• Title/Summary/Keyword: 교사발화

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Epistemological Implications of Scientific Reasoning Designed by Preservice Elementary Teachers during Their Simulation Teaching: Evidence-Explanation Continuum Perspective (초등 예비교사가 모의수업 시연에서 구성한 과학적 추론의 인식론적 의미 - 증거-설명 연속선의 관점 -)

  • Maeng, Seungho
    • Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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    • v.42 no.1
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    • pp.109-126
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    • 2023
  • In this study, I took the evidence-explanation (E-E) continuum perspective to examine the epistemological implications of scientific reasoning cases designed by preservice elementary teachers during their simulation teaching. The participants were four preservice teachers who conducted simulation instruction on the seasons and high/low air pressure and wind. The selected discourse episodes, which included cases of inductive, deductive, or abductive reasoning, were analyzed for their epistemological implications-specifically, the role played by the reasoning cases in the E-E continuum. The two preservice teachers conducting seasons classes used hypothetical-deductive reasoning when they identified evidence by comparing student-group data and tested a hypothesis by comparing the evidence with the hypothetical statement. However, they did not adopt explicit reasoning for creating the hypothesis or constructing a model from the evidence. The two preservice teachers conducting air pressure and wind classes applied inductive reasoning to find evidence by summarizing the student-group data and adopted linear logic-structured deductive reasoning to construct the final explanation. In teaching similar topics, the preservice teachers showed similar epistemic processes in their scientific reasoning cases. However, the epistemological implications of the instruction were not similar in terms of the E-E continuum. In addition, except in one case, the teachers were neither good at abductive reasoning for creating a hypothesis or an explanatory model, nor good at using reasoning to construct a model from the evidence. The E-E continuum helps in examining the epistemological implications of scientific reasoning and can be an alternative way of transmitting scientific reasoning.

Scientific Explanations by Earth Science Teachers in Secondary Schools: Analyses of the Logical Forms and Discursive Features (중등학교 지구과학 교사들의 과학적 설명: 논리적 형식과 담화적 특징 분석)

  • Oh, Phil-Seok
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.27 no.1
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    • pp.37-49
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    • 2007
  • The purpose of this study was to classify the logical forms of scientific explanations provided by teachers in secondary earth science classrooms, to examine the characteristics of the scientific explanations in different forms, and to identify the roles of the teacher and students in discursive practices for scientific explanations. Data came from the earth science teachers who participated in overseas teacher in-service programs in the years 2003 and 2004. A total of 18 video-taped lessons and their verbatim transcriptions were analyzed. The result showed that deductive-nomological explanations occurred most frequently in earth science classrooms and that the deductive-nomological model was well-suited to those problems for which there existed firmly established scientific laws or principles to construct scientific explanations. However, abductive explanations were presented when the classes dealt with retrodictive tasks of earth science. The statistical-probabilistic and statistical-relevance models were also employed in explaining weather proverbs and unusual changes of weather, respectively. Most of the scientific explanations were completed through the teachers' monologic utterances, and students assumed passive roles in discursive practices for developing scientific explanations. Implications for science lessons and science education research were discussed.

Teacher's corrective feedback: Focus on initiations to self-repair (학습자의 오류에 대한 교사의 오류 수정: 학습자 자기 교정 유도를 중심으로)

  • Kim, Young-Eun
    • English Language & Literature Teaching
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.111-131
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    • 2007
  • This study explores teacher's corrective feedback types in an error treatment sequence in Korean EFL classroom setting. Corrective feedback moves are coded as explicit correction, recast, or initiations to self-repair. The frequency and distribution of each corrective feedback type are examined. But the special focus was given on feedback types eliciting learner's self-repair (clarification request, metalinguistic feedback, elicitation, and repetition of error) because initiations to self-repair are believed to facilitate language learning more than other strategies. The results of the study are as follows. First, there was an overwhelming tendency for teacher to use recasts whereas initiations to self-repair were not used as much as recast (52.4% vs. 29.5%). Second, the teacher tended to select feedback types in accordance with error types: namely, recasts after phonological, lexical, and translation errors and initiations to self-repair after grammatical errors though the differences were not significant. Finally, teacher's belief and students' expectation on corrective feedback were compared with actual corrective feedback representations respectively and some mismatches were found. Though both teacher and the students acknowledged the importance and necessity of self-repair, self-repair were not put into practice as such. Therefore, this study suggests more initiations to self-repair be used for effective language learning.

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Development of Scientific Conceptual Understanding through Process-Centered Assessment that Visualizes the Process of Scientific Argumentation (과학적 논의 과정을 시각화한 과정중심평가에서의 과학적 개념 이해 발달)

  • Kim, Misook;Ryu, Suna
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.39 no.5
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    • pp.637-654
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    • 2019
  • The purpose of this study is to investigate the development of scientific conceptual understanding through a process-centered assessment that visualizes the process of scientific argumentation. In this study, 353 high school students and five teachers participated in the scientific argumentation. As a result of analyzing students' utterances on the elements of argumentation, scientific concepts in intragroup were embodied through query and clarification of meaning, and organized through agreement and rebuttal. In intergroup argumentation, scientific concepts were elaborated through query, clarification of meaning, and change of claim. Teachers were able to understand the process of argumentation through small-group activity sheets where the process was visualized, thereby providing feedback and improving the class. Based on the results, the scientific argumentation of visualizing the process was found not only to allow students to perform self-assessment and peer-assessment but also to help teachers understand the argumentation process. The findings of this study guide process-centered assessment in the science curriculum and are expected to contribute to the promotion of scientific argumentation in classrooms.

A Study on the Korean Speaking Activity Utilizing Mobile Learning (모바일 러닝을 활용한 한국어 말하기 활동 방안 연구)

  • Kim, Ji-Hyun
    • The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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    • v.20 no.3
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    • pp.440-451
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    • 2020
  • The purpose of this study is to present a method of Korean speaking activity utilizing mobile learning. It can compensate for the shortcomings of Korean speaking classes. Currently, speaking classes in the Korean as a foreign language site are difficult to interact individually and immediately because there are one professor and several learners. So it is hard for learners to improve their speaking ability in the actual class. However, it is helpful for learners to receive instant and individual feedback and check their pronunciation, intonation and speed. by using mobile learning. Therefore, This study consists of main-activity that can correct their pronunciation, post-activity that can make free dialogues through communication between learner and learner. So learners can improve their pronunciation accuracy and fluency as well as composition of conversation. This activity was applied to the actual class and after that, the satisfaction and opinions of learners were investigated. The results showed that many learners responded positively, but also suggested that they need to supplement mobile-learning activities in classrooms and future APP developments.

의사소통식 영어 발음지도

  • 김정렬
    • Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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    • 1997.07a
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    • pp.45-60
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    • 1997
  • 의사소통식 영어교수법은 Widdowson (1978)이래, 과거 20여 년간의 여러 외국어 교수 방법들을 (침묵식 교수법, Gattegno; 자연적 교수법, Terrell & Krashen; 전신반웅 교수법, Asher; 집단언어 학습법, Curran; 암시적 교수법, Lozanov) 거치면 서, 이들 중에서 의사소통을 중심으로 한 여러 가지 방법을 총괄하여, 명실공히 외국어 교육 방법의 중심으로 그 자리를 갈수록 확고히 잡아가고 있다. 의사소통식 교수법은 우선 언어란 의사소통을 위한 수단이며, 의사소통은 사회 속에서 일어나는 사회 언어적 행위로 본다. 따라서, 외국어 교육의 목적을 무엇보다도 의사소통 기능의 숙달에 두는 것이다. 일반적인 의사소통 상황을 보면 발화내용의 문법적 정확성은 그 상황에 대한 내용의 적절성 여부에 비하면, 부수적인 것이다. 예를 들면, 사과를 하는 의사소통기능을 공부하면서, 사과하는 표현으로 Sorry라는 말을 썼다고 하자. 이때, 영어는 주어 생략 언어가 아니기 때문에, Sorry 대신에 문법적으로 완전한 문장인 I'm sorry 로 표현해야 한다는 문법적인 문제보다는 사과하는 표현이 그 상황에서 적절하게 쓰인 것인지를 묻는 것에 초점을 맞춘 것이 의사소통식 교수 방법이다. 현재, 초등학교 16 종 영어 교과서도 의사소통 기농들을 적절한 상황에 맞춰서 의사소통식 교수 방법의 정신을 비교적 잘 반영하고 있다. 그러나, 발음에서만큼은 아직도 의사소통식 교수방법을 무시하고, 정확한 발음의 명시적인 설명이나, 예시에 그치는 경향이 뚜렷하다. 이러한 경향은 교육부에서 고시한 제6차 교육과정과 이에 따른 해설서에서 되풀이되고 있다. 발음지도에 많은 관심을 기울여 많은 양의 지면을 할애하고 있음에도 불구하고, 전후에 흐르는 의사 소통식 영어교육의 맥을 완전히 끊고, 단지 정확한 발음의 해부학적 예시와 기술에 그 치고 있다 (임영재 외 1995). 이러한 발음기관의 단면도를 이용한 해부학적 발음의 예시는 특정 자음의 정확한 혀의 위치를 알려 줄 수는 있지만, 발음훈련을 대신하지는 못한다. 예를 들어, 자전거를 타고자 하는 사람이 자전거의 페달을 밟았을 때, 그 동력전달 과정을 자세히 소개한 책자를 읽었다고 해서, 자전거를 탈 수 있는 것은 아니다. 역시, 자전거를 타고자 하면, 실제로 타고 넘어지면서 배우게 되는 것이다. 그리고, 발음훈련의 경우 교재의 내용이나 의사소통 기능은 의사소통식으로 가르치면서도 발음만큼은 아직도 원어민의 입모양을 활용한 듣고 따라하기 식의 전통적인 방법의 발음훈련을 계속하고 있다. 이러한 전통적 발음훈련 방법은 구체적으로 다음 장에서 제시되겠지만, 초등학교에서 듣고 따라하기나 듣고 골라내기와 같은 방법으로 발음훈련을 하면, 많은 학생들이 쉽게 지루해 하고, 아마 영어시간 중에서 가장 싫어하는 시간이 발음연습 시간이 될 가능성이 많이 있다. 현재 의사소통식 교수 방법을 모태로 한 교과서에서도 의사소통식 발음지도법을 쓰지 않았다는 것은 새로이 시작하는 초등학교 영어교육에서 아쉬운 점이라 아니할 수 없다. 초등학교 학생들에 대한 발음 지도의 핵심은 그들의 지적, 정서적, 신체적 특징을 잘 고려해야 한다. 초등학교 학생은 지적, 정서적, 신체적으로 성장기에 있어서, 호기심이 많고, 모방성이 강하며, 감수성이 예민하여 마음에 상처를 받기도 쉽다. 그리고, 무엇보다도, 끊임없이 신체적으로 움직이고 싶어한다. 이러한 학생들의 특정 을 반영하여 발음을 지도하는 길은 역시 초등학교 교과서의 다른 영역들처럼, 학생들은 움직이는 활동을 하면서 재미를 느끼고, 교사는 이들 활동을 통해서 교수목표를 성취하는 쪽으로 맞추어야 한다. 본 논문에서는 먼저 발음지도가 필요한 이유와 요인을 살펴본다. 그리고, 전통적인 발음지도 방법을 일별해 보고, 의사소통식 발음지도법을 제시하는 순으로 논의를 전개하기로 한다.

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Exploratory Research on Automating the Analysis of Scientific Argumentation Using Machine Learning (머신 러닝을 활용한 과학 논변 구성 요소 코딩 자동화 가능성 탐색 연구)

  • Lee, Gyeong-Geon;Ha, Heesoo;Hong, Hun-Gi;Kim, Heui-Baik
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.38 no.2
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    • pp.219-234
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    • 2018
  • In this study, we explored the possibility of automating the process of analyzing elements of scientific argument in the context of a Korean classroom. To gather training data, we collected 990 sentences from science education journals that illustrate the results of coding elements of argumentation according to Toulmin's argumentation structure framework. We extracted 483 sentences as a test data set from the transcription of students' discourse in scientific argumentation activities. The words and morphemes of each argument were analyzed using the Python 'KoNLPy' package and the 'Kkma' module for Korean Natural Language Processing. After constructing the 'argument-morpheme:class' matrix for 1,473 sentences, five machine learning techniques were applied to generate predictive models relating each sentences to the element of argument with which it corresponded. The accuracy of the predictive models was investigated by comparing them with the results of pre-coding by researchers and confirming the degree of agreement. The predictive model generated by the k-nearest neighbor algorithm (KNN) demonstrated the highest degree of agreement [54.04% (${\kappa}=0.22$)] when machine learning was performed with the consideration of morpheme of each sentence. The predictive model generated by the KNN exhibited higher agreement [55.07% (${\kappa}=0.24$)] when the coding results of the previous sentence were added to the prediction process. In addition, the results indicated importance of considering context of discourse by reflecting the codes of previous sentences to the analysis. The results have significance in that, it showed the possibility of automating the analysis of students' argumentation activities in Korean language by applying machine learning.

Investigation of Elementary Students' Scientific Communication Competence Considering Grammatical Features of Language in Science Learning (과학 학습 언어의 문법적 특성을 고려한 초등학생의 과학적 의사소통 능력 고찰)

  • Maeng, Seungho;Lee, Kwanhee
    • Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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    • v.41 no.1
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    • pp.30-43
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    • 2022
  • In this study, elementary students' science communication competence was investigated based on the grammatical features expressed in their language-use in classroom discourse and science writings. The classes were designed to integrate the evidence-based reasoning framework and traditional learning cycle and were conducted on fifth graders in an elementary school. Eight elementary students' discourse data and writings were analyzed using lexico-grammatical resource analysis, which examined the discourse text's content and logical relations. The results revealed that the student language used in analyzing data, interpreting evidence, or constructing explanations did not precisely conform to the grammatical features in science language use. However, they provided examples of grammatical metaphors by nominalizing observed events in the classroom discourses and those of causal relations in their writings. Thus, elementary students can use science language grammatically from science language-use experiences through listening to a teacher's instructional discourses or recognizing the grammatical structures of science texts in workbooks. The opportunities in which elementary students experience the language-use model in science learning need to be offered to understand the appropriate language use in the epistemic context of evidence-based reasoning and learn literacy skills in science.

Exploring the Agency of a Student Leader in Collaborative Scientific Modeling Classes in an Elementary School (초등학교의 협력적 과학 모델링 수업에서 나타난 리더의 행위주체성 탐색)

  • Uhm, Janghee;Kim, Heui-Baik
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.41 no.4
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    • pp.339-358
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    • 2021
  • This study explores the agency of a student leader, expressed through efforts to distribute power and encourage participation in elementary scientific modeling classes. The study also analyzes the context in which the leader's agency was expressed and the context in which the development of a collective agency was constrained. The participants were 22 fifth-grade students. The leader's agency was analyzed by examining his words and actions. As a result, at the outset of the study, the leader had the most power, performing all the activities as the sole authority in a non-cooperative participation pattern. However, with reflection and help from the researcher, the leader recognized the problem and facilitated the participation of other students. He developed an identity as a teacher and demonstrated the agency. The leader's agentic behaviors can be categorized into three aspects. First, regarding the cognitive aspect, the leader helped other students participate in modeling by sharing his knowledge. Second, regarding the normative aspect, he made rules to give all students an equal voice. Third, regarding the emotional aspect, the leader acknowledged the contribution of the students, increasing their confidence. The leader's agency temporarily helped the group to overcome the student hierarchy, facilitating a cooperative participation pattern. However, the development of a collective agency was constrained. The power of the leader was partially redistributed, and the other students did not position themselves as equal to the leader. To support the leader's agency to develop into a collective agency, it is necessary to redistribute the power of the leader more equally and to change the recognition of students.

An Analysis on the Level of Evidence used in Gifted Elementary Students' Debate (초등과학 영재의 논증활동에서 사용된 증거의 수준 분석)

  • Cho, Hyun-Jun;Yang, Il-Ho;Lee, Hyo-Nyong;Song, Yun-Mi
    • Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.495-505
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    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the level of evidence used in gifted elementary students' argumentation. The subjects were 15, 5th and 6th grade students selected in the Science Education Institute for Gifted Youth in K University. After the argumentation task was given to students 2 weeks ago, the students grouped themselves in the affirmative and negative and took part in a debate for 2 hours. Their argumentation process was observed, recorded and transcribed for analysis. Transcribed data was given a Protocol Number according to priority and was examined to find out what were the characteristics when students participated in the task. The evidence used in argumentation was graded from level 1 to level 6 according to Perella's Hierarchy of Evidence and the rate of frequency classified by the level was expressed in graph. Students used Level 1- Level 2 evidence above 50% without for or against task. They had weak argumentation making use of low-level evidence such as individual experience, opinion and another person's experience rather than objective evidences. On the other hand, students commented on the lack of opponent's evidence when they could not trust an opponent's evidence. If one team asked the other to present more evidence but could not, they disregarded the question and turned to another topic. And in cases where the opponent team refuted with evidences of high level, the other team just repeated their claim or evaded the rebuttal. The students tended to complete the argument without the same conclusions with some interruptions. The results show that we need an educational programs including scientific argumentation for science-gifted elementary school students.