• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1D
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• pp.17-25
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• 2010

In Korea, the importance of walking has not been stood out in relief because of the rapid increase of a car on a drastic economic growth in the past half a century. Walking has failed to be recognized as a traffic measure or one of basic human rights. Therefore this study brings up problems of weakened walking right from increase of cars and examines reinforcing policies for walking right of advanced countries. And this study presents institutional devices for introducing walking safety measures of advanced countries reflecting pedestrian satisfaction and opinions about walking right. The results of this study are, First, pedestrians' walking liberty is guaranteed, Second, how to repair walking environment is searched and practical measures are analyzed to find out what is applicable to Korea, can reduce pedestrian accidents and is wanted by pedestrians using GAP analysis and Structural Equation. Third, basic data for upcoming selection of policies are presented by analyzing pedestrian satisfaction assuming that selected measures are operated.

• Journal of Practical Engineering Education
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.663-670
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• 2023

Unlike previous studies that have looked at ESG management and ESG performance from a consumer perspective, this study aims to examine the relationship between attitudes toward ESG and ESG performance perception from the perspective of internal customers who are members of the organization. To this end, the impact of internal members' perceptions of the importance of each ESG area on the organization's ESG management necessity and performance perception was summarized into three research questions and the impact was identified using a structural equation model. As a result of the study, internal customers highly recognized the organization's ESG management needs when they recognized the E (environmental) and G (governance) areas as important, but there was no significant relationship with the ESG management needs in the S (social) area (Research Question 1). In addition, the relationship between the perception of importance in each ESG area and the organization's ESG management needs was found to be little different depending on internal customers' interest in ESG, the degree of ESG knowledge, and age (Research Question 2). Finally, it was found that internal customers who highly perceive the organization's ESG management needs were also positively aware of the organization's ESG performance level.

• Smart Media Journal
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• v.12 no.9
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• pp.9-18
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• 2023

Black box cryptography is a cryptographic scheme based on a hardware encryption device, operating under the assumption that the device and the user can be trusted. However, with the increasing use of cryptographic algorithms on unreliable open platforms, the threats to black box cryptography systems have become even more significant. As a consequence, white box cryptography have been proposed to securely operate cryptographic algorithms on open platforms by hiding encryption keys during the encryption process, making it difficult for attackers to extract the keys. However, unlike traditional cryptography, white box-based encryption lacks established specifications, making challenging verify its structural security. To promote the safer utilization of white box cryptography, CHES organizes The WhibOx Contest periodically, which conducts safety analyses of various white box cryptographic techniques. Among these, the Differential Computation Analysis (DCA) attack proposed by Bos in 2016 is widely utilized in safety analyses and represents a powerful attack technique against robust white box block ciphers. Therefore, this paper analyzes the research trends in white box block ciphers and provides a summary of DCA attacks and relevant countermeasures. adhering to the format of a research paper.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.1-21
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• 2017

The Internet of Things (IoT) analysis aims to verify the technical characteristics, performance expectations, and adoption intentions of IoT. This work refers to IoT data from foreign and domestic publications and websites as well as aims to benefit related organizations by referring to reports from agencies. The literature review summarizes the relevant theories and background of the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. The SPSS 22.0 software and structural equation models (smart PLS 2.0) are used in the data analysis. Technical statistics analysis, reliability analysis, validity analysis, structural equation models, and statistical methods are employed to test the research hypotheses, that is, the technical characteristics of IoT will have positive effects on its performance expectations. This study introduces the characteristics and expected performance of IoT to present relevant IoT guidelines for companies that aim to adopt such technology.

• The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.29-58
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• 2007

We develop a model to estimate the value of growth opportunities, which is based on the seminal papers of M&M(1961, 1963) and Lee(2006). Making use of the estimation model, we estimate a new proxy variable of the growth opportunities, other than the usual proxy variables such as quasi Tobin's Q, MBR, and so on. The new proxy variable of growth opportunities can represent a necessary condition to identify whether the increase in new investments are successful or not. The empirical findings on the growth opportunities during the IMF currency crisis period and the post-IMF period are as follows; First, the overall success rate of new investments is as low as 50%, that means only half of the listed firms were increasing new investments when they had the growth opportunities. Second, during the crisis, one third of the listed firms were experiencing negative growth opportunities. However, during the post-IMF period, the growth opportunities on new investments were turned to be positive due to the turnaround efforts of listed firms. Third, the value of intangible assets, which are resulting from the investment of R&D and human capital, are becoming more important than ever. It seems to be true that larger portions of the value of growth opportunities are coming from the intangible assets, not from the increases in new investments of the physical assets.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.474-482
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the formation and development processes of beach resort by fabric construction in a island environment. The results are as follows. (1) The research area(Tong-ri beach, Bokil-myon, Chollanam-do)has been transformed to belch by sedimentary environmental change since latter half of 1800's. (2) The mean slope of beach face is 0.96°, and the difference of attitude between beach and mud flat face is 75cm. (3) The mean particle size of beach surface sediment is 3.53$\Phi$. This value is very finer than that of any other beach in Korea peninsula. But its value is coarser than that of mud flat surface sediment. (4) The particle size distribution of core sediment is become changed to fine particle in 70cm depth. This value is corresponded to difference of altitude between beach face and mud flat face. (5) The analysis of aerial photographs after 1970 indicates that sedimentation process was not brisked since 1970's. Consequently, the research ares has been developed by sedimentary environmental change for sea-level rise effect and wave height energy rise effect.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.669-683
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• 2017

The objective of this study is to propose a modification of the previously proposed drainage system for catching the partial leakage of underground concrete structures. Two techniques were proposed for applying the drainage system only to the leaking parts. One was for conveying leaking groundwater to the collection point in the drainage system and the other was for conveying the collected groundwater to the primary drainage system of the underground concrete structure. Four waterproofing materials for conveying leaking groundwater to the catchment point of the drainage system, Durkflex made of porous rubber material, KE-45 silicone adhesive with super strong adhesion, Hotty-gel made of polymeric materials and general silicone adhesive were evaluated for waterproofing performance. Hotty-gel only showed perfect waterproof performance and the other three waterproof materials leaked. The modified drainage system with Hotty-gel and drainage pipe with fixed saddle to convey the leaking groundwater from the catchment point to the primary drainage system were tested on the concrete retaining wall. The waterproof performance and the drainage performance were evaluated by injecting 1,000 ml of water in the back of the modified drainage system at the 7-day, 14-day, 21-day, 28-day, 2-month and 3-month. There was no problem in waterproof performance and drainage performance of the modified drainage system during 3 months. In order to evaluate the construction period and construction cost of the modified drainage system, it was compared with the existing leaching repair method in surface cleaning stage, leakage treatment stage, and protective barrier stage. Total construction period and construction cost were compared in considering the contents of work, repair material, construction equipment, working time, and total number of workers. As a result of comparing and analyzing in each construction stage, it was concluded that the modified drainage system could save construction period and construction cost compared to the existing leaching repair method.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.67-80
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• 2005

Vegetation structure of the vascular plants was investigated from April 2003 to August 2003 in Hwangjeong wetland around Geumho River, Yeongcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Korea. Actual vegetation of Hwangjeong wetland largely can be classified by the floristic composition and the physiognomy into 12 communities; Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Humulus japonicus, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Phragmites japonica, Zizania latifolia-Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Zizania latifolia-Nymphoides peltata, Miscanthus sacchariflorus-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites communis-Phragmites japonica, Phragmites japonica-Salix gracilistyla, Salix koreensis-Salix glandulosa, Salix nipponica-Salix koreensis, and Phragmites japonica-Zizania latifolia. Among them, the distribution area of the Phragmites japonica community was the largest as 49.46 ha(11.03%). The dominant vegetation type was Phragmites japonica community and Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community based on the phytosociological method, and Phragmites japonica community was classified into two subcommunities; Nymphoides peltata subcommunity and Salix glandulosa subcommunity. Differential species of Phragmites japonica community were Phragmites japonica, Miscanthus sacchariflorus, Persicaria thunbergii, Oenanthe javanica, Leersia oryzoides var. japonica, and Rorippa indica; differential species of Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior community were Ambrosia artemisiifolia var. elatior, Setaria glauca, Commelina communis, Cyperus orthostachyus, Digitaria sanguinalis, Xanthium strumarium, Erigeron annuus, Erigeron canadensis, Kummerowia striata, Trifolium repens, and Medicago sativa; differential species of Nymphoides peltata subcommunity were Nymphoides peltata, Zizania latifolia, Scirpus tabernaemontani, and Eleocharis mamillata var. cyclocarpa; differential species of Salix glandulosa subcommunity were Salix glandulosa, Salix koreensis, and Salix gracilistyla. It was expected that Hwangjeong wetland is worthy of conservation contributed purifying water pollution, giving habitats of many lifes, and providing beautiful scenes of Geumho River.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.273-288
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• 1987

연화(蓮花) 연(鉛) 아연광산(亞鉛鑛山)은 광체(鑛體)의 분포(分布)에 따라 본산지구(本山地區), 동점지구(銅店地區) 및 태백지구(太白地區)로 구분할 수 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 본격적인 탐광(探鑛)이 시작되기 전인 1981년 당시, 약 25년 동안 채광작업(採鑛作業)이 진행되어 온 본산지역(本山地域)은 주종광체(主宗鑛體)인 월암(月岩) 및 남산광체(南山鑛體)가 -600m level에서 하한(下限)이 드러남에 따라 광량(鑛量)이 크게 소진(消盡)된 상태였으며, 동점지성(銅店地城)은 상하(上下)의 광황변화(鑛況變化)는 크지 않으나 광체(鑛體)의 규모(規模)가 비교적 작아, 조업(操業)의 안정(安定)을 위해서는 신광화대(新鑛化帶)의 개발(開發)이 시급(時急)한 과제(課題)로 대두되었다. 이에 따라 평천(平川), 태백(太白), 동점역(銅店驛), 방터골, 삼방산광화대(三芳山鑛化帶) 등 연화(蓮花) 전역(全域)에 걸쳐 모암(母岩)의 분포(分布), 지질구조(地質構造), 광징(鑛徵) 등을 검토한 결과 탐광대상(探鑛對象)에서 제외되어 왔던 태백지구(太白地區)가 다음과 같은 점에서 유망(有望)한 탐사후보지(探査候補地)로 부각되었다. 첫째, 지표(地表)에서는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)이 분포(分布)되지 않으나 지질구조(地質構造)를 검토한 결과 -300m level 하부(下部)에서는 이의 전층(全層)이 분포(分布)할 것으로 예상되며, 둘째, 두무동층(斗務洞層) 및 동점규암층내(銅店珪岩層內)에서 발견된 광징(鑛徵)들이 하부(下部)의 풍촌석회암내(豊村石灰岩內)로 연장(延長)되면 부광부(富鑛部)를 이룰 것으로 기대되고, 셋째, 지층(地層)의 경사(傾斜)가 $50^{\circ}$ 이상(以上)인 점, 석영반암(石英斑岩)이 분포(分布)하는 점 등은 광상배태(鑛床胚胎)에 양호(良好)한 조건(條件)이고, 넷째, 본산지구(本山地區)의 월곡(月谷), 월암(月岩), 남산(南山)등 주종광화대(主宗鑛化帶)의 연장부(延長部)인 점, 다섯째, 중앙견갱(中央堅坑)으로부터 약 2km 거리로 탐사단계(探査段階)에 별도의 신규투자(新規投資) 없이 굴진(掘進)이 가능하다는 개발조건상(開發條件上)의 이점(利點)이 있었다. 이에 따라 태백지구(太白地區)에 대한 지표정사(地表精査), 물리탐사(物理探査) 및 지화탐(地化探)을 실시하고, 20여년간 축적된 연화광산(蓮花鑛山)의 지질(地質), 광상자료(鑛床資料)를 정리(整理), 그 특성(特性)을 태백지구(太白地區) 탐사(探査)의 가설(假說)로 적용하여 시추계획(試錐計劃)을 수립, 1982년 구조시추(構造試錐)를 실시한 결과 지질구조(地質構造), 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層)의 분포(分布) 등이 거의 예상했던 대로 밝혀졌으며 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 일단(一端)이 확인되기에 이르렀다. 1983년(年) 7월(月) 본산지구(本山地區) -600m level에서 태백(太白) 크로스 탐광굴진(探鑛掘進)이 착수되었으며, 1985년에 마침내 갱내(坑內)에서 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號) 광체(鑛體)가 착광(着鑛)되었다. -600m level에서의 태백(太白) 1호광체(號鑛體)의 규모(規模)는 연장(延長) 300m, 평균맥폭(平均脈幅) 8.5m이며, 품위(品位)는 Pb 4.5%, Zn 4.5%, Ag 109g/t이다. 태백광화대(太白鑛化帶)의 지질학적(地質學的) 예상광량(豫想鑛量)은 1,000만(萬)t 이상(以上)이 될 것으로 추정(推定)되며, 현재 -480m level에서 -720m level에 이르기까지 5개 level에서 가행(稼行)되고 있다. 현재 level에서 태백(太白) 1호(號) 광체(鑛體)는 풍촌석회암층(豊村石灰岩層) 및 화절층(花折層)을 모암(母岩)으로 하여 맥상광상(脈狀鑛床)으로 생산(生産)되며, 맥석광물(脈石鑛物)은 능망간석, Mn-방해석(方解石), 방해석(方解石), 석영(石英) 등이고 광석광물(鑛石鑛物)은 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石), 방연석(方鉛石), 황철석(黃鐵石), 자유철석(磁硫鐵石), 유비광석(硫砒鑛石), 황동석(黃銅石), 사면동석(四面銅石), 엘렉트럼 등이다. 태백지구(太自地區)는 광상(鑛床)의 산출상태(産出狀態) 및 지질(地質), 광상학적(鑛床學的) 환경(環境)이 본산지구(本山地區)와 거의 동일(同一)함이 밝혀지고 있다. 태백지구(太白地區)에서는 현재 태백(太白) 1호(號), 2호(號), 3호(號), 5호(號) 및 절골 1호(號), 2호(號) 등 6개 광화대(鑛化帶)에 대한 탐광(探鑛)이 진행되고 있다.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.117
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• pp.35-55
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• 2011

This article purports to clarify the doctrinal characteristics of the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ school's hermeneutic interpretations of the "theory of the three turns of the Dharma Cakra" in the Saṃdbinirmocana-sūtra through early Indian $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ treatises such as the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}rabb{\bar{u}}mi-vy{\bar{a}}kby{\bar{a}}$ and the. $Vy{\bar{a}}khy{\bar{a}}yukti$. It will probe how these interpretations apply co the theory of two truths or that of three natures($trisvabh{\bar{a}}va$) among the main doctrines of the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ school. Especially, the peculiar characteristic of the "theory of the three turns of the Dharma Cakra" is such chat the thought of ${\acute{s}}{\bar{u}}nyat{\bar{a}}$ in the lineage of $Praj{\bar{n}}{\bar{a}}p{\bar{a}}ramita-s{\bar{u}}tras$ is regarded as incomplete, as the early school of Madhyamaka represented by $N{\bar{a}}g{\bar{a}}rjuna$ is conceived of as belonging to the second period of turn. Speaking of the further details of the "theory of the three turns of the Dharma Cakra", the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ school subdivides the realm of saṃvṛti satya in $N{\bar{a}}g{\bar{a}}rjuna^{\prime}s$ theory of two truths; that is, it divides the saṃvṛti into merely linguistic existence and actual existence, and the thus-created structure of the theory of three natures on the basis of ocher-dependent nature(paratantra-$svabh{\bar{a}}va$) makes it possible to establish the doctrinal system of the thought of ${\acute{s}}{\bar{u}}nyat{\bar{a}}$ that is not subject to "nihilism or ${\acute{s}}{\bar{u}}nyat{\bar{a}}$ attached to evil." In effect, the above hermeneutic interpretation of the "theory of the three turns of the Dharma Cakra" is inherited into the structure of the $abh{\bar{u}}taparikalpa$ in the $Madhy{\bar{a}}nta-vibh{\bar{a}}ga$ so that, as seen in the commentary of Sthiramati, it is ascertained to apply to later doctrines through its secure establishment. To summarize its characteristics succinctly, firstly the $abh{\bar{u}}taparikalpa$ newly established as a saṃvṛti-satya is set up as the other-dependent nature, which is seen to have been set up particularly in order to sublate both the $Sarv{\bar{a}}stiv{\bar{a}}da^{\prime}s$ realist "view of being" and the Madhyamaka's "view of ${\acute{s}}{\bar{u}}nyat{\bar{a}}$" that impairs the ocher-dependent nature as a samvṛti-satya. In other words, according to the five kinds of views suggested in Sthiramati's commentary, the three natures are seen to be presented as the fundamental truth in order to unify all the doctrinal systems available ever since the beginning of Buddhism. Then, the theory of three natures is established principally on the basis of the $abh{\bar{u}}taparikalpa$, while the two truths of the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ school are clearly ascertained to have been embedded in the structure of the $abh{\bar{u}}taparikalpa$. In fact, this might be understood to reflect the unique ontological view of reality or truth in the $Yog{\bar{a}}c{\bar{a}}ra$ School.