• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.111-128
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• 2007

This paper aims to examine into the public document management regulations of Gungnaebu(宮內府) at the last period of Daehan(大韓) Empire. Gungnaebu(宮內府), newly established as a political consequence of Gabo(甲午) Reform, had managed the affairs of Royal Court all through several political changes. Many of the main contents of public document management regulations were established after 1907. These regulations and methods have a significant meaning in that they have great affect on the prototype of today's public document management. Moreover, such regulations include the departments in charge of public document management, procedures for official documents handling, provisions on compilation and preservation, the formulation of records compilation classified table and provisions on records list and lending, in detail. They suggest us many points because they are the matrix of the methods of records and archives management which had been applied through Joseon(朝鮮) colonial government, even after the foundation of Republic of Korea.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.61-71
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• 2014

Through the changes of royal architectural bureau in Gungnaebu, this study attempts to find out the modern transition of traditional facilities belonging to Gungnaebu as well as the constituent of human resources in royal architectural bureau. Yeongseonsa, the royal architectural bureau in Gungnaebu after 1905, was comprised of traditional architectural engineers including Sim Euiseok, and they tried the modern transition of traditional royal facilities gradually. But, Yeongseonsa was transformed to Naejangwon Tomokgwa which was comprised of Kim Yungu and Japanese modern architectural engineers. As Kim Yungu was the modern civil engineer not architectural engineer, Japanese architectural engineers took the lead in the architectural activities of Naejangwon Tomokgwa, and Japanese architectural technology was applied to Korean royal facilities since then.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.19
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• pp.153-192
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• 2009

Appearing newly on June 1894, Gaboh regime enforced modern reformation policy. In light of archives' management, it was totally different from before. Government established individual department of record management in every division and proclaimed a legislative bill which was stipulated about record management process. They modified archives' form including peculiar declaration of the name of an era and use together with Korean and Chinese. Also they tried to conserve the original copy of the archives. As King Gojong announced the Great Han Empire(Taehan Cheguk, 大韓帝國) on October 1897, he reinforced Gaboh regimes' weakened royal authority and enforced reformation policy which was designed for himself. First he abolished the administration which restricted royal authority, and established new department called Euijungbu(議政府). To restrain the royal power, he separated the Royal House and government and reinforced Gungnaebu(宮內府). In addition, King Gojong enforced the policy which he can manage directly about troops, policies, and finances. Consequently, He established Wonsubu(元帥府), Kyungbu(警部), and made direct belonging of an emperor. Also, department called Naejangwon(內藏院) tried to levy many kinds of taxes directly to build up the financial foundation under the emperor. The record management system of Great Han Empire succeeded to that of Gaboh regimes Times'. First, government and powerful organization directly under the emperor set up the department of record management. Euijungbu (議政府) and governmental department, of course, Gungnaebu(宮內府), Wonsubu(元帥府), Kyungbu(警部), Tongshinwon(通信院), Jikyeahmun(地契衙門) which support the right of an emperor established document division and record division individually. To carry out government's service effectively and systematically, it was considered effective to divide record management department. Moreover, despite the difference between the divisions, they were separated into current record division and non current record division. Generally, document department took charge of acceptance, sending and crafting of current document and archives department was eligible for preservation and compilation of major document and eternal conservation document. This seems to consider life cycle of the record and keep the evaluation of record in mind. Finally, perception for the record management has revealed to modern configuration.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.36
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• pp.35-67
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• 2013

As the office of crown properties expanded to financial structure having jurisdiction over various nation's purse in the Great Han Empire, its official document form has been changed. Unlike the early days, they had used official paper stamped with the words 'the Office of Crown Properties' eliminating 'Department of the Royal Household'. Also, the title on stamp of government position changed to 'Recipient of the Official of Crown Properties'. As the office of crown properties expanded as a great financial structure, it has grown in stature as an independent structure, and it was reflected in official document form. Such change was shown in document distribution system. The recipient of report from each district was the First Lord of Department of the Royal Household until 1897; however, the recipients of reports were mostly the office of Crown Properties from 1899. The Office of Crown Properties could not issue an official order before Aug 1899, since then the Office of Crown Properties had issued official orders to each district. However, the Office of Crown Properties could not handle the document in an equal position to the central organization yet. However, from Sep. 1900, the Office of Crown Properties handle the document with district organizations in equal position to the central organization, and a records office had been established in the Office of Crown Properties. Also, the Office of Crown Properties had handled official documents as an independent organization getting out of belonging organization to the department of Royal Household. Since the records office was established in Sep. 1900, the Office of Crown Properties had written receipt book autonomously. Comparing the receipt books in 1901 to the receipt books in 1905 and 1906, receipt numbers had been appeared from the book in 1905 and the organization in charge of the documents was recorded on some documents. Since no receipt book was found in 1902~1904, it is unknown when receipt number had been started indicating on the book. Seeing that the receipt number on the book of 1905 matched with contents on the receipt stamp, the receipt number has started indicating from around July, 1902; the period the receipt stamp has been started to use. Unlike the receipt stamp, the department in charge was indicated on the receipt book. It is because that the Office of Crown Properties changed writing system. Instead of classifying divisions, the Office of Crown Properties recorded in a book by order to receive, provided serial number, and wrote the department on the bottom of receipt book to classify by department in charge. Since establishment of the records office in Sep. 1900, the Office of Crown Properties had confirmed the receipt of document by stamping 'receipt of the Office of Crown Properties' and made receipt books as the office had started handled documents independently. Also, the Office of Crown Properties changed its system integrating division and recording in one book from the intial system classifying the book by division then receipt number and department in charge were indicated on the book. Also, receipt system has stabilized by stamping the receipt date and number on the received document.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.34 no.1 s.102
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• pp.1-11
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• 2004

Predicting the arch length discrepancy by simply comparing the available arch perimeter with tooth materials is merely a 2-dimensional analysis of the teeth movement. However, the real teeth movement takes place 3-dimensionally and is affected by various factors such as, the arch fen the curve of Spee and the axis of the incisors. The purpose of this study is to clarify the relationship between the decrease in the arch perimeter and the horizontal positional change of the incisors after extraction of the 1st bicuspids, for more analytic evaluation of the arch length discrepancy at pre-treatment model analysis stage. In addition to that to evaluate the effect of the curve of Spee, teeth axis to the basal plane, and the incisional crowding to the treatment outcome. All patients were treated at the department of orthodontics, dental hospital, Yonsei university. Inclusion criteria for patients selection were as follows. $\cdot$ Angle classification I malocclusion with bialveolar protrusion $\cdot$ Extraction of 4 1st bicuspids $\cdot$ No tooth anomaly or prosthesis $\cdot$ No abnormal attrition $\cdot$ No ectopically erupted teeth $\cdot$ Angle classification I canine and molar relationship $\cdot$ Less than 3mm of crowding Model analysis of the above patients was performed and the following conclusions were obtained. 1. When the intercanine distance was maintained, the available space for the distal movement of the mandibular incisors after the extraction of the 4 1st bicuspids was larger than the space provided by the extraction of the 4 1st bicuspids. However the difference was less than 1mm. The more tapered the anterior arch form, the larger the difference. 2. Compared to the situation in which the intercanine distance was maintained, when the intercanine distance was expanded to meet the width of the Posterior teeth, the incisors could move about 3mm more distally. 3. The positional difference of the incisal tip was insignificant whether the central incisors were moved by tipping or bodily movement. 4. When the anterior crowding was solved without changing the intercanine distance, the larger the anterior arch length was, the more the anterior movement of the incisors. 5. When the curve of Spee was levelled, the increase in the arch perimeter was less than half of the deepest curve of Spee.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.28
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• pp.3-33
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• 2011

The Office of Crown Properties was established to manage the property of royal properties as an institution belonging to the Department of the Royal Household in April, 1895. However, as the Great Han Empire established and various policies enforcing the power of the emperor became introduced, the Office of Crown Properties came to be expanded to a large financial agency that would be in charge of various financial sources such as Public Land and Maritime Tax. As the Office of Crown Properties came to manage various income sources, it classified the documents dealing with various government agencies in the Capital and other countryside regions by the unit of Section. The Office of Crown Properties classified the documents by Section and filed them according to Sending/Receiving subject. Sometimes, it filed one kind of document only but sometimes many different kinds of documents were filed together. The types of the document can show the characteristics of the document and the hierarchy of the related agencies through the document name. The fact that they filed the documents with different grades in one file shows that the hierarchy of the agency they dealt with was not the primary standard of the filing and that they did not file the documents by its type. The Office of Crown Properties did not file the related documents in the same file, either. We can say the documents are related if they were corresponded with other agencies while they dealt with a specific item. However, they did not file the related documents in the same file but distinguished sending documents from receiving documents. The reason why they filed different kind documents in the same file and separated the related documents in different file was they took 'whether they were sent or received' as the primary filing standard. They separated the sending documents from the receiving documents first and then filed them according to time regardless of the region or institution. The Office of Crown Properties primarily classified the documents by Section, classified the documents with the standard of whether they were receiving documents or sending documents and then filed them in a file according to the time. It means that the Office of Crown Properties came to create the Official Document Classification and filing system.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.41
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• pp.213-260
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• 2014

This paper illustrates the process of Japanese invasion of Joseon. In the December of 1905, specifically, Japan established the Residency-General in order to reform systems of government and to control records. Japan founded the Residency-General to reinforce the internal affairs of Joseon. Then, they reorganized systems of government using Joseon's bureaucracy system. The reorganization facilitated control of current and non-current records. After all, this helped Japan to know the actual circumstances of Joseon and the invasion of Joseon. To be specific, Japan organized the records at the Kyujanggak, an imperial library of the Joseon Dynasty, for understanding historical records and dominated Joseon government's current records for comprehending vulnerability of Joseon. On the other hand, Japan invaded Joseon by justifying their actions as 'administration improvement' and 'reformation'. Here are the actual examples. First, the Residency-General dominated the Kyujanggak and reorganized historical records which were stored there. It lasted for two years and let Japan comprehend the course of Joseon history. Second, the Residency-General collected and arranged current records of Joseon. It was buckled down in the August of 1910, when the Great Han Empire collapsed. After the fall of the Great Han Empire, the Residency-General transferred government records from the Japanese Government-General of Korea in order to understand the state of Joseon. Last, the Residency-General arranged records on both governmental and the Imperial property, then most of them reverted to national property.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.275-283
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• 1999

Authors evaluated 152 patients at the department of Pediatric Dentistry in Seoul National University Hospital through clinical records and radiographs. And the following features were studied ; age, sex distribution, number of mesiodens per patients, location, status of eruption, shape and orientation of crown, and complication. From the above results, the relationship between features of mesiodens and complications were evaluated using chi-square analysis. 1. Complications due to the presence of mesiodens did not occur in 31.6%, delayed eruption of adjacent teeth was observed in 33.6%, midline diastema in 22.4%, rotation in 8.6%, displacement in 3.3%, and crowding in 0.7% of all evaluated patients. 2. As compared with the above 8.5 year group, in the under 8.5 year group, the frequency of complications was significantly higher(P<0.05). As compared with those positioned lingually, in mesiodens labially or within the arch the frequency of complications was significantly higher(P<0.01). Also, the frequency of complications was significantly higher when the mesiodens was tuberculate in form(P<0.05). 3. Of the 104 patients with complications, the frequency of delayed eruption was significant higher in the under 8.5 year group, and in above 8.5 year group, the frequency of malocclusion was significantly higher(P<0.05). When mesiodens were located in the midline region, the frequency of malocclusion was significant higher, while in case with laterally positioned mesiodens the frequency of delayed eruption was significantly higher(P<0.01).

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.620-625
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• 2001

The pulpectomy or root canal treatment on primary teeth is to be done when there is evidence of chronic in flammation or necrosis in the radicular pulp. Due to the tortuous and ribbon-shaped anatomy of the primary teeth, the instrumentation of endodontic hand files and barbed broaches is not an easy procedure. Recently, many automatic Ni-Ti rotary instruments have been developed and has made endodontic treatment easier and faster. This report describes two cases of root canal treatment on primary molars using Ni-Ti rotary files. The cervical constricture was eliminated by the crown-down method, as smaller file proceeded unhindered into the apical third of the canal. In addition, the crown-down technique enhanced the efficacy of the endodontic irrigant. The use of rotary instrumentation for primary teeth seemed to be a more effective way to debride the uneven walls of primary teeth.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.16-37
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• 2015

As a result of analyzing the forming and the transformations of Seokjojeon Hall garden by linking it to the changes of Deoksugung Palace influenced by the social atmosphere, the Seokjojeon garden can be classified into four phases. The first phase starts from 1896 to 1914. Gyeongungung was built in the late 19th century(1896-1897) as an official palace and Junghwajeon Hall and Seokjojeon Hall was built for Gojong. J.M.Brown was in charge of the construction of Seokjojeon in the beginning but H.W.Davidson saw the end also set up the garden. In the process of forming the garden the incorporating of Dondeokjeon Hall and the demolishing of the west wing corridors of Junghwajeon Hall occurred. At this phase of the garden a statue of an eagle was put up in the garden but was soon taken down. The shape of the garden was quiet simple with a central axial pathway, a round assorted flower bed placed in front of Seokjojeon Hall. The second phase starts from 1915 to 1932 which lasted for 17 years. At the last years of the Great Han Empire the duties of Gungnaebu(宮內府) was transferred to Leewangjik(李王職) in 1911 and a research on the existing buildings was done by Jujeonkwa(主殿課) in 1915. According to the research drawings, the garden still maintained the axial pathway formed in the previous phase but the garden had an asymmetric form. The flower bed was formed in a round shape and an open-knot technique and boundary plantation was applied to the garden. The third phase starts from 1933 to 1937 and is the period when Seokjojeon Hall was made public. By the year of 1932 many buildings of Deoksugung Palace had been demolished in the preparation of the opening of Seokjojeon Hall as a permanent exhibition hall. The central axial pathway still remained in the new garden and added a pond with a turtle statue in the center. The fourth phase starts from 1938 until the liberation from Japan and is the period when Deoksugung Palace became a park. Yi Royal-Family Museum was built and linked to Seokjojeon Hall with a bridge and the garden transformed into a sunken garden. The garden adopted a fountain and a pagora. Despite the minor changes in the after years the garden still posses most of its form from the fourth phase. As we can see the current garden of Seokjojeon Hall is not the same as the initial garden and therefor the importance of this study lies in the fact that modifications to the statements regarding to Seokjojeon Hall garden should be made.