• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2021

This study introduces a topology optimization method for the simultaneous design of macro-scale structural configuration and unit structure variation to ensure effective heat conduction. Shape changes in the unit structure depending on its location within the macro-scale structure result in micro- as well as macro-scale design and enable better performance than using isotropic unit structures. They result in functionally graded composite structures combining both configurations. The representative volume element (RVE) method is applied to obtain various thermal conductivity properties of the multi-material based unit structure according to its shape change. Based on the RVE analysis results, the material properties of the unit structure having a certain shape can be derived using machine learning. Macro-scale topology optimization is performed using the traditional solid isotropic material with penalization method, while the unit structures composing the macro-structure can have various shapes to improve the heat conduction performance according to the simultaneous optimization process. Numerical examples of the thermal compliance minimization issue are provided to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2014

This study aims to present an evaluation scheme to improve the problems in tree shapes and tree growth which were identified through shape and growth assessments of landscape trees currently planted in Haedoji Park, Songdo, Incheon Metropolitan City after plant structure status and propriety review for funtion of space and concept of planting. Suitability the planting concept was evaluated according to function of space. The result indicated that the shade planting areas accounted for 29.5% of the the shade spaces area. 58.7%, respectively planting areas of visual landscape. And 11.8%, respectively planting areas of buffer. Because the planting areas was lacked according to the park established spatial configuration of central facilities and the result of plant young trees. Plant structure status required consideration with plant structure, density, size, growth status for improve planting function. The tree assessment was performed on a total of 28 species and 600 trees of which 22 species and 209 trees were planted in the buffer zone, 8 species and 71 trees in the shade zone, 16 species and 266 trees in the visual landscape zone, and 4 species and 54 trees in the ecological landscape zone. The trees were divided into grades based on their assessment score and were statistically grouped by the functional zone in where they are planted and by tree species to verify their significance. The tree shape assessment was an average of 56.6 points and the tree growth assessment was an average of 76.0 points. Using the results of the tree assessments, the tree standards for each functional space were identified and a concept of optimum planting and cultivating was applied. When applying the shape assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, since trees for buffering require high functionality they received E's, the lowest grade; as trees for ecological landscaping require diverseness and naturalness, they received D's; since trees for shading require utilization, they received C's as trees with branching at the main stems were considered; and since trees for visual landscaping required aesthetical value, they received A's and B's. When applying the growth assessment results by zone to the concept of planting, based on planting foundations of favorable and poor, for buffering, visual landscaping, and ecological landscaping, trees from grades A to E could be planted, and for shading, trees from grades A to C could be planted. For a cultivation plan that could improve the growth of the trees, we proposed that the topography of the land be selected considering the tree's characteristics and that a method of pot seeding be used. Also, to improve the shape of the trees, we proposed that poles be used to improve the growth of vertically-straight stems, an appropriate planting density be applied for reasonable branch growth, manage tree shape to maintain good crowning, and better manage fertilization to maintain a reasonable crown density.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2020.06a
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• pp.298-298
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• 2020

하천 혹은 그 인근에 설치된 시설물은 수문, 통문, 제방, 댐, 보, 배수펌프장, 상·하수도, 하구둑 등이 존재한다. 이러한 하천 시설물은 홍수나 가뭄 등 수해를 저감하는 역할을 한다. 그러나 많은 하천 시설물은 노후화, 기후변화, 하천환경변화 등으로 구조적 혹은 기능적 안정성의 저하가 우려되는 실정이다. 시설물 유형별 고령화율을 살펴보면, 댐, 하천, 상하수도 순으로 조사되었으며, 준공연수가 30년을 초과한 하천 시설물은 약 40%를 넘어섰다. 그럼에도 불구하고 하천시설물의 관리 구조는 시설물 설치단계까지만 치중되었으며, 이후 계획 재수립 단계까지의 평가 및 모니터링, 유지관리, 정보관리 등에 이르는 선순환 구조가 미흡한 실정이다. 시설물의 노후화에 따라 유지관리 비용이 증가하며, 대형사고로 이어질 수 있기 때문에 적절한 시기에 시설물 점검 및 유지보수가 매우 중요하다. 우리나라의 경우 시설물의 안전 및 유지관리에 관한 특별법에 따라 국가주요시설물은 안전점검을 실시하고 있으며, 시설물통합정보관리시스템(Facility Management System; FMS)에 안전등급을 제공하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 FMS의 하천 시설물 안전등급 현황을 기반으로 시설물의 효과적인 생애주기관리를 위해 하천 시설물의 성능평가모델을 제안하였다. 성능평가모델은 하천 시설물의 사용연수에 따른 안전등급의 예측이 가능하며, 관리자 측면에서 예산투입 등의 의사결정 시 활용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Digital Contents
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• no.5 s.48
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• pp.16-17
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• 1997

한국정보보호센터(KISA)가 3월 14일 방화벽 시스템의 평가기준안에 대한 설명회를 개최했다. 국내 방화벽 관련 업체 관계자들이 참석한 이 설명회에서 KISA는 보안기능과 보증에 대한 요구사항을 기본 구조로 평가등급을 7단계로 분류하여 현재 시장에 유통되고 있는 방화벽에 등급을 부여하겠다는 것을 확실히 했다. 이러한 세부적인 평가기준안이 나옴에 따라 그동안 외산방화벽을 수입ㆍ공급해왔던 업체들은 이 평가기준안에 따른 보다 나은 평가등급을 받기 위한 대책마련에 고심하고 있다.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.83-97
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• 2011

In this study, space allocation with an assessment system for improving the function of the ecological use and function of each space was undertaken to suggest appropriate goals and directions. Ogeum Park, used as the study site, is a stronghold green zone located in the fan-shaped area of the Songpa-gu green zone on a 22ha area site. The assessment system for this study consisted of a total of 3 steps: Step 1 includes the division of the spatial block, Step 2 assesses the proper functioning of each spatial block, while Step 3 includes space allocation and presents improvements for function by space. This study performed a basin analysis with the consideration that Ogeum Park is a forest area and divided the site into a total of 8 areas according to how the sections of land are used. The function of wildlife habitat included an analysis of plant ecology(vegetation type, vegetation layer, potential vegetation), animal ecology(wild birds), and waterways. The function of leisure and use included an analysis of gradients, noise, paths, status of use, and status of facilities. The evaluation of the function of habitat sorted items into native vegetation, vegetation diversification, vegetation potential, animal diversification and potential of animal habitats. The results of grading the evaluation scores by space in the function of habitat showed that the Areas IV and VII, which were 90% of the maximum point, were Grade A, Areas II and V were Grade B at 70% and Area I and VI were Grade C at 50%. Areas III and VIII, which were not found to be beyond the standard of 50%, were excluded. The evaluation of the functions of leisure and use classified items into use potential, use preference, use concentration, use diversification and use convenience. The results of the graded evaluation scores by space in use function, showed areas V and VI as Grade A, or 90% of the maximum score. Grade B, 70% of the maximum score, was given to Areas I and VII. Grade C, 50% of the maximum score, included Areas II, IV and VIII. Area III, graded lower the standard of 50%, was excluded. The study evaluated areas according to a common standard, classified spaces by proper functions into ecological spaces, environmentally-friendly use spaces and use spaces according to the standard of spatial distribution on the basis of the above results through a synthesis of grades of habitat function, leisure function and use. This offers ideas for the improvement of wildlife habitat and environment-friendly use functions by space.

• KOREAN POULTRY JOURNAL
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• v.15 s.163
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• pp.70-74
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• 1983

식육수요의 증가와 식육소비구조의 변화는 필연적으로 식육유통구조의 변화를 필요로 한다. 이에 대한 개선 방안으로 도매시장 기능을 산지로 이전시키고 식육센타를 발전시키며, 소매시장을 점차 대형화하며, 부위별, 등급별로 부분육, 포장육화하며, 돼지고기와 소고기의 가격차를 넓혀 소비대체를 유도하며, 닭고기의 요리기술을 개발하고 각종 홍보, 교육, 전시활동을 적극화한다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.29-58
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• 2022

Recently, Korea has been experiencing a problem of population decline, therefore the transition to a compact spatial structure is being urged. However, what is required is not just physical compression, but a compact city that also considers connectivity, in view of the changes in today's demographic and industrial structure. From this point of view, this study measures the compressibility of domestic cities suffering from extinction risk due to low birth rates, aging population, and population decline, and examined the spatial structure characteristics. In addition to the compressibility evaluation index used in previous studies, the compressibility of six indicators (population, land use, service accessibility, transport accessibility, connectivity, and concentration) was compared and analyzed, and a comprehensive compression index was calculated. The analysis results, based on the comprehensive compression index, classified 2.3% cities in the first grade, 4.6% in the second grade, 16.09% in the third grade, 43.68% in the fourth grade, and 33.33% in the fifth grade areas. Currently, the urban characteristics affecting the compactness index differ from region to region. Therefore, it is necessary to establish measures and policies for extinction risk considering the influence of each region's compactness index. This study is meaningful in that connectivity was considered using spatial syntax, and the compactness of cities at risk of extinction was compared and analyzed quantitatively. It is expected that this study will be used as basic data to establish the direction and action strategy for extinction risk cities.

• Review of KIISC
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.71-82
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• 1998

공개키 기반구조에서는 인증서를 사용 함으로서 기본적으로 암호 및 인증기능을 제공한다. 이와 더불어 신뢰성 있는 부인방지기능을 제공하기 위하여 사위등급의 보안기능을 가진 인증기관 혹은 제3의 신뢰성 있는 공증기관을 별도로 둠으로서 타임스탬프 기능과 공증기능을 부가하여 전자공증 서비스를 제공할 수 있다. 사용자의 요구에 따라 데이타 혹은 인증서에 대하여 타임스탬프를 발행하는 타임스탬프 발행당국(TSA)과 공증을 행하는 공증당국(NA)을 살펴보고, 현재까지 제안된 타임스탬프 및 공증 프로토콜에 대한 분석과 더불어 전자공증 서비스에 대한 국제동향을 검토, 분석한다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2005.05b
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• pp.449-453
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• 2005

하천의 물리적 생태적 특성에 대한 연구는 하천유형분류의 기초 자료로서 큰 의미가 있다. 그러나 국내의 경우 이를 위한 하천의 조사는 매우 드물며, 국부적이었다. 더욱이 이러한 생태적 물리적 특성을 근거로 한 하천 유형적 특성을 연구한 사례는 없었다. 본 연구에서는 하천의 유형을 분류하는 것은 아니지만 하천을 더욱 효율적으로 계획하고 관리하는데 필요한 기초자료를 구축하고자 하였다. 그리하여 1차적 연구로 자연환경이 유사한 하천들을 일시에 선정하여 동일한 방법으로 각 하천의 물리적 생태적 특성을 조사하고 평가하여 대상 하천의 공통적 특성을 가려내고자 하였다. 이와 관련하여 본 연구에서는 하천의 물리적 구조조사법을 유럽공동체에서 사용하는 기준과 방법에 따라 시범적으로 실시하여 국내하천의 하천환경조사를 위한 적용성 여부도 진단하고자 하였다. 하천의 물리적 구조등급이란 하천의 공간적 환경과 저수로 하상재료의 물리적 차이를 의미하는 것으로 하천 자체는 물론 하천범람지에 영향을 주는 생태적 기능의 수리 특성, 하천의 물리 특성, 수생태 특성 등을 포괄하게 된다. 따라서 하천의 물리적 구조등급은 하천구조의 생태적 질과 하천구조로 나타나게 되는 동적 과정(dynamic process)의 질을 평가하는 척도가 될 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 남한강수계의 청미천, 양화천, 복하천을 대상으로 물리적 구조조사법과 식생조사를 병행하였으며 이로부터 하천의 물리적 구조등급이 수질등급과 정량적이지는 않지만 전반적인 하천의 생태성 또는 자연도를 가늠할 수 있는 하나의 지료로 활용할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.양토를 기준으로 할 때 강우량과 침투수의 관계는 $I_{10}(mm)=0.44R(mm)+5.8(r^2=0.55)$이었다. y절이 발생한 이유는 이전 강우에 의해 침투되고 있는 물이 있음을 함축하며 기울기 0.40은 강우의 $40\%$가 지하로 침투하였음을 의미한다. 침투수량은 토성별로 양토를 1.0으로 기준할 때 사양토가 1.12로 가장 컸고, 식양토 0.94, 식토 0.91로 평가되었다. 이는 토성간의 침투속도 및 투수속도의 경향이 반영된 것이다. 경사에 따라서는 경사도가 증가할수록 지수적으로 감소하였으며 $10\% 경사일 때를 기준으로 $I(mm)=I_{10}{\times}1.17{\times}e^{-0.0164s(\%)}$로 나타났다. 같은 조건에서 강우량과 유거수의 관계는 $Ro_{10}(mm)=5.32e^{0.11R(mm)}(r^2=0.69)$로 나타났다. 이는 토양의 투수특성에 따라 강우량 증가에 비례하여 점증하는 침투수와 구분되는 현상이었다. 경사와 토양이 같은 조건에서 나지의 경우 역시 $Ro_{B10}(mm)=20.3e^{0.08R(mm)(r^2=0.84)$로 지수적으로 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 유거수량은 토성별로 양토를 1.0으로 기준할 때 사양토가 0.86으로 가장 작았고, 식양토 1.09, 식토 1.15로 평가되어 침투수에 비해 토성별 차이가 크게 나타났다. 이는 토성이 세립질일 수록 유거수의 저항이 작기 때문으로 생각된다. 경사에 따라서는 경사

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.23-40
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• 2022

Many constructed wetlands have been installed in dam reservoirs nationwide for ecological purification of watershed pollutants, but aging and reduced efficiency are becoming issues. To improve the management of constructed wetlands, an objective evaluation of structural suitability is required. This study evaluated 39 constructed wetlands of 15 dams. First, through fogus group interview(FGI), survey analysis, and analytic hierarchy process(AHP), eight evaluation items in the physical and vegetative aspects were selected and the evaluation criteria applied with weights were prepared. Second, as a result of the structural suitability evaluation, the average score of the overall constructed wetlands was 80.8, with 10 sites rated as 'good grade(91~100)', 22 sites rated as 'normal grade(71~90)' and 7 sites rated as 'poor grade(70 or less)'. The average score of physical structure evaluation was 52.6, with 14 sites rated as 'good', 21 sites as 'normal' and 4 sites as 'poor'. The suitability of location was good level in most constructed wetlands, but the water supply system, depth of water, ratio of length-to-width, and slope of flow channel were evaluated as 'normal' or less in constructed wetlands of 50% or more. Therefore, it was found that overall improvement was necessary for stable flow supply and flow improvement in the constructed wetland. The average score of vegetative structure evaluation was 28.2, and about 84% of them were identified as 'normal' or lower. As a result of analyzing the Spearman's correlation coefficient between the physical structure evaluation score and the vegetation structure evaluation score, there was a significant correlation(r = 0.728, p < 0.001), and it was found that each evaluation factor also influences each other. As a result of the case review of 6 constructed wetlands, the appropriateness of the evaluation results was confirmed, and it was found that the location, flow rate supply, and type of wetland had a great influence on the efficiency and operation of the wetland. Through this study, it will be possible to derive structural weaknesses of constructed wetlands in dam reservoirs as a nature-based solution, to prepare types and practical alternatives for improved management of each constructed wetland in the future, and to contribute to enhancing various environmental functions.