper introduces two examples of long span deep excavation where struts and rock bolts were used as a supporting system with flexible wall structure. And the sections of two examples are 50 meters apart in one construction site, they have almost similar design and construction conditions. The characteristics of ground deformation and strut axial force change were analysed, the similarity and difference between measurement results of tow examples were compared and investigated. The effort of this article aims to improve and develop the technique of design and construction in the coming projects having similar ground condition and supporting method.