• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.15 no.1_2 s.25
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• pp.7-12
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• 1979

Employing clonidine, phenoxybenzamine, and phentolamine, the author attempted to clarify the mechanism of the pressor response in raised intracranial pressure (ICP) in urethaneanesthetized rabbits. Intravenous clonidine inhibited the pressor response in raised ICP as intraventricular (I.V.T ) clcnidine did. Intravenous phenoxybenzamine and phentolamine weakened markedly the pressor response in raised ICP I.V.T. phenoxybenzamine did not affect the pressor response as I.V.T. phentolamine. I.V.T. phenoxybenzamine antagonized the inhibitory effect of I.V.T. clonidine on the pressor response as I.V.T. phentolamine. It is concluded that the central and peripheral sympathetic activity plays an important role in producing the pressor response in raised ICP.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.73-94
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• 2004

This study is made of proofreading some documents about ‘Tripitaka Koreana’, which was unknown and not noticed quite well until now and is also for montemplating the features of ‘Qidanzang’ that were accepted in ‘Tripitaka’. By all the researches the following facts were found out. First, ‘Qidanzang’ included in ‘Tripitaka’ were all 18 cases. Second, ‘Qidanzang’ that were corrected and accepted into ‘Tripitaka’ were 42cases. Third, ‘Qidanzang’ that have errors at comparing documents were all 11cases. Fourth the sutra that were accepted in the comparative book were all 57 cases. Fifth, unaccepted sutras , which were found out at comparative documents, were 4cases. At last, from the analysis abouve, we notice that most of the ‘Qidanzang’, not part of it, were accepted into ‘Tripitaka Koreana’ and like the previous viewpoint, ‘Qidanzang’ was an excellent book but it also had a few mistakes.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.1105-1110
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• 1997

Essential hyperhidrosis is a condition with excessive sweating, which may be localized in any part of the body Excessive sweating has a strong negative impact on the qual ty of life for many persons. From June 1992 to May 1996, 211 cases of thoracoscopic thoracic sympathectomy were performed in the Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yongdong Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. Among the 211 cases, 192 patients had palmar hyperhidrosis, and 19 cases had facial hyperhidrosis. There were 121 males and 90 (tamales, and the ages ranged from 10 to 67 years(average: 24.82 years old). The average operation time and the average postoperative hospital stay were 91.94 minutes and 4.31 days, respectively. Perioperative courses were uneventful, and all the patients had immediate and complete relief of symptoms with mild compensatory sweating on the chest wall and the back. Even though a thoracoscopy has the possibility of emergency conversion to a thoracotomy and technical difficulties still exist, especially in patients with facial hyperhidrosis, our experience indicates that video-assisted thoracoscopic thoracic sympathectomy is a very safe and useful procedure for h perhidrosis.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2004

Up to now, methods for the detection of genetic alterations as single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) or denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) have been used. It is too labor-intensive and expensive to serve for routine analysis. Moreover, lower in its sensitivity and specificity being also strongly dependent on the experience of the investigater. To improve these problems, we analysed mutation of ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor gene that controls bronchial asthma by denaturing high performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) according to ion-pair reversed phase chromatography (IP-RPC). We extracted genomic DNA from 80 asthma patients and then amplified DNA using PCR and analysed PCR product by SSCP and DHPLC. As a result, we analysed mutation frequency is 19 (23.75%) on SSCP and 25 (31.25%) on DHPLC in ${\beta}_2$-adrenergic receptor gene. We conclude that DHPLC is a fast and simple screening method rather than SSCP analysis.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.8 no.8
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• pp.883-892
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• 2018

Recently, as interest in social robots to support physical convenience and emotional sympathy has increased, and social internet has developed, a social robot has evolved as various services simply beyond robot function. Therefore, to develop a social robot service effectively, it is required to study the functional application and methods of interaction between user and social robot service. The purpose of this study is to classify social robot services and to suggest the types of elements that need to be considered in service development. To do this, we conducted in-depth case studies and analysis based on the theoretical definitions and characteristics of social robots. Then, based on the sympathy and functions, we classified social robot services into 1) emotional support type, 2) companion type, 3) guide type, and 4) life support type. In addition, in this study, we derive the considerable factors according to the classified types for the development of effective social robot services. This study will contribute to the understanding and development of various services using a social robot.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.101-111
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• 1990

The effect of physostigmine (PS), which has been shown to act on the muscarinic receptors in the brains of the rat, dog and cat, on the arterial blood pressure (BP) was investigated in urethane-anesthetized rabbits. Intravenous (iv) PS, $25{\sim}300\;{\mu}g/kg$, caused little change in BP. However, after treatment of rabbits with either of chlorisondamine (CS), hexamethonium, intracerebroventricular (icv) clonidine, icv xylazine and icy reserpine iv PS produced a pressor response. Spinalization of the rabbit also caused iv PS to increase BP. The pressor effect of iv PS in CS-treated rabbits was markedly reduced after prazosin or pirenzepine. Iv PS inhibited the pressor response to McN-A-343 in CS-treated and in spinal rabbits; alternately during the infusion of McN-A-343 iv PS failed to produce the pressor response. The pressor response to DMPP was not affected by iv PS. Icv PS, $12{\sim}200\;{\mu}g/kg$, produced a pressor response which was accentuated after CS-treatment. This pressor effect was inhibited, though not complete, by prazosin or by pirenzepine. A simultaneous treatment of rabbits with both $[Sar^{1},\;Ala^{8}]-angiotensin$ II, an angiotensin II antagonist, and prazosin or pirenzepine almost completely abolished the pressor effect of icv PS, whereas the angiotensin II antagonist did not enhance the inhibitory effect of pirenzepine and prazosin on the pressor response to iv PS . Icv pirenzepine blocked the pressor response to icv PS without affecting that to iv PS. The present results show that the pressor response to iv PS in CS-treated and in spinal rabbits arises from stimulation of the muscarinic receptors in the sympathetic ganglia, whereas the pressor response by icv PS via activation of the muscarinic receptors in the brain which causes an enhancement in the outflow of sympathetic discharge and angiotensin. The results also suggest that iv PS is unable to produce a pressor response in the rabbit unless the sensitivity of the gangionic muscarinic receptors is altered by ganglionic nicotinic blockade, by the decrease of central sympathetic outflow on the sympathetic ganglia or by spinalization.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2001

Purpose: In young male patients who suffered several kinds of trauma with subsequent suspicious reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome, we performed three-phasic bone scan in order to investigate its usefulness. Materials and Methods: Patients with narrow range of age (21-25. mean $22.8{\pm}1.3$, all male) were included with suspicious reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome of 12 feet and 5 hands. Only one was bilateral feet case and 16 were ipsilateral (Rt:13, Lt:3). The etiologic traumas were 4 fractures, 4 sprains, 3 blunt trauma, 2 cellulitis, 1 tendon tear, 1 crush injury, 1 overexercise, and 1 unknown. Radiologically 3 showed osteoporotic changes. Three-phasic bone scans were performed $21.2{\pm}7.3wks$ after trauma. Results: According to symptom complex, confirmatory reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome 4 cases and suspicious 13 were analyzed. All confirmatory cases (100%) showed increased uptake at delay phase with periarticular accentuation. Of confirmatory 4 cases, 2 showed increased uptake in all three phases (perfusion: P, blood pool: B, and delay: D), and other 2 revealed decreased P but, both increased B and D. Of suspicious 13 cases, 9(69.2%) had increased D (4 periarticular and 5 focal), 2 decreased D, and 2 symmetric D. In 12 foot cases, so-called weight hearing patterns - increased contralateral sole at P and B - were revealed in 7(58.3%). Conclusion: Diffuse periarticular increased uptake at delay phase of three-phasic bone scan was a compatible finding to reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome in young male patients whose symptom complex strongly designated post traumatic reflex sympathetic dystrophy syndrome.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.214-219
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• 2009

Background: Primary focal hyperhidrosis is characterized by overactivity of the sympathetic nervous function, and this has been effectively treated with endoscopic thoracic sympathetic denervation (ESD). The imbalance of sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system that's created by ESD may affect the heart, lung and other thoracic organs. We analyzed the heart rate and ECG changes after performing ESD at our hospital, and this is the first such study that has been conducted on this. Material and Method: Of the 263 patients who underwent ESD between October 1996 and October 2006, 130 had ECG before and after ESD, and they were classified into 3 groups according to the level of ESD: Group I (n=40) patients underwent ESD at the 2nd rib (T2ESD), Group II (n=80) at the 3rd rib (T3ESD) and Group III (n=10) at the 4th rib (T4ESD). Result: There was no mortality or major morbidity. Heart rate (HR) was significantly decreased from $71.6{\pm}10.6/min\;to\;66.8{\pm}10.2/min$ after ESD (p<0.01); however, the PR (from $148.6{\pm}21.2$ msec to $152.8{\pm}20.5$ msec) and QTc (from $399.2{\pm}15.4$ msec to $404.0{\pm}15.1$ msec) intervals were significantly increased after ESD in the patients who suffered with primary hyperhidrosis (p<0.01). According to the level of ESD, there were significant changes in the HR and QTc interval in group I (T2ESD), the HR and PR interval in group II and the QTc interval in Group III. Conclusion: There were significant changes in the heart rate and ECG findings after ESD. The thoracic sympathetic denervation of T2, T3 and T4 affected the electrical activity of the heart at the resting state.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.171-179
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• 1992

Effects of a $M_1$ receptor antagonist, pirenzepine, a $M_2$ receptor antagonist, AF-DX116, and a nicotinic receptor antagonist, mecamylamine on the pressor responses to preganglionic sympathetic nerve stimulation (PNS) and McN-A-343 and DMPP in spinal (pithed) rabbits were investigated, in order to elucidate a functional role of $M_1$, $M_2$ and nicotinic receptors in ganglionic transmission. Pirenzepine and AF-DX116 selectively inhibited the McN-A-343-induced pressor response in chlorisondamine-treated rabbit and the BCh-induced bradycardia, respectively. Electrical stimulations of preganglionic sympathetic outflow at T8 level produced increases in blood pressure. Pirenzepine $(3\;{\mu}g/kg)$ significantly inhibited the PNS-induced pressor response and the degree of inhibition was not changed by increasing the doses to $100\;{\mu}g/kg$. AF-DX116 $(100\;{\mu}g/kg)$ had no effect on the PNS-induced pressor response. Mecamylamine inhibited the PNS-induced pressor response in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitory action of mecamylamine was significantly augmented by combined-treatment with pirenzepine $(30\;{\mu}g/kg)$ but AF-DX116 $(100\;{\mu}g/kg)$ did not affect the inhibitory action of mecamylamine. McN-A-343 and DMPP elicited pressor response in the spinal rabbit. Pirenzepine and AF-DX116 dose-dependently inhibited the McN-A-343-induced pressor response but they did not affect DMPP-induced pressor response. Mecamylamine inhibited both pressor responses induced by McN-A-343 and DMPP. These results suggest that not only nicotinic receptors but also $M_1$ receptors play a facilitatory role in ganglionic transmission but $M_2$ receptors do not contribute the transmission in spinal (pithed) rabbits.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.598-603
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• 1998

Excessive sweating of the palms, axillae, and face has a strong negative impact on the quality of life for many people. The existing non-operative therapeutic options seldom give sufficient relief and have a transient effect. But a definitive cure can be obtained by upper thoracic sympathectomy. From June 1997 to October 1997, 117 cases of the needle (2 mm) thoracoscopic thoracic sympathectomies were performed in the Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery in the Respiratory Center Yong-dong Severance Hospital in Seoul, Korea. We have followed up on 94 cases which include palmar hyperhidrosis (n=85), facial hyperhidrosis(n=5) and axillary hyperhidrosis(n=4). There were 42 males and 52 females whose ages ranged from 14 to 63 years(median:23 years). The T2 ganglia and T3-4 ganglia were excised by electrocuting with a hook and endoscissors and were removed for histologic examination. There have been no mortalities or life-threatening complications. The surgical results were classified as excellent(much improvement,very dry) in 93.6%, good(some improvement, minimally wet) in 2.1%, and fair(slight improvement, still wet) in 4.2%. Five patients(5.3%) required closed thoracostomy drainage because of pneumothorax in the immediate postoperative day. Horner's syndrome occurred in one case. The compensatory sweating occurred in 67 cases(71.2%) and was embarrassing in 21 cases(22.3%) and disabling in 9 cases(9.6%) of these cases. Primary failure occurred in one case. The patient with primary failure underwent successful operation. Fifty-one patients had concomitant hyperhidrosis. Our experiences indicate needle thoracoscopic sympathectomy is a very effective, safe, and time- saving procedure for essential hyperhidrosis.