• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.282-300
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• 2013

This study regards that a cause of intensifying sovereignty disputes between Korea and Japan over the Dokdo island has resulted from the fallacy of Dokdo's development policy directly related to exertion and consolidation of Korean government's sovereignty on Dokdo, which has been under Korea's effective control since 1953. From this internal view, this study critically reviews the Korean government's development policy for Dokdo from the 1950s to the end of July 2012 and suggests an ideal alternative for future development of Dokdo on the basis of the discussion of the problems of Dokdo's development policy and its different future development directions proposed in Korean society. The Korean government implemented quite passively the development policy for the inhabited island which is required for the consolidation of sovereignty over Dokdo not to hinder the friendly diplomatic relationship between Korea and Japan. Dokdo is currently not acknowledged as the Korea's Dokdo island in international society, but mostly called Liancourt Rocks. It may be due to the fact that Korea did not positively develop Dokdo as a valuable island which a number of Koreans can inhabit. Consequently this paper proposes 'Dokdo eco-village' as an alternative development plan from the perspective of sustainable development which the UN has adopted. It is a small scale village that contains economic function of eco-friendly fishing, eco-tourism and East Sea research. The hope is that Dokdo eco-village draft plan will be a clue to the discussion and establishment of new Dokdo's development policy to strengthen the Korea's sovereignty and effective control over Dokdo in the future.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.139-155
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• 2018

This study investigates the processes of the "Production of Nature" and the preservation and exploitation of nature in the local festival. The recent discussions in tourism geography address the neoliberalization of nature with its political-ecological interpretation. Yangyang-gun has been one of the main regions that have made efforts to make salmon back to the streams. Also, the Yangyang Salmon Festival was organized to celebrate and symbolize the successful restoration of nature. In fact, however, the festival focuses on the commercialization of salmon. Moreover, it is hard to consider Namdaecheon as the successfully restored ecosystem for salmon. As the returning number of salmon has not significantly increased and the festival itself has not been successful to attract many tourists, the local people show declining interest on the conservation of salmon. Contrast to the catchphrase of the festival to emphasize the conservation of nature and restoration of ecosystem, there are still many hurdles that jeopardize returning of salmon. This controversy leads diverse actors into conflict over the conservation of salmon and Namdaecheon. The players in the dispute encompass local people, local and national governments and international organization. Nature appropriated for ecotourism is selectively defined, used and emphasized by the interests of agencies at multiple scales. The findings of this study show that the concept of "Produced Nature" is more useful than intrinsic or original perspective on nature as long as we try to understand the commercialization of nature that is appropriated for the repertoire of local festival.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.173-188
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• 2016

This paper argues that the establishment of the Kaohsiung Export Processing Zone (KEPZ), the first EPZ in East Asia, is a compromise of cold-war geopolitical economy in the 1960s. The KEPZ is part of the liberalization policy advise of the US Aid agency which intended to push the KMT (Kuomintang) government to downsize the nationalized sectors and foster private enterprises and encourage foreign investments. However, the KMT state hesitated to embrace the advice wholeheartedly but was forced to implement selectively the policies. To meet the compromise between liberalization and control, the KMT government takes advantage of the KEPZ to grab the geoeconomic opportunities emerging from the new international division of labor in the 1960s without losing the geopolitical support from the US. The idea that zoning as a space of compromise would provide a subtle re-examination of the rise of the KEPZ which is conventionally explained by the functionalist arguments such as increase of employment opportunities, foreign investments and export by the far-sighted developmental state.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.383-396
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• 2016

The most direct influence on the development of Yoseba Kotobuki was the end of World War II. As city rebuilding projects began vibrantly overlapping, the vitalization in Kotobuki was adopted by the laborers coming in from various parts throughout of the country. Just as the period of economic revival from the special demand created by the Korean War got underway, the aftermath of the worldwide economic recession due to the oil crisis had a direct effect on even the labor market. Moreover, as the vitality of the labor market gradually fizzled out from the long-term economic recession caused by the burst of the economic bubble, the labor base that had once been the pillar of the Japanese economy began to age and could no longer perform this role. As these aging laborers came to receive public assistance, the doya managers began repairing the doya and Kotobuki began to change again. The historical times which affected the changes in Yoseba Kotobuki's locality are in the lives of its members--the laborers--and the times themselves, which operate on the micro level; however, in those times, the national and the global time of the nation-state interact and are linked in multiple layers.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.554-571
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• 2009

This paper explores the triple helix innovation system in Food Valley in the Netherlands which is considered one of the most innovative food clusters in the world. The triple helix approach has been so far little tackled in the literature on innovation system and cluster. However, tills approach can be a useful tool for understanding the dynamic characters and knowledge transfer mechanism of industrial cluster. On the basis of an in-depth case study, we argue that Food Valley has evolved through four circles of growth in the triple helix innovation system. From the mid-2000s onward, it is seen that Food Valley has been on the stabilized circle in the triple helix system of innovation. Centered upon Wageningen UR, local universities and research centers play a pivotal role in building the triple helix innovation system. To cope with radical changes in markets and technology since the late 1980s, local firms have made a great deal of effort to reinforce the university-industry partnership. On the other hand, government agencies have played a critical role for establishing institutional milieu that facilitate university-industry partnerships and local knowledge transfer and spillover.

• Journal of the Economic Geographical Society of Korea
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.373-394
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• 2020

The strengthening of multilateral international sanctions against North Korea has raised questions as to how effective they are in exerting pressure on the country's economy. In this paper, we address this question by examining their impact on the country's integration into regional and global apparel production networks. North Korea has in the past decade become an increasingly competitive exporter of apparel on the basis of consignment-based processing arrangements. Official trade data shows a sharp drop in North Korean exports of clothing since the sectoral ban in 2017. There is evidence to suggest, however, that exports have continued on a more informal and clandestine basis. North Korea's integration into apparel production networks has also taken the form of the dispatch of workers to factories in China's northeastern border regions. Yet there is evidence that the recent sanctions imposed on such practices has similarly led to illicit practices such as working on visitors' visas, often with the help of Chinese enterprises and local government. The resilience of North Korea's integration into apparel production networks follows a capitalist logic and is result of the highly profitable nature of apparel production for all actors concerned and a correspondingly strong desire to evade sanctions. As such, the analysis contributes to the literature on sanctions that suggests that the measures may contribute to emergence of growing informal and illicit practices and to the role of the clandestine economy.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.167-206
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• 2014

메콩 경제권(GMS)의 다양한 개발 현장 속에서 고무 나무로부터 채취하는 라텍스는 캄보디아, 라오스를 포함한 인도 차이나 반도 국가들 사이에서 주요 농업 활동으로 주목 받고 있다. 그러나 캄보디아와 라오스의 대형 플랜테이션은 여러 부정적인 결과들을 낳고 있다. 토지 점유, 계약 농업을 통한 착취 등으로 인해 역설적으로 농촌의 빈곤은 증가하고 있고 해외 투자자에 대한 재정적, 기술적 의존이 심화되고 환경 파괴가 일어나고 있다. 이러한 점들로 인해 소규모 자작농들에 주목할 필요가 있다. 고무 자작농은 고용을 창출하며 토지 점유를 방지한다. 본 연구는 캄보디아와 라오스의 소규모 고무 자작농들의 생계를 비교하며 고무 호황으로 어떠한 이득을 얻고 어떠한 형태로 생계를 개선할 수 있는지를 연구한다. 본 연구는 캄보디아의 Tboung Khmum 구역과 Somsanouk 마을의 사례 연구를 바탕으로 하였다. 실증적인 분석은 세 가지의 이론적 틀을 바탕으로 하였다. 미시-생계 연구, 글로벌 가치사슬 그리고 GMS에 대한 연구들이다. 실증 분석의 초점은 생계의 변화상과 결과(고용 창출과 빈곤 탈출)이다. 전체적으로 소규모 고무 자작농은 전망이 밝았으나 앞서 언급 된 문제점들로 인해 농촌 문제를 모두 해결할 수 있는 수단은 아니다. 중요한 유사성은 소규모 고무 자작농의 사회경제적 공헌이다. 연구 지역 두 곳에서 자작농들은 고무 농사는 생계를 개선하는 데에 좋은 수단이라고 답하였다. 그럼에도 불구하고 낮은 교육 수준은 그들의 생계 전략을 불안정하게 하고 있다. 양쪽 지역에서 응답자들은 다른 주민을 따라 고무 농사를 시작했다고 대답했으며 경제, 환경적인 위험에 대해 충분히 인지하고 있지 못하였다. 이와 관련한 다른 유사점으로 소규모 자작농들을 지원할 수 있는 정부의 개입이 없었다는 것이다. 자금 조달은 고무 농사의 심각한 애로 사항 중 하나였다. 명확한 차이점으로 Tboung Khmum의 자작농들은 중개 상인에게 계약 관계를 맺지 않고 라텍스를 판매했으며 Somsanouk의 경우에는 고무 가격이 국제 시장의 영향을 받음에도 가장 높은 가격을 제시하는 상인에게 농민 전체가 같이 판매를 하였다. 이러한 현상은 GMS 내에서 이루어지고 있는 근대적인 경제 현상 에 농촌 공동체들이 다양하게 연결 되고 있음을 재확인한다. 게다가 Somsanouk 마을에서는 사이짓기를 하는 경우가 없었다. 이는 투자자들이 생산량을 극대화하기 위해 자작농들에게 사이짓기를 장려하지 않았기 때문이다. Tboung Khmum 마을의 경우 고무와 더불어 고무 이전의 주요 작물이던 카사바를 같이 재배했다. 요약하면, 자작농에 의한 소규모 고무농업은 (비록 농촌의 모든 어려움을 해결할 수는 없지만) 토지점유 등 부정적 현상이 나타나는 대규모 플렌테이션에 비해 유의미한 일자리를 창출하는 등 미래를 위한 보다 나은 대안이 될 수 있다. 농촌 생활의 질을 개선하기 위해서는 7년 간의 고무 생육기간 동안 농가가 감수해야 하는 사회-경제적 불안정성을 해결하고 대안적 소득원을 마련할 필요가 있다

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.685-698
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• 1996

Southern Louisiana has one of the largest Vitnamese refrgee neighborhoods after the mid-1970s. It is impressive that one of their adaptive strategies comes from their religious lives which are centered on either Catholicism or Buddhism. The Buddhism community, especially, exhibits an exotic symbolic system of value and attitude, and thus contributes to cultural diversity in the adopted country. The landscape of the Buddhist temple is a visible symbol to them that the host socirty accepts their maintenance of their own cultural identity and that they are also an integral part of American society. Their making-place and being-in-place procedures, although their culture is being transformed in the original shape, put an emphasis on interaction with the host xociety. These procedures have been facilitated by consolidating their identity as a minority group as well as by interacting with the host society. The on-going influx of foreign immigrant groups seems not to drive them to assimilate into the melting-pot society, but to contribute to contribute to the increase in the cultural diversity of the United States.