• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• no.spc
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• pp.35-58
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• 2007

Nuclear Power Sources(NPS) have been used since 1961 for the purpose of generating energy for space objects and have since then been recognized as particularly suited essential to some space operations. In January 1978 a malfuctioning Soviet nuclear powered satellite, Cosmos 954, re-entered the earth's atmosphere and disintegrated, scattering radioactive debris over a wide area of the Canadian Northwest Territory. This incident provided some reasons to international legal scholars to make some principles to regulate using NPS in outer space. In 1992 General Assembly adopted "Principles Relevant to the Use of Nuclear Power Sources in Outer Space". These NPS Principles set out certain legal and regulatory requirements on the use of nuclear and radioactive power sources for non-propulsive purposes. Although these principles, called 'soft laws', are not legal norms, they have much enfluences on state practices such as 1983 DBS Principles(Principles Governing the Use by States of Artificial Earth Satellites for International Direct Television Broadcasting), 1986 RS Principles(Principles Relating to Remote Sensing of the Earth from Space) and 1996 Declaration on International Cooperation in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space for the Benefit and in the Interests of all States, Taking into Particular Account the Needs of Developing Countries. As far as 1963 Declaration of Legal Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space is concerned the main points such as free use of outer space, non-appropriation of celestial bodies, application of international law to outer space etc. have become customary international law binding all states. NPS Principles might have similar characters according to states' willingness to respect them.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.318-339
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• 1994

U.S. had given large amount of cotton to Korea as food aid program since 1945. This cotton aid had negative impact on cotton culture in Korean agriculture. Korean government used counterparts funds (sale proceeds of food aid) not for investment to agriculture sector, but for military budgets. And food aid on program type had influenced general economic policies, which neglected agricultural sector too. Anti-agricultural policy which was helped by U.S. food aid, had caused cotton cultivator an economic loss. So this economic loss had made many farmers abandon cotton culture. But in our times, cotton is cultivated for the purpose of domestic consumption in a few rural villages. The purposes of this study are 1) to analyze the process of spatial reduction of cotton culture since 1945 in regional contexts in Korea, and 2) to identify the function and meaning of cotton culture which does not pay off in agricultural region. Materials for acreage of cotton culture are acquired through the agricultural statistical year book(1952-1989) and census. To clarify the meanings of cotton culture, field survey are conducted in a rural village which is identified as only one where cotton was cultivated in 1993. In these contexts, this study has come to the following conclusions. In the period of under the rule of Japanese Imperialism (1910-1945), G. arboreum, species of cotton which was traditionally cultivated since 1364, had been driven out. And G. hirustun species, which is suitable for the production of highly qualified textile, has been hierarchically diffused by policy. In these period, regional structure of Korean agriculture was reorganized for the provision with food to Japan. Crops leading this dependent spatial structure were rice and cotton. So agricultural region, specialized with cotton, were distributed in the hinterland of the area which is specialized with rice. U.S. cotton aid to Korea began in 1947. U.S. took an interest in agricultural export because of her domestic surplus of cotton. Cotton aid is one mechanism by which U.S government developed agricultural market in recipient countries, Specially in the exchange rates, up-valuation of won to the U.S. dollars made domestic cotton more expensive than cotton imported, Production cost of domestic cotton is higher than Government's purchasing price of cotton which was also more expensive than price of cotton imported. Korean farmer could not help abandoning the cultivation of cotton, and this gave rise to spatial reduction of cotton culture. Spatially, cotton culture was abandoned in early stage of reduction in regions where stand at a disadvantage climatically, and in next stage in regions where other up-land crops which paid off in urban market, eg, fruits, could be cultivated. In the stage of extinction, cotton was cultivated only in area where G. hirustun species was originated in Korean peninsula. This region is not only suitable climatically for cotton culture, but is far away from urban market. Use of cotton produced is not for spinning, but for fillings of comforter. The main purpose of cotton culture in rural village is not for cotton yields, but for increase of production of seasame, which is grown together with cotton as mixed crops. Cotton product are used for domestic consumption and sold out to gin house. Though cotton culture is not paid off, farmer wanted to cultivate continuously for the cultural purpose, and they wanted the cotton culture promotion policy with the goverment subsidy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.897-905
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• 2013

In this study, sorption coefficients (${\log}K_{OC}$, n) for the binding of phenanthrene (PHE) to soil humins, insoluble fraction of soil humc substances (HS), were determined and relationship between the sorption coefficients and structural characteristics of the soil humins were investigated. The soil humins used in the present study were isolated from 7 different soils including 5 domestic soils, an IHSS standard and a peat soil, and characterized by elemental analysis and CPMAS $^{13}C$ NMR method. $^{13}C$ NMR spectral features indicate that the soil humins are mainly made up of aliphatic carbons (57.1~72.3% in total carbon) with high alkyl-C moiety, and the alkyl-C contents ($C_{Al-H,C}$, %) was in order of granite soil Hu (26~42%) > volcanic ash soil, HL Hu (23.9%) > Peat Hu (14.0%). The results of correlation study show that a positive relationship ($r^2$ = 0.77, p < 0.05) between organic carbon normalized-sorption coefficients ($K_{OC}$, mL/g) and alkyl-C contents($C_{Al-H,C}$, %), while negative relationship ($r^2$ = (-)0.74, p < 0.05) between Freundlich sorption parameter (n) and H,C-substituted aromatic carbon contents ($C_{Ar-H,C}$, %). The magnitude of $K_{OC}$ values are also negatively well correlated with polarity index (e.g., PI, N + O)/C) ($r^2$ = (-)0.74, p < 0.1). These results suggest that the binding capacity (e.g., $K_{OC}$) for PHE is increased in soil humin molecules having high contents of alkyl-C or lower polarity, and nonlinear sorption for PHE increased as the H,C-substituted aromatic carbon contents ($C_{Ar-H,C}$, %) in the soil humins increased. The PHE sorption characteristics on soil humins are discussed based on the dual reactive mode of sorption model.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
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• s.43
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• pp.47-75
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• 2016

This study has analyzed the history of the subcontract animation in Korea that began with Golden Bat of TBC Animation Division in 1966 to 1980s and shed the light on the history of subcontract animation that has been processed over 30 years in Korean animation. For this purpose, through the outlined status of subcontract animation, such as, production company, production status, scale of industry and so forth, the status of the OEM industry then has been checked and it links the solidified background of animation into subcontract production industry with the situation in time for analysis. In addition, on the basis of the foregoing, it is intended to broaden the horizon of the history of animation through the analysis on new search for facilitating the creative animation by overcoming the issues and limits generated by the subcontract animation industry. 1970s was the time that the national objective is to advance heavy-chemical industry and export-led economic growth. From the late 1970s, the animation has been spot lighted as the main-stream export industry through the overseas subcontract orders for animation. Expansion of the subcontract animation production has been influenced from the national policies on public culture, dispersion of color TV, facilitation of video production market and other media changes of the time that led the decline of animation audiences in theaters, and another cause would be in lack of platform of broadcasting companies that avoided the independent animation production for its economic theory. The subcontract animation industry may have the positive evaluation in the aspect of expanding the animation environment, such as, structuring of animation infra, development of new human resources and etc. However, the technology-incentive 'production'-oriented advancement has created distorted structure in advancing the professional human resources due to the absence of 'pre-production' of planning and others as well as the insufficient perception on 'post production (post work)', and it was unable to formulate domestic market by re-investing the capital accumulated for OEM industry into the production of creative animation and it has been assessed as negative aspect. Animation is a cultural and spiritual product of a country. Therefore, the systematic support policy for the facilitation of the creative animation, such as, development of professional human resources, creation of outstanding work, formation of market to make the pre-circulation structure and so forth has to be sought. However, animation is an industry, but there is no perception that it is a cultural industry based on the creativeness, not hardware-oriented manufacturing business. Such a lack of recognition, there was no policies to make the market and facilitate the creative animation by the animation of Korea for this period through the long-term plan and investment for independent work production. Such an attempt is newly begun through diverse searches for protection and advancement of creative animation in Korea after 1990s.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.367-376
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• 2009

Forty specimens of fossil ophiuroids were collected from two formations of the Cenozoic marine deposits, Duho Formation and Hagjeon Formation, Pohang Basin, Korea. A few specimens were three-dimensionally preserved: most of them were remained flattened and articulated. Although a gross morphology is well preserved in some specimens, the details such as disk shape and plates which is the most important diagnostic features were not observed. Most of the arms are disarticulated, and thus arm vertebra, arm spines and/or arm plates are separately preserved. Only an oral side is recognized in an attached specimens because crossing arms into disk are clearly visible. It is, thus almost impossible to identify Korean ophiuroid fossils as a species level or even a genus level. The fossils were classified into 3 groups by gross morphology of disk and arm, and architecture of vertebra. The most abundant fossils (32 specimens), were found only in the Hagjeon Formation. The majority of specimens are partially disarticulated, having only proximal and median portions of their arms preserved. Arm plates are disarticulated from arm vertebra: most of them show structure of arm vertebra. It has long and well-preserved arm spines, and large tentacle pore. Some specimens (4 specimens) from the Duho Formation is characterized by short and conical arm spines, and well-developed arm plates. Lateral arm plates are small in compared to dorsal and ventral arm plates. The others (4 specimens) is poor in preservation state showing circular oral disk and relatively short sinuous arms. No arm plates are either identified.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.92-98
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• 2012

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different abutment materials on abutment screw loosening and settling-down effect in conical connection type implant system. Materials and methods: Three types of abutment, cementation, gold UCLA, and metal UCLA abutment were used. Two UCLA groups were fabricated in a similar pattern to cementation abutment. Type III gold alloy and Nickel-Chromium alloy was used for casting gold UCLA abutment and metal UCLA abutment, respectively. Fixture and abutment were tightened to 30 Ncm by using digital torque controller and re-tightening was conducted with same force after 10 minutes. Digital torque gauge was used to measure loosening torque and fixture/abutment length was measured by digital micrometer. Dynamic loads between 25 N and 250 N were applied with $0^{\circ}$ angle to the abutment axis. After loading, fixture/abutment length was re-measured and amount of settlement was calculated. Loosening torque value was also measured for comparison Results: All three groups showed significant differences of length when comparing before and after loading, but there was no significant difference of settling amount in all groups. Loosening torque values were significantly decreased when comparing before and after loading in all groups($P$<.05). However, there was no significant difference in loss of loosening torque values when compared to groups. Conclusion: In internal conical connection type implants, dynamic load affected on settlement and loosening torque of implant, but there was no differences between abutments materials. Likewise gold UCLA abutment, metal UCLA abutment might be able to withstand functional load.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.33
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• pp.33-43
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• 2012

The corrosion phenomena of the iron artifacts was studied by morphology observation and instrumental analysis(EDS, XRD, Raman) with various corrosion factors in oder to verify to confirm the danger of corrosion factors. Corrosion compounds were collected by depositing pure Fe powder(99%) into a HCl, $HNO_3$, $H_2SO_4$, and $H_2O$ solution which contained the corrosion factors. Stereoscopic-microscope observations were then conducted determine the colors and shapes of the collected corrosion compounds, and SEM-EDS analysis was conducted to confirm the corrosion factors and the growth of these compounds. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman analyses were conducted to examine the crystal structure and compositions of the created corrosion compounds. The results of the experiment revealed that corrosion speed was faster in an acidic environment and corrosion of HCl and $H_2SO_4$ was greater than that of $HNO_3$. The corrosion compounds of HCl grew into a needle or chestnut-like shape after being affected by Cl- ion, and XRD and Raman analyses detected goethite and lepidocrocite. The corrosion compounds of $H_2SO_4$ was affected by S ion and grew into a slender-needle-like or cylindrical shape, and the XRD and Raman analyses detected goethite and lepidocrocite. The corrosion compounds of $HNO_3$ grew into a spherical or plate-like shape after being affected by O ion and the XRD and Raman analyses detected magnetite and lepidocrocite. Although the corrosion compounds of $H_2O$ grew into a spherical or plate-like shape after being affected by O ion, most of them were observed to have had spherical shapes, and the XRD and Raman analyses failed to detect corrosion compounds in them. It was found in the study that corrosion characteristics and compounds are diversely displayed according to the corrosion factor.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.430-436
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• 2010

In this study, the effects of dibenzocyclooctadiene on seed germination were investigated in pepper. Four $C_{18}$ dibenzocyclooctadiene lignans - schisandrin (1143.7 mg), schisandrin C (317.3 mg), gomisin A (261.4 mg) and gomisin N (213.4 mg) - were isolated from hexane extracts of the fruits of Schisandra chinensis. The molecular structures of the four lignans were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses including 1D NMR experiments, and bi comparing their spectroscopic data with those of previous literatures. Seeds were immersed in $10^{-5}\;M$ schisandrin, $10^{-6}\;M$ schisandrin C and $10^{-7}\;M$ gomisin A and gomisin N for 1 hr and incubated at $25^{\circ}C$ in the dark for germination. Compared to untreated control, treatment with schisandrin C and gomisin A suppressed seed germination at 48 hrs after incubation, whereas treatment with gomisin N increased germination rate at 48 hrs after incubation. The results of the germination activity of the lignans from S. chinensis confirm their potential plant growth role, and the relative natural abundances of these metabolites suggest their potential use as natural plant growth regulators.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.93-107
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of Chinese traditional garden space construction principle studied by predecessors in modern park landscape, and to find more methods of traditional garden space construction inheritance and innovation through research. Tian Chaoyang's book "Fifteen Lectures on Chinese Classical Gardens and Modern Translation" mentions that Chinese traditional gardens are combining time and space, so he draws a brief pattern diagram containing the principle of the space construction. According to this principle of space construction, the researchers chose Qujiang Pool Heritage Park, which combines modern and traditional, then analyzed its spatial structure and and space elements. The results are as follows. The complex spatial structure of the park is composed of spatial boundary lines and spatial routes. The complex boundary space is composed of bridges, squares, plants, rows of buildings and other elements. The water space in the center of the park is designed in accordance with the traces of the historical water system, and its natural zigzag shoreline expands the water space. The central water space is divided into the big pool and the small pool, the Yanbo island and Bird island are created respectively. The building at the park boundary connects the park's interior and exterior. Most of the buildings in the park are located in the convex corner of the route or space. Through this research, it can be concluded that Qujiang park also applies the space construction principle combining time and space. And then, the garden elements of Qujiang park are recreating the history and culture of Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties with modern methods, thus creating a park with Chinese regional characteristics. Since the Tang dynasty was the most prosperous period in Qujiang, the park was dominated by Tang culture. Through the research of this paper, we can see that the space construction principle of Qujiang Pool Heritage Park is the inheritance of the space construction principle of Chinese traditional garden. And the landscape element of Qujiang park is the landscape created by combining traditional history and culture, which is the innovative part of modern garden. Through this study, the creation of modern landscape with Chinese characteristics can provide some hints on the direction of inheritance and innovation.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.99-105
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• 2005

The Mansugol valley forest in Woraksan National Park was studied to investigate forest structure in relation to altitude and part of the slope. Forty eight quadrats were set up in the valley forest along altitude of 380m to 915m and part of the slope, and vegetation analysis for the woody species in the tree and subtree layers were carried out. With increasing elevation belt, tree density and basal area of the tree layer decreased while basal area of the subtree layer increased. As elevation increased, the importance percentages of Quercus mongolica, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Lindera obtusiloba and Acer mono increased while those of Pinus densiflora, Quercus variablias Quercus serrata and Styrax obassia decreased. Species diversities of the elevation belts including the top of the valley ranged from 0.351 to 0.903, and those of the parts of the slope ranged from 0.780 to 1.064. The range of similarity indices between elevation belts were $36.0\~67.3\%$, and the range of similarity indices between parts of the slope were $66.8\~75.1\%$. According to importance percentage and cluster analysis, the studied valley forest was classified into three forest communities of Pinus densiflora-Quecus species community in the low elevation belt and the middle part of the slope at the middle elevation belt, Quercus mongolica-broad-leaved tree species community in the high elevation belt and the lower and upper parts at the middle elevation belt, and Quercus mongolica community in the top area of the valley. The importace percentage of Quercus mongolica was significantly and negatively correlated with those of Pinus desiflora and Quercus serrata. There were significantly positive correlation among Pinus densiflora, Quercuss serata and Rhus trichocarpa.