• Title/Summary/Keyword: 구성 수준

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Effects of Depth and Duration of Water-logging on Growth and Yield at Transplanting and Flowering Stage in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) (고추(Capsicum annuum L.)의 이식기(移植期) 및 개화기(開化期) 침수처리(浸水處理) 따른 생육반응(生育反應))

  • Guh, Ja-Ock;Kuk, Yong-In
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.425-433
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    • 1996
  • Pepper plants were water-logged at 0, 5, 10 and 15 cm at transplanting and flowering stages under the condition of greenhouse. Treatment of water-logging times were 6, 12, 24, 48 and 120 hours. The results obtained are summarized as follows. At the transplanting stage, plant height, number of leaves, shoot and root fresh weight decreased by water-logging at 0cm for 24 hours and at 5cm or more for 6 hours. Number of fallen leaf was negligible by 12 hours water-logging at 0cm, however, its increased by more increased the water-logging depth and time. Diffusion resistance and chlorophyll content of leaf, and root activity decreased at more than 24 hours of water-logging regardless of the water-logging depth treatments. Photosynthesis and respiration rate diminished by increased the water-logging depth at 120 hours water-logging treatment. Plant diseases, mainly anthracnose(Colletotrichum) occurred in proportion to increase the depth and time of water-logging. It was not possible to control the diseases by fungicides. At the treatment of foliar spray of urea for recovery to water-logging damage, the efficiency was not found on plant height, but the number of leaves. Number of fruit and weight of fruit per plant showed no difference from no water-logging to 24 hours water-logging at 0cm, but its decreased that more than 24 hours water-logging at 0cm and more than 6 hours water-logging at 5cm or more. The averaged weight of a fruit on survival plants increased by more hours and deeper water-logging. There was positive correlation between all the investigated characteristics of growth and yield. There was, however, negative correlation between the characteristics and diffusion resistance of leaf stomata. The correlation between number of fallen leaf and averaged weight of a fruit was not significant. At flowering stage, number of fruit and weight of fruit per plant showed a similar tendency to no water-logging and by 12 hours water-logging at 0cm and 5cm, but significantly decreased at more than 24 hours water-logging from 0 to 5cm, and more than 6 hours water-logging at 10cm or more. The averaged weight of a fruit on survival plants increased by more hours and deeper water-logging except for 120 hours water-logging at all water depths.

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Comparison of Ventilation Efficiency in an Enclosed and Conventional Growing-Finishing Pig House (개방형과 무창형 육성비육돈사의 환기효율 비교)

  • Song, J.I.;Choi, D.Y.;Jung, J.W.;Yang, C.B.;Choi, H.L.
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.46 no.3
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    • pp.459-468
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    • 2004
  • An experiment was conducted to establish comparison of ventulation efficiency in an enclosed and conventional growing-finishing pig house. The main results of the experiment are as follows : In the established temperature was sustained at the level of summer 24.8${\sim}$29.1$^{\circ}C$, winter 17.9${\sim}$23.1$^{\circ}C$ during the experimental period of enclosed growing-finishing pig house, and conventional growing-finishing pig house was at the lovel of summer 24.7${\sim}$32.3$^{\circ}C$, winter 14.5${\sim}$18.2$^{\circ}C$ during the experimental period respectively. As for the results of dertimental gas(ammonia) concentration ratio analysis, while the conventional pig house sustained of summer 9.3${\sim}$16.9 mg/$\ell$ level, enclosed growing-finishing pig house sustained of summer 7.9${\sim}$16.1 mg/$\ell$, and the latter one is lower than that of the conventional growing-finishing pig house. Air flow rate on the floor level which is the low part of pen and the active area of pigs in the enclosed growing and finishing pig house during winter was measured at 0 to 0.87 m/s at the 0.01 to 2.73 m/s at the maximum ventilation efficiency. As for breeding pigs in summer, the pigs from the conventional pig house weighed 100.2kg, on the other hand, the pigs from enclosed growing-finishing pig house weighed 107.3 kg ; the differnce between the two kinds was about 7 kg. This was because the most adequate environment, which was not influenced by the exterior atmosphere, was offered to the pigs from enclosed growing-finishing pig house, and all of this could reduce pigs stress effectively.

Sensory and Textural properties of Dongchimi added with Citron (Citrus junos) (유자 첨가 동치미의 관능적 및 텍스쳐 특성)

  • 장명숙;김나영
    • Korean journal of food and cookery science
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.462-471
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    • 1997
  • Effect of citron on Dongchimi (watery radish kimchi) fermentation was investigated by sensory evaluation and the measurement of non-volatile organic acids, soluble pectin, and the texture during fermentation up to 36 days. Dongchimi with various levels of citron (0, 1, 2, 4, 6%) was fermented at 10$^{\circ}C$. In sensory evaluation, citron-added Dongchimi showed the higher scores in most characteristics than Dongchimi without citron in which Dongchimi with 2% citron was the most preferable. The non-volatile organic acids of Dongchimi were identified as lactic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid. There were significant changes in the contents of lactic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, and citric acid during fermentation. Generally, the content of hydrochloric acid-soluble pectin (HSP) of Dongchimi occupied the higher ratio in the total soluble pectin content. Generally, the content of hot water-soluble pectin (HWSP) of Dongchimi decreased and that of sodium hexametaphosphate-soluble pectin (NaSP) increased during fermentation. The hardness of radish in Dongchimi showed the highest score on 23$\^$rd/ day and decreased thereafter.

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Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Domestic Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) Extracts on Performance, Immune Response and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chicken (국내 자생 황금 추출물의 첨가 급여가 육계의 생산성, 면역 기능 및 장내 균총 변화에 미치는 영향)

  • Kwon, H.S.;Kim, J.Y.;Kim, J.S.;Lee, B.K.;Lee, S.Y.;Lee, W.S.;Ahn, B.K.;Kim, E.J.;Kang, C.W.
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.35 no.4
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    • pp.351-359
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    • 2009
  • This study was carried out to investigate dietary effects of extracts of Skullcap (Scutellaria baicalensis) (SCE) grown in Korea on growth performance, immune and physiological responses in broiler chickens. Total of seven-hundred fifty 1-d-old Ross male broiler chicks were divided into five groups and fed control diets (antibiotics medicated or non-medicated commercial diets) or each experimental diet (non-medicated diets containing 0.1, 0.3 or 0.5% SCE) for 5 weeks. The body weight gain and feed conversion rate in the groups fed diets containing 0.1% or 0.3% SCE were significantly improved as compared with those of non-medicated control group (P<0.05). The levels of total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol of blood were not influenced by feeding the SCE. The average antibody titers against NDV and IBV in the groups fed diets containing SCE were significantly increased compare to those of the control groups (P<0.05). The number of coli form bacteria was significantly reduced by feeding 0.3% or 0.5% SCE as compared to that of non-medication control (P<0.05). The results demonstrated that the SCE used in this study modulated humoral immunity and the profiles of cecal microflora and thus can be used as a potential alternative substance to replace antibiotics for feeding broiler chicks.

Effect of Annual and Basal Dressing with Liquid Pig Manure on Growth and Quality of Rice in Double Cropping System of Rice-Malting Barley (벼.맥주보리 작부체계에서 돈분액비 연용이 벼 생육과 미질에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Seong-Tae;Seo, Dong-Cheol;Cho, Ju-Sik;Dahlgren, Randy A.;Lee, Young-Han
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.43 no.5
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    • pp.624-630
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    • 2010
  • In order to investigate the effects of continual pre-plant application of liquid pig manure (LPM) on growth and quality of rice in double cropping system of rice and malting barley, the liquid pig manure was applied after harvesting rice and malting barley for 3 years. Field experiment was designed with non-fertilizer, chemical fertilizer (CF) 100% recommended by soil testing, rice (LPM 50%+CF 50%)+malting barley (CF 100%), rice (LPM 50%+CF 50%)+malting barley (LPM 50%+CF 50%), rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) and rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%). The yield of rice was increased by 13% with increasing culm length and No. of panicle per hill as 482 kg $10a^{-1}$ in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot compare with 427 kg $10a^{-1}$ in rice (CF 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) plot. Whereas, lodging index was high in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot by increasing of internodes length from 3rd to 4th and decreasing of breaking strength. When the quality of milled rice was compare with rice (CF 100%)+malting barley (CF 100%) plot, it was decreased by increasing of protein contents and decreasing of rate of perfect grain in rice (LPM 100%)+malting barley (LPM 100%) plot. The content of amylose was not significant by 19.4~22.0%. Toyo-taste value was not different in LPM 100% and CF 100% plot. Rice could be grown with only liquid pig manure 100%, but considering yield and quality of rice and lodging risk, basal fertilization by LPM 50% and top-dressing by CF 50% application was recommended for rice cultivation.

Quantitative Assessments and Spatial Pattern Analyses of Weed Seed Banks of Arable Peat in Selangor, Malaysia (말레이지아 세랑고지역 부식질토양경지 매립잡초종자에 대한 정량생태분석)

  • Bakar, Baki Bin;Kwon, Yong-Woong;Yin, Fenny Wong Nyuk
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
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    • v.17 no.3
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    • pp.269-280
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    • 1997
  • Collated data from the 1995-1996 field surveys of weed seeds buried in the plough layer of peat soil in Selangor district were analysed to assess species-dominance and spatial pattern of distribution of weed seeds based on selected quantitative indices and index of dispersion. Forty five species within 14 families were recorded of which 24 were broadleaves, 12 grasses and 9 sedges. They comprised ca. 53.2, 31.2 and 15.6%, respectively based on total population counts. Total seed population was ca. $8.14{\times}10^7$ seeds/ha within the fast 25cm soil depth. Wide variabilities in population counts were registered among species ranging from < $7.0{\times}10^4$ seeds/ha for Amaranthus gracilis to ca. $5.64{\times}10^6$ seeds/ha for Heteropogon contortus. Seeds of Cleome rutidesperma was the most abundant(ca. $2.347{\times}10^7$ seeds/ha). Difference in seed population counts may be attributed to inherent variation in fecundity, population fluxes, their spatial distribution patterns and the agronomic practices prevailing in the areas of survey. The profile distribution of soil seed banks was skewed within the first 0 - 10cm depth, comprising ca. 69% of the total seed counts. Seed counts in the 10 - 15, 15 - 20 and 20 - 25cm soil profiles were in the order of 17.9, 8.6 and 4.0% of the total populations, respectively. Weed seeds of all species displayed different degree of aggregated pattern of distribution with variance-to-mean ratios of > 1 and Lloyd's mean crowding($m^*$) values from 1.244 for Cyperus iria, Phyllanthus debilis, Phyllanthus urinaria, Scirpus grosses and urinaria lagopodiodes to 9607.7 for Cleome rutidosperma. Lloyd's patch indices(Ip) ranging from 5.1 for Aeschynomene indica to 188.5 for Bracharia reptans were registered. Differences in the VMR, $m^*$ and Ip values among species suggested inter-alia inherent variabilities in their disposal capacity from seed source and different agronomic practices prevailing in the areas surveyed.

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Development of a Comprehensive Model of Disaster Management in Korea Based on the Result of Response to Sampung Building Collapse (1995), - Disaster Law, and 98 Disaster Preparedness Plan of Seoul City - (우리나라 사고예방과 재난관리 모형 개발을 위한 연구)

  • Lee, In-Sook
    • Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.289-316
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    • 2000
  • 우리나라의 경우 지역사회 재난 관리계획과 훈련이 보건의료적 모형이라기 보다는 민방위 모형에 입각하기 때문에 사고 현장에서의 환자 중증도 분류, 합리적 환자배분 및 이송, 병원 응급실에서의 대처 등이 체계적으로 이루어지지 못하고 있으며, 지역사회가 이에 즉각적으로 반응할 수 없다. 본 연구는 삼풍 붕괴사고 시에 대응방식과 그 후의 우리나라 응급의료 체계를 분석함으로써 대형사고 예방과 재난관리를 위한 우리나라 응급의료체계의 개선방안과 간호교육에서의 준비부분을 제시하고자 한다. 1 삼풍 사고 발생시에는 이를 관장할 만한 법적 근거인 인위적 재해에 관한 재난관리법이 없었다. 따라서 현장에서는 의학적 명령체계를 확보하지 못했기 때문에 현장에서의 응급 처치는 전혀 이루어지지 못하였다. 현장에서의 중증도 분류. 응급조치와 의뢰, 병원과 현장본부 그리고 구급차간의 통신 체계 두절, 환자 운송 중 의료지시를 받을 수 있도록 인력, 장비, 통신 체계가 준비되지 못하였던 점이 주요한 문제였다. 또한 병원 응급실에서는 재난 계획이 없거나 있었더라도 이를 활성화하여 병원의 운영 체계를 변환해가지 못하였다. 2. 삼풍백화점 붕괴사고 한달 후에는 인위적 재해에 대한 재난관리법이 제정되고, 행정부 수준별로 매년 지역요구에 합당한 재난관리 계획을 세우도록 법으로 규정하였다. 재난 관리법에는 보건의료 측면에서의 현장대응, 주민 참여, 응급 의료적 대처, 정보의 배된. 교육/훈련 등이 포함되어 있어야 한다. 그러나 법적 기반이 마련된 이후에도 한국 재난 계획 내에는 응급의료 측면의 대응 영역은 부처간 역할의 명시가 미흡하며, 현장에서의 응급 대응과정을 수행할 수 있는 운영 지침이 없이 명목상 언급으로 그치고 있기 때문에 계획을 활성화시켜 지역사회에서 운영하기는 어렵다. 즉 이 내용 속에는 사고의 확인 /공고, 응급 사고 지령, 요구 평가, 사상자의 중증도 분류와 안정화, 사상자 수집, 현장 처치 생명보존과 내과 외과적 응급처치가 수반된 이송, 사고 후 정신적 스트레스 관리, 사고의 총괄적 평가 부분에 대한 인력간 부처간 역할과 업무가 분명히 제시되어 있지 못하여, 사고 발생시 가장 중요한 연계적 업무 처리나 부문간 협조를 하기 어렵다. 의료 기관과 응급실/중환자실, 시민 안전을 책임지고 있는 기관들과의 상호 협력의 연계는 부족하다. 즉 현재의 재난 대비 계획 속에는 부처별 분명한 업무 분장, 재난 상황에 따른 시나리오적 대비 계획과 이를 훈련할 틀을 확보하고 있지 못하다. 3. 지방 정부 수준의 재난 계획서에는 재난 발생시 보건의료에 관한 사항 전반을 공공 보건소가 핵심적 역할을 하며 재난 관리에 대처해야 된다고 규정하고 있다. 그러므로 보건소는 지역사회 중심의 재난 관리 계획을 구성하고 이를 운영하며, 재난 현장에서의 응급 치료 대응 과정은 구조/ 구명을 책임지고 있는 공공기관인 소방서와 지역의 응급의료병원에게 위임한다. 즉 지역사회 재난 관리 계획이 보건소 주도하에 관내 병원과 관련기관(소방서. 경찰서)이 협동하여 만들고 업무를 명확히 분담하여 연계방안을 만든다. 이는 재난관리 대처에 성공여부를 결정하는 주요 요인이다. 4 대한 적십자사의 지역사회 주민에 대한 교육 프로그램은 연중 열리고 있다. 그러나 대부분의 교육주제는 건강증진 영역이며. 응급의료 관리는 전체 교육시간의 8%를 차지하며 이중 재난 준비를 위한 주민 교육 프로그램은 없다. 또한 특정 연령층이 모여있는 학교의 경우도 정규 보건교육 시간이 없기 때문에 생명구조나 응급처치를 체계적으로 배우고 연습할 기회가 없으면서 국민의 재난 준비의 기반확대가 되고 있지 못하다. 5. 병원은 재난 관리 위원회를 군성하여 병원의 진료권역 내에 있는 여러 자원을 감안한 포괄적인 재난관리계획을 세우고, 지역사회를 포함한 훈련을 해야 한다. 그러나 현재 병원은 명목상의 재난 관리 계획을 갖고 있을 뿐이다. 6. 재난관리 준비도를 평가할 때 병원응급실 치료 팀의 인력과 장비 등은 비교적 기준을 충족시키고 있었으나 병원의 재난 관리 계획은 전혀 훈련되고 있지 못하였다 그러므로 우리나라 재난 관리의 준비를 위해서는 현장의 응급의료체계, 재난 대응 계획, 이의 훈련을 통한 주민교육이 선행되어야만 개선될 수 있다. 즉 민방위 훈련 모델이 아닌 응급의료 서비스 모델에 입각한 장기적 노력과 재원의 투입이 필요하며, 지역사회를 중심으로 대응 준비와 이의 활성화 전략 개발, 훈련과 연습. 교육에 노력을 부여해야 한다. 7. 현장의 1차 응급처치자에 대해서는 법적으로 명시하고 있는 역할이 없다. 한국에서는 응급구조사 1급과 2급에 대한 교육과 규정을 1995년 이후 응급의료에 관한 법률에서 정하고 있다. 이 교육과정은 미국이 정하고 있는 응급구조사 과정 기준과 유사하지만 실습실이나 현장에서의 실습시간이 절대적으로 부족하다. 덧붙여 승인된 응급구조사 교육 기관의 강사는 강사로서의 자격기준을 충족할 뿐 아니라 실습강사는 대체적으로 1주일의 1/2은 응급 구조차를 탑승하여 현장 활동을 끊임없이 하고 있으며, 실습은 시나리오 유형으로 진행된다. 그러므로 우리나라의 경우 응급 구조사가 현장 기술 인력으로 역할 할 수 있도록 교과과정 내에서 실습을 강화 시켜야하며, 졸업생은 인턴쉽을 통한 현장 능력을 배양시키는 것이 필요하다. 8. 간호사의 경우 응급전문간호사의 자격을 부여받게 됨에 따라, 이를 위한 표준 교육 지침을 개발함으로써 병원 전 처치와 재난시 대응할 수 있는 역량을 보완해야 한다. 또한 현 자격 부여 프로그램 내용을 고려하여 정규자격 간호사가 현장 1차 치료자(first responder)로 역할 할 수 있도록 간호학 교과과정을 부분 보완해야한다.

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Quality Characteristics of Pressed Ham Containing Grape Seed Oil (포도씨유가 함유된 프레스햄의 품질특성)

  • Lee, Jeong-Ill;Jung, Jae-Doo;Lee, Jin-Woo;Ha, Young-Joo;Joo, Seon-Tae;Park, Gu-Boo;Kwack, Suk-Chun;Park, Jeong-Suk
    • Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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    • v.50 no.5
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    • pp.721-732
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    • 2008
  • Pressed ham was manufactured to investigate the effects of grape seed oil on the quality characteristics of pressed ham. Five treatments were divided based on differences in the amount of grape seed oil added into the pressed ham. For control, 10% of back fat was only added without grape seed oil. For the first treatment, 10% of grape seed oil among the lard component added into the pressed ham was replaced. For the 2nd, 3rd and 4rd treatments, 20%, 30% and 40% of grape seed oil was respectively replaced. Pressed ham manufactured using grape seed oil was vacuum packaged and then stored for 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days at 4℃. Samples were analyzed for shear force value, sensory properties, TBARS and fatty acid composition. In the 1, 21 and 28 days of storage, shear force value of grape seed oil treatment (T4) was significantly lower than that of control (P<0.05). No remarkable differences were found in sensory properties among control and grape seed oil treatment groups. The TBARS value was significantly higher in control than in grape seed oil treatment group(T4) at 28 days of storage (P<0.05). The TBARS of control and grape seed oil treatment groups increased significantly as the storage period increased(P<0.05). The linoleic acid(C18:2) content of grape seed oil treatment groups was significantly higher than that of control(P<0.05). But the contents of C10:0~C20:4 were decreased significantly by grape seed oil additive (P<0.05). Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acid content of control was significantly higher than that of grape seed oil treatment groups(P<0.05). Whereas the increase level of grape seed oil additive resulted in the significantly higher polyunsaturated fatty acid content(P<0.05). Based on these findings, we conclude that the sensory properties and lipid oxidation(TBARS) of manufactured pressed ham were not affected by grape seed oil addition. Also, our results indicate that high-quality pressed ham can be manufactured with strengthen of polyunsaturated fatty acid content.

The Study on the Estimation of Optimal Debt Ratio in Korean Automobile Industry (국내 자동차산업의 적정부채비율 추정을 위한 실증연구)

  • Seo, Beom;Kim, Il-Gon;Park, Ji-Hun;Im, In-Seob
    • Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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    • v.19 no.3
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    • pp.301-308
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    • 2018
  • This study explores an analytical mathematical model designed to estimate the optimal debt ratio of the Korean automobile industry, which has a more significant effect on the national economy than that of other industries, and attempts to estimate the optimal debt ratio based on objective data. The analytical model is based on ROA and ROE which uses the debt ratio as an independent variable and employs ROS, TAT, and NFCL as the related parameters. Regarding the NFCL, the optimal debt ratio is usually defined as the debt ratio that maximizes the ROA and ROE and is calculated using analytical procedures, such as by adding an equation that considers the debt ratio and the linearity relationship to the analytical model. This is because the optimal debt ratio can be calculated reliably by making use of an estimated value within a certain range, which is derived from more than two calculations rather than a single estimation starting from one calculation formula. In this study, for the estimation of the optimal debt ratio, the ROA and ROE are expressed as a quadratic equation with the debt ratio as the independent variable. Using this analysis procedure, the optimal debt ratio obtained using the data from the Korean automobile industry over a sixteen year period, which would optimize the profitability of the Korean automobile industry, was found to be 188% of the debt ratio in the ROA and 213% of the debt ratio in the ROE. This result was obtained by overcoming the problem of the reliability of the estimation value in spite of the limitations of the logical theory of this study, and can be interpreted as meaning that maintaining a debt ratio of 188% to 213% can enhance the profitability and reduce the risks in the Korean automobile industry. Furthermore, this indicates that the existing debt ratio of the Korean automobile industry is lower than the optimal value within the estimated range. Consequently, it is necessary for corporations to change their future debt ratio policies, given that the purpose of debt ratio management is to maintain safety and increase profitability, and to take into account the characteristics of the specific industry.

Effect of Low Concentrated-phosphorous Fused Phosphate on Rice Plant (수도(水稻)에 대(對)한 인산저농도(燐酸低濃度) 용성인비(鎔成燐肥)의 효과(效果))

  • Lee, Yun Hwan;Han, Ki Hak;Park, Young Dae;Kim, Bok Jin;Heu, Ii Bong
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.5 no.1
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    • pp.1-8
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    • 1972
  • In order to expect the effect of silica with large quantity application of current Fused calcium-magnesium phosphate on the paddy rice, there are difficulties of excess phosphorus application because of the high content of phosphate in this fertilizer. This experiment was discussed on the effect of posphate and silica absorbed by rice plant from the low concentrated fused calcium-magnesium phosphate which was fused with mixture of rock phosphate, chemical calcium oxide, magnesium oxide and silicate oxide in the furnace using coke, 1. The fusion material contained 8.9% of citric acid soluble $P_2O_5$ and 33% of soluble $SiO_2$. 2. The rice yields were increased with high significance accompanying the application levels of fused material amounts. 3. No. of grains per head, weight of 1,000 grains and percent of filled grain were caused to increase the productivity of rice plant on account of the high content of silica in straws absorbed from fusion material. The treatment of 300 kg/10a. was the highest yield among the levels of fusion material. 4. At the growing periods of rice plant, amount of absorbed phosphate was higher in the small amount treatment of fusion material until the formation period of young head, and was highest in the treatment of 300 kg/10a. leval among them but slightly desreased at 500 kg/10a. level at the harvest. Amount of absorbed silica was the same trend with phosphorus at the begining of growth period but increased rapidly from the formation period of young head to harvest in the large quantity application levels. 5. Much amount of nutrients were residued in the soil after experiment pacing with application levels. 6. The effect of silica and phosphate on rice plant can be expected with fusion material but it is necessary to decrease the phosphate content on account of the large residue of phosphate in the soil after experiment.

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