• Atmosphere
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.241-249
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• 2021

A smart city utilizes data collected from various sensors through the internet of things (IoT) and improves city operations across the urban area. Recently substantial research is underway to examine all aspects of data that requires for the smart city operation. Atmospheric data are an essential component for successful smart city implementation, including Urban Air Mobility (UAM), infrastructure planning, safety and convenience, and traffic management. Unfortunately, the current level of conventional atmospheric data does not meet the needs of the new city concept. New and innovative approaches to developing high spatiotemporal resolution of observational and modeling data, resolving the complex urban structure, are expected to support the future needs. The geographic information system (GIS) integrates the atmospheric data with the urban structure and offers information system enhancement. In this study we proposed the necessity and applicability of the high resolution urban meteorological dataset based on heavy fog cases in the smart city region (e.g., Sejong and Pusan) in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.113-121
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• 1992

Statistical interpolation which uses past experience about the behaviour of the atmosphere(correlation function) to interpolate the observations irregularly distributed in space and time to regular grids is discussed. Correlation functions are computed in the Far East Asian region during the winter periods of December 1977 to February 1980. Results show from the computation of correlation functions that there exists a large difference in the autocorrelation functions by slowly decreasing geopotential height and temperature, and rapidly decreasing wind and mixing ratio with increasing data-correlation functions between geopotential height and wind are well corresponed to persistence of wintertime synoptic features.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.186-194
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• 2001

The operational meso-scale short range NWP system was developed for Cheju Regional Meteorological Office located at Cheju island, Korea. The Central Meteorological Service Center, KMA has reported the information on numerical weather prediction every 12 hours. But this information is not enough to determine the detail forecast for the regional meteorological office because the terrain of the Korean peninsula is very complex and the resolution of the numerical model provided by KMA headquarter is too coarse to resolve the local severe weather system such as heavy rainfall. LAPS and MM5 models were chosen for three-dimentional data assimilation and numerical weather prediction tools respectively. LAPS was designed to provide the initial data to all regional numerical prediction models including MM5. Synoptic observational data from GTS, satellite brightness temperature data from GMS-5 and the composite reflectivity data from 5 radar sites were used in the LAPS data assimilation for producing the initial data. MM5 was performed on PC-cluster based on 16 pentium CPUs which was one of the cheapest distributed parallel computer in these days. We named this system as Halla Short Range Prediction System (HSRPS). HSRPS was verified by heavy rainfall case in July 9, 1999, it showed that HSRPS well resolved local severe weather which was not simulated by 30 km MM5/KMA. Especially, the structure of rainfall amount was very close to the corresponding observation. HSRPS will be operating every 6 hours in the Cheju Regional Meteorological Office from April 2000.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.386-404
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• 2022

From April 29 to 30, 2011, under the influence of Asian dust originated from Mongolia, a high concentration of Asian dust was observed nationwide for 4 days in Korea. This study investigated the causes and characteristics of and weather conditions associated with Asian dust at high concentrations at its source in Mongolia. For analysis, Asian dust weather data, Asian dust monitoring tower data, satellite data, backward trajectory data, observation data (PM₁₀ and OPC data), and ECMWF reanalysis data were used. In the synoptic analysis, it was observed that the intervals of isobars were densely distributed in the central region of Mongolia and the pressure gradient force was strong. It could be inferenced that Asian dust occurred due to strong winds. The temperature was relatively high, above 10℃, just before the occurrence of Asian dust, and it decreased sharply at the onset of the dust. The relative humidity had a low value of less than approximately 40%. After the occurrence of Asian dust, it increased sharply to over 50% and then showed a tendency to decrease. In the aerosol index shown by the COMS satellite, a high concentration value of over 25 was detected in Inner Mongolia, and it was consistent with the observations made with naked eyes. In the 72-hour backward trajectory, the northwest airflow streamed into Korea, and on May 2, Heuksando showed the highest PM₁₀ concentration of 1,025 ㎍ m^-3(times the average). Especially, in kinematic vertical analysis, it was observed that low pressure on the ground was strengthened by cyclonic relative vorticity developed in the upper layer. Also, the vertical velocity development is considered to have played a major role in the occurrence of high concentration Asian dust.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.361-369
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• 2012

A population density model for bacterial wilt, which is caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, in hot pepper was developed to estimate the primary infection date after overwintering in the field. We developed the model mechansitically to predict reproduction of the pathogen and pathogensis on seedlings of the host. The model estimates the pathogen's populations both in the soil and in the host. In order to quantify environmental infection factors, various temperatures and initial population densities were determined for wilt symptoms on the seedlings of hot pepper in a chamber. Once, the pathogens living in soil multiply up to 400 cells/g of soil, they can infect successfully in the host. Primary infection in a host was supposed to be started when the population of the pathogen were over $10^9$ cells/g of root tissue. The estimated primary infection dates of bacterial wilt in 2011 in Korea were mostly mid-July or late-July which were 10-15 days earlier than those in 2010. Two kinds of meterological data, synoptic observation and field measurements from paddy field and orchard in Kyunggi, were operated the model for comparing the result dates. About 1-3 days were earlier from field data than from synoptic observation.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.479-495
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• 2021

This study investigates the synoptic (patterns of southern highs, northern lows, and lows rapidly developed by tropopause folding), thermodynamic, and kinematic characteristics of a strong wind that occurred in the Yeongdong region of South Korea on March 18-20, 2020. To do so, we analyzed data from an automatic weather station (AWS), weather charts, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis, rawinsonde, and windprofiler radars. The daily maximum instantaneous wind speed, exceeding 20 m s^-1, was observed at five weather stations during the analysis period. The strongest instantaneous wind speed (27.7 m s^-1) appeared in the Daegwallyeong area. According to the analysis of weather charts, along with the arrangement of the north-south low-pressure line, the isobars were moved to the Yeongdong area. It showed a sine wave shape, and a strong wind developed owing to the strong pressure gradient. On March 19, in the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, with a drop in atmospheric pressure of 19 hPa or more within one day, a continuous strong wind was developed by the synoptic structure of the developing polar low. In the adiabatic chart observed in Bukgangneung, the altitude of the inversion layer was located at an altitude of approximately 1-3 km above the mountaintop, along with the maximum wind speed. We confirmed that this is consistent with the results of the vertical wind field analysis of the rawinsonde and windprofiler data. In particular, based on the thermodynamic and kinematic vertical analyses, we suggest that strong winds due to the vertical gradient of potential temperature in the lower layer and the development of potential vorticity due to tropopause folding play a significant role in the occurrence of strong winds in the Yeongdong region.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.99-99
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• 2018

기상이변으로 인해 국지성 호우의 발생 증가와 그로 인한 수재해 피해가 증가하고 있다. 따라서 수재해를 사전에 예측하고 저감하기 위해 비구조물적 대책인 실시간 홍수예보시스템 개발 및 운영에 관한 연구들이 수행되고 있다. 일반적으로 홍수예보시스템은 대피선행시간 확보를 위해서 초단시간 혹은 단기 수치예보모델을 수문해석모형이나 예보기법의 입력으로 활용하고 있다. 초단시간 예측은 기상레이더를 기반으로 외삽, 이류, 셀 추적 등의 기법을 활용하여 0~3시간 이내의 강수예측을 수행한다. 그러나 역학이나 물리적 과정이 동반되지 못하여 0~ 2시간 이내에서의 예측성은 높은 반면, 예측시간이 길어질수록 예측력이 낮아진다. 단기수치예보모델은 종관관측에 의존하면서 역학이나 물리과정을 동반하므로 0~6시간 혹은 12시간 이상의 예측을 수행하지만, 수치모델의 고유특성인 스핀업 등의 예측 불확실성이 내재되어 있어 예측 초기시간에서의 예측력이 낮은 한계가 있다. 따라서 강수예측의 정확도 향상을 위해 레이더와 수치예보모델의 병합기법이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 통계분석을 통해 경험적으로 산출된 시간적 가중치를 이용한 기존 병합기법의 한계를 극복하면서 호우에 따른 가변성을 반영하는 실시간 병합기법을 개발하고, 수문학적인 활용성을 평가하고자 하였다. 사용된 예측강우 자료는 레이더 기반인 MAPLE, KONOS, 공간규모분할 예측강우와 수치예보모델 기반인 UM와 ASAPS의 예측강우이며, 제시한 가중치 산정기법은 직전 예측강우의 오차가 현 시점의 예측강우의 오차와 유사하다는 가정하에 오차항을 포함한 과거 1시간 예측강우들간의 가중치 조합이 과거 지상관측강우와의 평균제곱근오차가 최소가 되도록 화음 탐색법을 이용하여 찾는 것이다. 가중치 조합은 예측강우의 생산 시간 간격을 고려하여 매 10분마다 산정하며, 미래 3시간 예측까지 산정된 가중치를 적용한다. 수도권 영역을 대상으로 병합된 예측강우와 레이더 관측강우를 비교한 결과, 정량적 정확도가 향상됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 또한, 예측강우의 수문학적 활용성은 도시유출해석모의를 통해 평가하였다. 그 결과, 병합된 예측강우로 모의된 수심이 관측수심과 유사하여 수문학적 활용성 확인할 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.124-137
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• 2012

Climate analysis is important in urban planning for human comfort. Synoptic weather conditions can only resolve the 30% of local variance of wind conditions whereas 70% of the variance arise from local terrain, buildings, and other small scale thermal conditions. Climate Analysis Seoul (CAS) was developed to resolve such micro-scale climate. The Local-scale air temperature Deviation (LD) analysis map from CAS showed the co-existence of built-up and suburban areas in the study region (CR, Cold-air analysis Region) despite its small extent. Temperature, humidity, wind speed, and wind direction were monitored in CR. Hourly observed cooling rate agreed well with LD. Cold air production, transportation, and stagnation was visualized by the observed Vertical Temperature Gradient (VTG) along the small stream in CR. VTG observed at the upper-most stream can be divided into two components: radiative cooling and cold air inflow from outside. Radiative cooling exists regardless of the wind speed whereas cold air inflow occurs only with calm wind. From the regression analyses based on the wind speed, the inflow portion was determined as 84% of radiative cooling. Climate analysis in the future will be able to characterize the changes in cold air by urban development plan to support the human comfort.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.25 no.11
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• pp.33-43
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• 2024

In this study, data from the Gwangyang Automated Synoptic Observing System (ASOS) meteorological observatory were utilized for drought assessment. Drought occurrence days were evaluated using the Precipitation-based Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and two types of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) (SPEI_Thornthwaite and SPEI_Penman-Monteith), considering precipitation and evapotranspiration. The SPI and SPEIs yielded generally similar quantitative results for drought occurrence days. However, the SPEI_Penman-Monteith, which uses the physically-based Penman-Monteith method for evapotranspiration estimation, showed a higher number of drought days compared to the SPI_Thornthwaite. The amount of evapotranspiration by the Penman-Monteith method had high seasonal variability and high moisture loss, while the amount of evapotranspiration by the Thornthwaite method had low variability and low moisture loss. Consequently, the SPEI_Thornthwaite had a higher correlation with the SPI compared to the SPEI_Penman-Monteith. Since the SPEI_Penman-Monteith index can more accurately calculate the amount of water loss caused by the hydrological circulation, more reasonable results are derived in calculating the number of drought occurrence days. However, due to the lack of sufficient high-quality meteorological data at ASOS observatories, the Penman-Monteith method may be difficult to apply. In such cases, the SPEI_Thornthwaite, estimating evapotranspiration based solely on monthly average temperature, can be used as an alternative.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.315-329
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• 2015

We investigated the characteristics of meteorological conditions related to the strong downslope wind over the leeward side of the Taebaek Mountains during the period 2005~2010. The days showing the strong wind exceeding $14ms^{-1}$ in Gangwon province were selected as study cases. A total of 15 days of strong wind were observed at Sokcho, Gangneung, Donghae, and Taebaek located over the Yeongdong region. Seven cases related to tropical cyclone (3 cases) and heavy snowfall (2 cases) and heavy rainfall (2 cases) over the Yeongdong region were excluded. To investigate the characteristics of the remaining 8 cases, we used synoptic weather chart, Sokcho radiosonde, Gangneung wind profiler and numerical model. The cases showed no precipitation (or ${\leq}1mm\;day^{-1}$). From the surface and upper level weather chart, we found the pressure distribution of southern high and northern low pattern over the Korean peninsula and warm ridge over the Yeongdong region. Inversion layer (or stable layer) and warm ridge with strong wind were located in about 1~3 km (925~700 hPa) over mountains. The Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) indicated that warm core and temperature ridge with horizontal temperature gradient were $0.10{\sim}0.23^{\circ}C\;km^{-1}$ which were located on 850 hPa pressure level above mountaintop. These results were summarized as a forecasting guidance of downslope windstorm in the Yeongdong region.