• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.33-36
• /
• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the mechanism of injury in the anterior cruciate ligament tears sustained in participation in soccer. Materials and methods: 50 patients whose knees were injured during playing soccer were enrolled in this study. The mean age was 27 years old, 47 were male and 3 female. 15 of them were either professional or amateur soccer players, the rest were non-professional. The injury mechanism was investigated by evaluation of the medical records or by telephone interview. Results: The injury mechanism involved contact injuries in 17 patients and non-contact in 33. 41 patients were bearing weight on the involved side at the time of injury, and 9 patients were not. In cases of contact injury, 9 of the 17 patients had sustained a valgus force to the knee, and 5 patients had varus force, 11 patients had their foot planted, and 6 did not. Among those patients with a planted foot, 3 patients were injured by the rotation of the thigh, 1 patient was injured by hyperextension, and there were no deceleration mechanism injuries. In non-contact injuries, 30 out of 33 patients had their foot planted at time of injury and only 3 patients did not. Of these 30 patients, 16 were injured by the rotation of thigh, 6 sustained a varus force on the knee joint and 5 had a valgus force, 5 were injured by hyperextension, and 2 by deceleration. 3 patients, who did not have their foot planted, were injured while kicking with the involved leg. Conclusions: For soccer players in this series, the most common mechanisms resulting in anterior cruciate ligament tears were non-contact, most often by rotation of the torso over a planted foot. In contact injuries, the most common mechanism was the application of valgus force by tackle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.39 no.11
• /
• pp.1691-1694
• /
• 2010

In the present study, we assessed whether the extracts of Codonopsis lanceolata and fermented C. lanceolata posses the cognition-enhancing effect in rats with impaired learning and memory by scopolamine treatment (1 mg/kg, i.p.), an antagonist of muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor. The fermented C. lanceolata extract (333, 667 mg/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (p<0.05). Moreover, fermented C. lanceolata extract (333 mg/kg) also improved escape latencies in training trials of Morris water maze test (p<0.05). The water extract of fermented C. lanceolata showed significant anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent of the learning models.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.355-360
• /
• 2017

Consumption of high doses of ethanol can lead to amnesia, which often manifests as a blackout. This incoordination of blackout may be a major cause in various social problems in alcohol consumption. However, there is still no treatment for preventing these alcohol-induced problems. Hydrangeae dulcis folium is a drug or a tea which is made from the fermented and dried leaves of Hydrangea serrata Seringe. The present study, we tested the ethanol extract of the Hydrangeae dulcis folium (EHDF) on ethanol-induced psychological deficits. To test behavioral deficits, an object recognition test was conducted using a mouse model. To evaluate synaptic deficits, N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic potential EPSP and long-term potentiation (LTP) in the mouse hippocampal slices were tested, as they are known to be vulnerable to ethanol and are associated with ethanol-induced amnesia. In the tests, ethanol (1 g/kg, i.p.) impaired object recognition memory, but EHDF (10 or 30 mg/kg) prevented this impairment in object recognition test. Interestingly, EHDF ($30{\mu}g/ml$) significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced LTP and NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampal slices. EHDF prevented ethanol-induced object recognition memory deficits induced by ethanol. Interestingly, EHDF significantly ameliorated ethanol-induced LTP and NMDA receptor- mediated synaptic transmission in the hippocampal slices.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.1130-1133
• /
• 2002

Domoic acid, and amnesic shellfish poison, is a neurotoxin frequently found in shellfishes. Guidance level for the consumable shellfish has been established as $20\;{\mu}g$ domoic acid/g by Health and Welfare Canada and U.S. FDA. Domoic acid is produced by pennate diatom, a Nitzschia pungens f. multiseries ingested by the shellfish. Content of domoic acid in shellfish samples collected along the Korean shoreline from May to December of 1999 was analyzed. The collection included 1 Gastropoda (Murex shell) and 11 Bivalvias (oyster, little neck clam, orient hard clam, venus clam, surf clam, ark shell, hard-shelled mussel, pen shell, jack-knife clam, pink butterfly shell, and granulated ark shell). Samples were homogenized, extracted with 50% methanol, filtered, and analyzed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography at 242 nm with mobile phase consisting of 10% acetonitrile and 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid. Recovery of the HPLC analysis was 95.80% (${\pm}1.09$). All tested samples showed no domoic acid at the detection limit of 50 ng/g.

• Annual Conference of KIPS
• /
• 2005.11a
• /
• pp.1251-1254
• /
• 2005

본 논문에서는 기억소자인 Flash Memmory를 이용하여 기존의 하드디스크와 동일하게 동작하는 IDE & SCSI 디스크를 개발하였다. 모터방식을 이용하고 있는 기존의 하드디스크는 충격 및 외부요인에 의해 쉽게 디스크가 손상되는 단점을 가지고 있으나 본 논문에서 개발한 Flash Memory를 이용한 Disk는 충격에 강할뿐 만 아니라 외부 자극에도 강하다는 특징을 가지고 있다. 또한 소형화 및 경량화 그리고 소비 전력이 적기 때문에 자동차, 선박, 산업용에서 그 활용가치가 크며, 더불어 군사용으로써도 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.3
• /
• pp.195-203
• /
• 2014

We investigated the effect low salt (2 or 4% salt) concentrations jeotgal made from Todarodes pacificus on the learning and memory impairments in scopolamine-induced (2 mg/kg, i.p.) dementia rats. Rats treated with oral BF-7 (200 mg/kg, p.o.) as a positive control and Todarodes pacificus jeotgal had significantly reduced scopolamine-induced memory deficits in the passive avoidance test. The Morris water maze test or treatment with 2% salt jeotgal made from Todarodes pacificus significantly ameliorated the scopolamine-induced memory deficits in the formation of long- and short-term memory. The acetylcholine content and acetylcholinesterase acitivity paralleled the results of the behavior experiment. There were no significant differences in the brain acetylcholine contents of the experimental groups, while the brain acetylcholine content of the group treated with 2% salt Todarodes pacificus jeotgal was higher than that of the control group. The inhibitory effect of 2% salt jeotgal made from Todarodes pacificus on the acetylcholinesterase activity in the brain was lower than that of the control group. These trends were similar to those of the gamma-aminobutyric acid content. We suggest that Todarodes pacificus jeotgal enhances learning memory and cognitive function by regulating cholinergic enzymes.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.389-408
• /
• 2012

'Verbal overshadowing' refers to the phenomenon whereby the verbal reporting of a visual memory of a face interferes with subsequent visual recognition of that face. Schooler (2002)[1] suggested that verbalization causes a shift from a holistic/global processing orientation towards a more analytic/local processing orientation that is detrimental to face recognition. The present research investigated whether this processing shift occurs or not by assessing performance of Navon task following face recognition task, interposing verbalization between encoding stage and retrieval stage. The face recognition task showed the verbal overshadowing effect. In the Navon task, while non-verbalization group showed global precedence, verbalization group showed local precedence. This results imply that the cause of verbal overshadowing effect is a processing shift induced by verbalization.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.123-136
• /
• 2017

Objectives: The objective of this study is to investigate the anti-amnesic effects of AR, Aucklandiae Radix, ground powder on scopolamine (Sco)-induced memory impairment in mice (C57BL/6) through its favorable acetylcholine (ACh) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA expression, and antioxidant effect. Methods: Six groups, a total of 20 intact or 100 Sco treated mice, were selected based on their body weights and were used in this study. Half of the mice in each group were used for the passive avoidance task test and the measurements of hippocampus ACh content, AChE activity and ChAT mRNA expression. The remaining half of the mice in each group were used for the Morris water maze test and cerebral antioxidant defense system measurement. Results: Marked decreases in step-through latency times in the passive avoidance task test and increases in escape latency times in the Morris water maze test were observed with decreases in the hippocampus ACh content and ChAT mRNA expression, and increases in the hippocampal AChE activities, as a result of Sco intraperitoneal treatment, in the present study. In addition, destruction of the cerebral cortex antioxidant defense systems was observed in Sco control mice as compared with intact vehicle control mice. However, 28 days of continuous oral pre-treatment with AR ground powder at doses of 400, 200 and 100 mg/kg markedly and dose-dependently inhibited the Sco treatment-related amnesia. Conclusions: The results prove that oral administration of AR ground powder reduces Sco-induced memory impairment. This is because it can preserve ACh, related to ChAT mRNA expression, cause AChE inhibition, and activate the cerebral antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.221-235
• /
• 2019

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to confirm the anti-amnesic effects of Bunsimgieum (BSGE) through its favorable acetylcholine (ACh) and, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA expressions, and antioxidant effect on scopolamine (Sco)-induced memory impairment in C57BL/6 mice. Methods: Six groups, a total of 20 intact or 100 Sco-induced mice were used in this study, based on their body weight. Half of each group underwent passive avoidance tests and the measurement of hippocampus AChE activity, ACh content, and ChAT mRNA expression, The remaining half of each group underwent a Morris water-maze test and antioxidant defense system measurement as well. Results: Significant reductions in the step-through latency times from the passive avoidance test and reductions in the escape latency times from the Morris water-maze test were observed with increases of hippocampal AChE activities and, reductions in ACh contents and ChAT mRNA expression in hippocampus, as a result of Sco intraperitoneal treatment, in this study. Additionally, the increases in cerebral cortical MDA levels and, reductions in GSH contents, SOD activities, and CAT activities were demonstrated in the Sco control mice compared with the intact vehicle control mice, respectively. However, 28 days of consecutive oral pre-treatment of BSGE hot water extracts of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg, respectively, markedly and dose-dependently inhibited Sco treatment-related amnesia. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the oral administration of BSGE hot water extracts reduces Sco-induced memory impairment, through preserving ACh, related to ChAT mRNA expressions, causes AChE inhibition, and enhances the cerebral antioxidant defense system.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.49 no.3
• /
• pp.317-328
• /
• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of ghrelin on memory impairment in a rat model of vascular dementia induced by chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Methods: Randomized controlled groups and the posttest design were used. We established the representative animal model of vascular dementia caused by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion and administered $80{\mu}g/kg$ ghrelin intraperitoneally for 4 weeks. First, behavioral studies were performed to evaluate spatial memory. Second, we used molecular biology techniques to determine whether ghrelin ameliorates the damage to the structure and function of the white matter and hippocampus, which are crucial to learning and memory. Results: Ghrelin improved the spatial memory impairment in the Y-maze and Morris water maze test. In the white matter, demyelination and atrophy of the corpus callosum were significantly decreased in the ghrelin-treated group. In the hippocampus, ghrelin increased the length of hippocampal microvessels and reduced the microvessels pathology. Further, we confirmed angiogenesis enhancement through the fact that ghrelin treatment increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-related protein levels, which are the most powerful mediators of angiogenesis in the hippocampus. Conclusion: We found that ghrelin affected the damaged myelin sheaths and microvessels by increasing angiogenesis, which then led to neuroprotection and improved memory function. We suggest that further studies continue to accumulate evidence of the effect of ghrelin. Further, we believe that the development of therapeutic interventions that increase ghrelin may contribute to memory improvement in patients with vascular dementia.