• Journal of Korean Society of Steel Construction
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2010

According to the capacity design concept which forms the basis of the current steel seismic codes, the braces in concentrically braced frames (CBFs) should dissipate seismic energy through cyclic tension yielding and cyclic compression buckling while the beams and the columns should remain elastic. Brace buckling in inverted V-braced frames induces unbalanced vertical forces which, in turn, impose the additional beam moments and column axial forces. However, due to difficulty in predicting the location of buckling stories, the most conservative approach implied in the design code is to estimate the column axial forces by adding all the unbalanced vertical forces in the upper stories. One alternative approach, less conservative and recommended by the current code, is to estimate the column axial forces based on the amplified seismic load expected at the mechanism-level response. Both are either too conservative or lacking technical foundation. In this paper, three combination rules for a rational estimation of the column axial forces were proposed. The idea central to the three methods is to detect the stories of high buckling potential based on pushover analysis and dynamic behavior. The unbalanced vertical forces in the stories detected as high buckling potential are summed in a linear manner while those in other stories are combined by following the SRSS(square root of sum of squares) rule. The accuracy and design advantage of the three methods were validated by comparing extensive inelastic dynamic analysis results. The mode-shape based method(MSBM), which is both simple and accurate, is recommended as the method of choice for practicing engineers among the three.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.13-18
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• 2013

This study was conducted to estimate the Genomic Estimated Breeding Value (GEBV) using Genomic Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (GBLUP) method in Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) population. The result is expected to adapt genomic selection onto the national Hanwoo evaluation system. Carcass weight (CW), eye muscle area (EMA), backfat thickness (BT), and marbling score (MS) were investigated in 552 Hanwoo progeny-tested steers at Livestock Improvement Main Center. Animals were genotyped with Illumina BovineHD BeadChip (777K SNPs). For statistical analysis, Genetic Relationship Matrix (GRM) was formulated on the basis of genotypes and the accuracy of GEBV was estimated with 10-fold Cross-validation method. The accuracies estimated with cross-validation method were between 0.915~0.957. In 534 progeny-tested steers, the maximum difference of GEBV accuracy compared to conventional EBV for CW, EMA, BT, and MS traits were 9.56%, 5.78%, 5.78%, and 4.18% respectively. In 3,674 pedigree traced bulls, maximum increased difference of GEBV for CW, EMA, BT, and MS traits were increased as 13.54%, 6.50%, 6.50%, and 4.31% respectively. This showed that the implementation of genomic pre-selection for candidate calves to test on meat production traits could improve the genetic gain by increasing accuracy and reducing generation interval in Hanwoo genetic evaluation system to select proven bulls.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2013

This study was aimed to solve the problems of current national genetic evaluation systems in Korea and its development to pass the verification processes as required by International Bull Evaluation Service (Interbull). This will enable Korea to participate in international genetic evaluation program. A total of 1,416,589 test-day milk records with calving dates used in this study were collected by National Agricultural Cooperative Federation from 2001 to 2009. Parity was limited up to fifth calving and milk production records were adjusted to cumulative 305 day lactation. The pedigree consisted of 2,279,741 animals where 2,467 bulls had 535,409 parents. A newly developed multiple trait model was used in calculation of breeding values for milk yield, milk fat, and protein yield. Data were edited with SAS (version 9.2) and R programs, and genetic parameters were estimated using VCE 6.0. Results showed a continuous increase in genetic potentials, in general, and no remarkable differences were found between performances by parity. Except fat yield, potentials in milk yield and protein yield were well calculated. We found an increased number of daughters per each top ranked 1,000 bulls in recent years of calf births compared to the cases of previous evaluations. Of the bulls ranked top 100 by our new models (multiple-trait models) we found that increased numbers of bulls were included. Of twenty eight bulls born in 2006, twenty bulls born in 2007 and eight bulls born in 2008 that were listed by new models, only 23, 12, and 2 bulls born in respective years were represented on top 100 by old single-trait models. Re-ranking of the daughters or sires by multiple-trait models suggest that this new multiple trait approach should be used for dairy cattle genetic evaluation and seed-stock selection in the future to increase the accuracy of multiple trait selection. Breeding values for these traits should also be calculated by new method for international genetic evaluation.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.10 no.1 s.26
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• pp.43-56
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• 2005

In the existing broadcasting environment, it is not easy to serve the bi-directional service between a broadcasting server and a TV audience. In the uni-directional broadcasting environments, almost TV programs are scheduled depending on the viewers' popular watching time, and the advertisement contents in these TV programs are mainly arranged by the popularity and the ages of the audience. The audiences make an effort to sort and select their favorite programs. However, the advertisement programs which support the TV program the audience want are not served to the appropriate audiences efficiently. This randomly provided advertisement contents can occur to the audiences' indifference and avoidance. In this paper, we propose the target advertisement service for the appropriate distribution of the advertisement contents. The proposed target advertisement service estimates the audience's profile without any issuing the private information and provides the target-advertised contents by using his/her estimated profile. For the experimental results, we used the real audiences' TV usage history such as the ages, fonder and time of the programs from AC Neilson Korea. And we show the accuracy of the proposed target advertisement service algorithm. NDS (Normalized Distance Sum) and the Vector correlation method, and implementation of our target advertisement service system.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.13-24
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• 2014

We established the first complete ice core processing method and analytical procedures for fundamental proxies, using a 40.2 m long ice core drilled on the Mt. Tsambagarav glacier in the Mongolian Altai mountains in July 2008. The whole core was first divided into two sub ice core sections and the measurements of the visual stratigraphy and electrical conductivity were performed on the surface of these sub core sections. A continuous sequence of samples was then prepared for chemical analyses (stable isotope ratios of oxygen ($^{18}O/^{16}O$) and hydrogen ($^2H/^1H$), soluble ions and trace elements). A total of 29 insoluble dust layers were identified from the measurement of visual stratigraphy. The electrical conductivity measurement (ECM) shows 11 peaks with the current more than 0.8 ${\mu}A$ Comparing the profiles of $SO_4{^{2-}}$ and $Cl^-$ concentrations to correlate with known volcanic eruptions, the first two ECM peaks appear to be linked to the eruptions (January and June 2007) of Kliuchevskoi volcano on the Kamchatka Peninsula of Russia, which supports the reliability of our ECM data. Finally, the composition of stable isotopes (${\delta}^{18}O$ and ${\delta}D$) shows a well-defined seasonal variation, suggesting that various chemical proxies may have been well preserved in the successive ice layers of Tsambagarav ice core. Our ice core processing method and analytical procedures for fundamental proxies are expected to be used for paleoclimate and paleoenvironmental studies from polar and alpine ice cores.

• Journal of Science of Art and Design
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• v.5
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• pp.175-216
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• 2003

시각이 아닌 오감체계에 관계하는 때문에 현대미술은 외관만으로 이루어지지 않는다. 곧 예술 작품들은 하나의 장소를 관객에게 제공하여, 심리적, 물리적, 또는 예술이 존재여부에 관한 갖가지 질문들을 제기한다. 모든 예술 작품은 메시지를 담고 있다. 이러한 관점에서 개념 또는 아이디어에 우선하는 현대미술은 그들의 메시지를 전달하기 위해 우리의 사회적 배경과 보편성을 간과할 수 없다. 우리의 물체 인식은 결국 우리의 경험체계를 통해서 이루어진다고 간주하면, 현대미술의 새로운 형태는 보편적 특질들이 그 특질들 이상의 상태로 보여지도록 유도한다. 이러한 창조 행위의 시작은 현대인간의 문화 읽기이며 문화는 인간과 자연의 긴밀한 관계 속에서 이루어진다. 역사는 지나간 시간을 기록한 것이며, 이 또한 우리의 지식과 정보 체계에 속한다. 회화가 평면에 입체감을 표현하는 것과는 달리 조각은 자연 속, 즉 실재공간 속에 있는 모든 것을 표현하기 때문에 시각(visible) 이외에도 촉각(tangible)이 관여하게 된다. 조각의 특수성은 촉각(tangible)이 우선하는 것이다. 그러나 시각과 촉각은 매우 적극적으로 미학적 경험에 참여하는 감각으로 이들을 서로 분리하여 생각하기가 무척 힘들다. 왜냐하면 어떤 경험에 있어서 기억연합 또는 감각 연합에 의해 하나의 감각이 다른 여러 감각을 촉발하여 연쇄반응 혹은 '형태 Gestalt'를 이루기 때문이다. 대부분의 근대 조각 작품들은 조각대 위에 고정되어 있는 구상 형태를 지녔기 때문에 조각작품 자체가 지닌 외적 형태와 그 자체내의 공간이 더욱 중요한 역할을 하게 된다. 말하자면 미로의 비너스 조각은 대리석과 비너스 형태의 결합이다. 때문에 관객은 그 주변을 돌면서 우리 신체의 내적 공간과 시각에 의존하면서 그 작품의 중량감, 양감, 형태 등의 특질과 만나게 된다. 그러나 현대 추상조각과 개념조각은 이보다 좀 더 확장된 공간을 제시한다. 이것은 현대조각이 건축개념을 수용한 때문이며, 그것이 때로는 안 쪽에서 때로는 바깥 쪽에서 그 형태를 결정하며, 보고 듣고 느끼고 만져지고 왕래하는 등의 인식 영역인 관객의 오감체계에 직접적으로 관계하기 때문이다. 우리는 건축 공간에서, 시각 외에도 청각이나 촉각을 통해 지각한다. 대강 요약하자면 공간은 객관적 상태이기보다는 인식영역의 주관성을 통해 받아들여진 우리가 지나쳐온 것들이나 체험된 공간이다. 여기서 '받아들여지는' 일은 과거 경험들의 주체들, 언어와 문화에 의해서 이루어져야 한다. 건물, 즉 둘러싸고 있는 공간은 중앙이 아니다. 중앙은 바로 나, 둘러싸여진 나이다 나는 나의 동작에 따라 그 공간의 시스템을 변화시킬 수 있는 유동적인 중심이다 (이때의 나는 위치의 축을 변화시키는 것이 아니라, 그들을 탐색하는 것이다). 작품이 대형화되면서 이러한 건축공간개념이 현대 조각가들의 작품개념에 이용되었다고 본다. 현대미술에서 In situ작업과 특정한 장소를 위한 기획되어진 최근의 프로젝트 작업들은 대형화되어있으며, 건축에서처럼 특정한 장소를 만들어낸다. 로잘린드 크라우스(Rosalind Krauss)는 또한 '조각영역의 확장 (La sculpture dans le champ elargi)'에서 현대조각이 건축과 환경의 영역을 침범하고 있음을 지적한다. 그녀에 의하면, 1960년대 이후의 현대조각은 이러한 탈 귀속성과 조각의 자율성을 획득함으로써 조각은 건축물이 아니면서 건축물 주변에 위치하거나 풍경이 아니면서 풍경 안에 자리잡게 되었다. 이와 같이 현대의 대형조각 작품들 - 예를 들어 대형화된 미니별 조각이나 개념미술, 또는 대지예술 등 -은 풍경의 실재가 아니기 때문에 환경으로부터 구분된다고 언급하고 있다. 이들 조각은 더 이상 만져지는 실체이거나 점유하는 공간의 상징언어를 지닌 조각의 범주에 한정되지 않게 된다. 조각과 건축의 공간인식을 인체의 크기와 관련하여 보면, 메를로 퐁티(Merleau-Ponty)의 '지각의 현상학' 은 우리가 논하는 작품의 공간체계를 분석하는데 지침표가 되어준다. 메를로 퐁티가 말하는 지각은 정신에 의해서만 이루어지는 것이 아니며, 몸과 함께 이루어지는 현상이다. 지각은 우리가 부단히 눈을 움직이고 만지고 냄새를 맡고 주변을 돌아 다니면서 세계와의 직접적인 접촉을 통해 이루어 진다. 몸의 움직임을 통하여 나타나는 신체적 표현은 몸 자체가 원천적으로 지향적 활동의 주체로서 파악되는 한 이미 항상(恒常, constant) 의미 현상을 지니다. 우리의 지각이 움직이는 몸의 지향 활동을 통해 이루어진다는 것은 우리의 몸의 지향활동이 의식에 선행함을 의미한다. 몸의 움직임은 의식의 의도를 표현할 때에만 의미를 나타내는 기호가 되는 것이 아니라, 이미 그 자체가 살아있는 표현이다. 우리의 몸짓, 표정은 우리 의식이 의도하기 전에 이미 의미가 담겨있다. 몸은 그 자체가 기호(Signe)적이다. 결국. 메를로 퐁티에게서 세상(le monde entier)은 그 자신이 주체가 되어 인식한다, 그리고 이 인식 구조에는 우리의 몸이 구심점(le point centripete)이 된다. 만약 우리가 이러한 메를로 퐁티의 개념을 염두에 둔다면, 예술작품의 특성에 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있는 재료와 크기를 이해할 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean journal of communication and information
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• v.81
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• pp.153-186
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of village community media in Jeju by looking at the value that it's participants have experienced in the production process. Therefore, this study focused on the creation and production process of village community media, the specific value reflected in this process as well as how to activate and operate it sustainably through in-depth interviews with 12 media participants in Jeju community. As a result of the analysis, firstly, we were able to see that the migrants who are not the indigenous became the center of village community media creation in Jeju and they felt very personal 'fun', 'enthusiasm' and 'satisfaction'. It was also completely open to access and participate in village community media and its contents were filled with stories of everyday life of village residents and hidden stories of old people in the village that were not recorded. The characteristic of the production process of village community media was the horizontal communication and it reflected well the opinions of individual media participants even if it had a joint meeting. Second, as a result of examining the values applied to the production process by village community media participants, they regarded the connection of communication by voluntary participation and restoration of communities through activation of communication in functionalism as an important value. Finally, as a result of examining the challenges and development plans for sustainable management of community media in Jeju, it was required the active participation of village residents, ensuring space for village community media, providing insufficient broadcasting equipment, and the budget support from local governments, etc. It was once again confirmed that the provision of a support system for the stable activities of local governments is an urgent task for sustainable village community media.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.624-635
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• 2019

Bird strike accidents, a collision between aircraft and birds, have been increasing annually due to an increasing number of aircraft operating each year to meet heavier demand for air traffic. As such, many airports have conducted studies to assess and manage bird strike risks effectively by identifying and ranking bird species that can damage aircraft based on the bird strike records. This study was intended to investigate the bird species that were likely to threaten aircraft and compare and discuss the risk of each species estimated by the single-matrix and multi-matrix risk assessment models based on the Integrated Flight Information Service (IFIS) data collected in Gimpo, Gimhae and Jeju Airports in South Korea from 2005 to 2013. We found that there was a difference in the assessment results between the two models. The single-matrix model estimated 2 species and 6 taxa in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports and 2 species and 5 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "high," whereas the multi-matrix model estimated 3 species and 5 taxa in Gimpo Airport, 4 species and 5 taxa in Gimhae Airport, and 2 species and 3 taxa in Jeju Airport to have the risk score above "very high." Although both models estimated the similar high-risk species in Gimpo and Gimhae Airports, there was a significant difference in Jeju Airport. Gimpo and Gimhae Airports are near the estuary of a river, which is an excellent habitat for large and heavy waterbirds. On the other hand, Jeju Airport is near the coast and the city center, and small and light bird species are mostly observed. Since collisions with such species have little effect on aircraft fuselage, the impact of common variables between the two models was small, and the additional variables caused a significant difference between the estimation by the two models.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.379-388
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• 2002

Background : Although patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer are known to have a poor prognosis, the prognostic factors for survival have not been well evaluated. Such factors may be different from those for overall survival. This study was performed to analyze the prognostic factors for survuval and the variation of survival according to metastatic organ, in patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer. Materials and Methods : From January 1997 to December 2000, 151 patients with confirmed stage IV non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled into this study retrospectively. The clinical and laboratory data were analyzed using univareate Kaplan-Meied and Multivariate Cox regression models. Results : On univariate analysis, age, performance status, serum albumin level, weight loss, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), systemic chemotherapy, the number of metastatic organs and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level were significant factors (p<0.05). In multivariate analysis, important factors for survival were ECOG performance (relative risk of death [RR]: 2.709), systemic chemotherapy (RR: 1.944), serum LDH level (RR: 1.819) and FEV1 (RR: 1.774) (p<0.05), Metastasis to the brain and liver was also a significant factor on univariate analysis). The presence of single lung metastasis was associated with better survival than that of other metastatic organs (p=0.000). Conclusion : We confirmed that performance status and systemic chemotherapy were independent prognostic factors, as has been recognized. The survival of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer patients was different according to the metastatic organs. Among the metastatic sites, only patients with metastasis to the lung showed bettrer survival than that of other sites, while metastasis of the brain or liver was associated with worse survival than that of other sites.

• 한국지구물리탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2004.08a
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• pp.104-117
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• 2004

Dmitri Donskoi, which went down during the Russo-Japanese War occurred 100 years ago, was found by using geophysical exploration techniques at the 400 m water depth of submarine valley off Jeodong of Ulleung Island. In the submarine area with the rugged seabed topography and volcanic seamounts, in particular, the reliable seabed images were acquired by using the mid-to-shallow Multibeam exploration technique The strength of corrosion (causticity) of the sunken Donskoi, measured by the electrochemical method, decreased to 2/5 compared with the original strength.