• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 2015

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to evaluate reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Postconcussional Syndrome Questionnaire(KPCSQ) which was originally developed in 1992 by Lees-Haley. Methods:Patients with traumatic brain injury were recruited from April 2009 to December 2011 from the Korean University Ansan Hospital. We selected patients that met the ICD-10 diagnostic criteria of postconcussional syndrome and organic mental disorder including organic mood disorder, organic emotionally labile disorder, organic anxiety disorder and organic personality disorder. The KPCSQ, Trait and State Anxiety Inventory(STAI-I, II), and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CESD) were administered to all subjects. Factor analysis of the items were performed and test-retest correlation were evaluated. Internal consistency of the KPCSQ and its subscales was assessed with Cronbach's alpha. External validity of the KPCSQ were examined by correlation coefficient with the STAI-I, II, and CESD. Results:The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the total PCSQ was 0.956. The test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.845. The PCSQ showed significant correlation with STAI-I, II and CESD. The factor analysis of the PCSQ yielded 4 factors model. Factor 1 represented 'affective and cognitive symptoms', factor 2 represented 'somatic symptoms', factor 3 represented 'infrequent symptoms' and factor 4 represented 'exaggeration or inattentive response'. There was no significant difference between the PCS group and the organic mental disorder group in the score on each measure. The scores on KPCSQ and its subscales in the subjects that had scored 5 or more in 'exaggeration or inattentive response' are significantly higher than those in the subjects had scored 4 in 'exaggeration or inattentive response'. Conclusions:This study suggests that the Korean version of PCSQ is a valid and reliable tool for assessing psychiatric symptomatology of patients with traumatic brain injury. Further investigations with greater numbers of subjects are necessary to assess the clinical usefulness of the KPCSQ.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.114-123
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• 1993

The authors applied Toddler Temperament Scale(TTS) to ADHD patient group, other disease group and normal control group to elucidate temperamental characteristics of ADHD patients in their toddler stage. 1) ADHD group showed significant difference from the control group in 'activity', 'rhythmicity', 'approach', 'adaptability', 'intensity', 'persistence' and 'threshold' categories. 2) ADHD group and other disease showed significant difference from the control group in 'adaptability' and 'persistence' categories. 3) ADHD group was significantly different from other disease group or control group in 'activity' and 'approach' categories. 4) In total scores of TTS, ADHD group and other diease group showed significant difference from control group. 5) Classification ratio of TTS for ADHD by discriminant analysis was 84.3%. Above results suggest that the ADHD patients may reveal characteristic traits in their toddler stage Further research should be focused on the development and refinement of assessment tools for the early detection and prevention for ADHD.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-19
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• 2016

Many patients with dizziness present with a symptom pattern that does not reveal the cause by neurotologic diagnostic approaches. In such cases, the physician frequently diagnoses psychogenic dizziness. Psychogenic dizziness is not characterized by true vertigo, and occurs in combination with other psychiatric symptom cluster. One out of two to four patients with dizziness are psychogenic dizziness. But there are few concern about this including clinical practice and study in Korea. I wrote this paper to increase concerning and attending to this for psychiatrists in Korea. I reviewed etiology including biological and psychological relations between dizziness and psychiatric disorder(especially anxiety), diagnostic approaches of, characteristics of dizziness of various psychiatric disorders related to, and the treatment of psychogenic dizziness. I also briefly reviewed the central and peripheral dizziness for psychiatrists. I suggest psychiatrists and clinicians in the psychosomatic field in Korea to acknowledge, concern, and attend to psychogenic dizziness. In turn, it will be helpful to well treat the patients with psychogenic dizziness.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.155-160
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• 2020

Objectives : This study investigate to identify the stability of temperament and personality characteristics of patients including Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) patients. Methods : The number of subjects was 102, of which 33 were PTSD patients and 69 were non-PTSD patients. To demonstrate the change in individual temperament and personality characteristics, Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) were administered repeatedly on the subjects. Repeated measures ANOVA and simple main effects analysis were conducted. Results : When analysed by dividing the subjects into PTSD groups and non-PTSD groups, the differences between the primary and secondary tests did not appear in the non-PTSD groups, but the differences between the primary and secondary tests were significant in Harm Avoidance (HA), Reward Dependence (RD), Self-Directedness (SD), Cooperativeness (C). In addition, it was noted that the time and group interaction effects of HA, RD, SD and C were significant, and that the main effects of time of HA, RD, SD and C were significant. Conclusions : This study is meaningful in that in the course of experience and recovery of traumatic events, we have clinically confirmed that changes in the temperament, known as stable variables, are possible.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.323-333
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• 2011

We analyzed using logistic to find factors with a mental disorder because logistic is the most efficient way assess risk factors. In this paper, we applied data mining techniques that are logistic, neural network, c5.0, cart and Bayesian network to delirium data. The Bayesian network method was chosen as the best model. When delirium data were applied to the Bayesian network, we determined the risk factors associated with delirium as well as identified the network between the risk factors.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2016

Functional dyspepsia is one of the most common bowel disorders as prevalent of 7.7% Korean population. The cardinal manifestations include bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric burning or pain. These features are chronic and should be presented recurrently with no other compatible organic disease to explain the symptoms. Even though it is not life-shortening, functional dyspepsia usually make the health-related quality of life worse especially if other functional bowel disorder coexist. The coexistence of functional bowel disorders is called as 'overlap syndrome'. Anxiety, somatization and insomnia is more prevalent in overlap syndrome compared with sole functional bowel disorder. Therefore, it is worthwhile that physician interviews and elucidates whether the dyspeptic patient had other kinds of functional bowel disorders, and manages the underlying psychotic pathology. Placebo effect is large in functional dyspepsia, and there is only four kinds of prokinetics that is proven to be superior to placebo. Adverse events relating prolonged administration of prokinetics sometimes fatal or irreversible, physician willing to describe prokinetics should be familiar to the possible adverse effects and the relating risk factors. Pathologic acid reflux is not uncommon in functional dyspepsia, and acid-suppressant is equivalent to the prokientics in most of dyspeptic patients.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.164-173
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• 2001

Objectives : Fatigue is a common symptom in primary medical care and has nonspecific and highly subjective features. So it has been difficult to define and measure fatigue, especially those present without any organic diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the validity of the Fatigue severity scale(FSS) in patients with persistent fatigue who were free of any organic diseases or psychiatric disorders of depression or anxiety. Methods : Subjects consisted of 45 controls, 44 fatigued patients and 43 psychiatric patients with depression or anxiety. They all completed the fatigue severity, modified Bepsi stress, and Hospital anxiety and depression scales. Chalder fatigue scale was administrated randomly in 30 of them. Data were analyzed for reliability and validity of the FSS. Results: Cronbach's a coeffient of FSS was 0.929, and the Pearson correlation coefficient for test-retest was 0.916(p<0.01). ANCOVA for discriminant validity revealed that there were significant differences in mean FSS values among the three groups. The fatigue group had significantly higher FSS value than the other two groups. The psychiatric group also had significantly higher FSS value than the control group. The Pearson correlation coefficient for convergent validity by comparing FSS with Chalder fatigue scale was 0.782(p<0.01). Using FSS index 3.22 as the cut-off point, sensitivity was 84.1% and specificity was 85.7% for the fatigue and control groups, respectively. Conclusion : Results suggested the clinical application of the FSS to be a useful measurement for distinguishing fatigue between patients with physiologic fatigue and psychiatric patients with depression or anxiety.

• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.177-185
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• 1995

외상후 뇌손상은 대표적이며, 가장 중요한 신경정신계 질환의 하나이다. 더욱이 외상후 뇌손상 환자들은 각종의 사고 및 산업재해 등으로 인해 그 수가 급증하고 있으며, 특히 인지기능의 장애로 인한 다양한 기질성 정신장애로 고통을 겪게 된다. 따라서 외상후 뇌손상은 손상의 시점에서부터 정확하고 올바른 평가는 물론 손상후의 경과 및 치료대책의 수립에 있어서 체계적이며 종합적인 신경인지기능의 평가는 필수적이다. 왜냐하면 신경인지기능평가는 뇌의 손상부위와 이와 관련된 기능장애 및 행동의 변화에 대한 객관적인 자료를 제시해 주기 때문이다. 신경인지기능 평가의 영역은 지각, 운동기능은 물론 주요인지기능인 기억, 언어, 실행 및 감정조절능력에 이르기까지 다양하며, 외상후 뇌손상환자들은 손상부위 및 정도에 따라 신경인지기능의 장애를 초래하게 된다. 대표적인 신경인지기능평가 도구로는 KWIS, Halstead-Reitan, Luria-Nebraska batteries, 특히 전두엽기능검사인 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)를 비롯하여, 현재는 PC/S Vienna Test System 및 Stim등의 각종 전산화 인지기능검사가 개발되어 임상에서 활발히 사용되고 있다. 즉 외상후 뇌손상환자를 위한 신경인지기능평가의 목적은 뇌손상과 관련된 신경인지기능장애를 정확히 평가하여, 환자 개개인에 적합한 인지재활치료 계획을 수립하는데 있다. 물론 여기에는 신경정신상태검사(neuropsychiatric mental status examination)를 통하여 외상 후 뇌손상의 경과 및 예후에 결정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있는 나이, 의식소실 및 외상후 기억 손상 시간의 정확한 측정은 물론 심리 사회 문화적인 상태와 두부외상전 환자의 지적수준 및 사회 적용기능이 함께 평가되어야 할 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.87-92
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• 2014

Objectives : Delirium of hospitalized patients is common and it is significantly associated with increased mortality rate. Misdiagnosis rates of delirium are reported in a range of 36.7 to 63% in clinical setting. We aimed to identify the clinical features and symptomatic characteristics associated with misdiagnosis of delirium. Methods : Subjects were 256 inpatients who were referred for psychiatric consultation and diagnosed with delirium by a psychiatrist at a university hospital between January 1 and June 30, 2012. Clinical data were obtained with retrospective chart review. Patients were divided into misdiagnosed group and correct diagnosed group, after reviewing the reason which were described in the consultation request form. Results : Sixty nine(27%) subjects of the 256 patients were referred for other reasons(mood, substance, anxiety, dementia etc.) than "delirium/confusion" by clinician(misdiagnosed group). In misdiagnosed group, use of antipsychotics was more common. There were no differences between the two groups in age, gender, and department of referring clinician. Fluctuation score of DRS-R-98 was higher in the correct diagnosed group. Conclusions : In this study, the risk of misdiagnosis was higher when the patients have taken antipsychotics or less symptom fluctuation. Careful clinical attention is needed for diagnosis for delirium in these patients.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.29 no.2 s.43
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• pp.1-35
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• 2003

새 천년으로 들어선 2000년도부터 우리나라의 65세 이상 노령인구는 $7.1{\%}$를 차지하게 되어 본격적인 노령화사회 (UN에서 65세 이상인구가 총 인구의 $7{\%}$ 이상일 경우 노령화 사회로 정의)로 진입하였다. 평균수명의 계속적인 증가에 따라 노인 인구는 급격히 늘어날 전망이며, 따라서 노인성 질환의 발생도 늘어나게 되어 가정 또는 사회가 떠 맡아야할 경제적, 정신적 부담은 더욱 증가하게 된다. 건강하고 행복한 인생의 황혼기를 보내는 것은 인간의 권리이며 누구나 바라는 소망이다. 피부의 노화현상은 심장질환, 암 등에 못지 않게 중요하며, 노인의 경제적, 사회적 활동을 심각하게 위축시키고 있다. 피부노화를 예방하고 노인성 피부질환을 치료할 수 있는 방법을 개발함으로써 노인의 경제, 사회활동을 활동적으로 유지시킬 수 있다. 피부노화는 크게 두 종류로 나눌 수 있다. 그 한가지는 내인성노화(intrinsic aging)로서 세월이 흘러감에 따라 피할 수 없는 노화 현상을 말한다. 두번째는 광노화 (photoaging)로서 오랫동안 햇빛에 노출된 얼굴, 손등, 목뒤 등의 피부에서 관찰되는 노화현상을 말하는 것으로 내인성노화 현상과 자외선에 의한 영향이 합쳐진 결과로 발생한다. 광노화 현상은 자외선의 노출을 피하면 예방할 수 있는 피부노화 현상이다. 내인성 노화는 햇빛에 노출되지 않은 피부에서 주로 관찰된다. 임상적 특징은 비교적 경미하며, 잔주름, 피부건조증, 탄력감소 등을 들 수 있다. 그러나 광노화의 임상적 특징은 내인성 노화에 비하여 심하고, 일찍부터 관찰된다. 내인성 노화에 비하여 굵고 깊은 주름이 발생하며, 잔주름도 많이 발생한다. 햇빛에 노출된 피부에 불규칙한 색소침착이 발생하며 일광흑자 (solar lentigo) 등의 색소질환이 증가한다. 피부가 매우 거칠고, 건조해지며, 탄력성이 감소하여 심한경우 피부가 처지게 된다. 피부노화의 대표적인 증상은 주름살이며, 아직까지 그 발생기전에 대하여는 여러 가지 학설이 있으나 정확히 알려져 있지 않다. 피부에 존재하는 교원질, 탄력섬유등 기질단백질의 손상이 피부 주름살의 주 원인으로 알려져 있다. 또한 얼굴에 존재하는 근육의 분포와 움직임, 유전적 소인, 자외선, 흡연, 폐경, 산화적 손상, 열 등 여러 원인이 복합적으로 작용할 것으로 생각된다. 피부주름살의 원인을 밝히고, 원인인자가 피부주름살을 초래하는 분자생물학적 기전을 이해함으로써 주름살을 예방하고 치료할 수 있는 새로운 방법을 개발할 수 있다.