• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.12
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• pp.57-68
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• 1994

This experiment was conducted to isolate the mutants from S118 and to investigate the physiological characteristics of R. japonicum mutants. The results obtained were as follows; Based on nodulation and acetylene reduction, nodulation of rhizobia was divided into 4 groups, i.e. slow-nodulation, earlier-nodulation, infrequent-nodulation and non-nodulation. At 5% significant level, the growth of inoculated plant with SM255 was bad, but that of HP277 was good. Root-hairs curling was induced by strains S118 and HP277 on soybean, but not by strain SM255. S118 and SM255 were found to be slow-gorwers and produced alkali, whereas strain HP277 was fast-grower and produced acid in YEM broth. In litmus milk reaction, all strains indicated alkaline reaction, and serume-zone was induced weakly by HP277. All of the strains tested in this experiment utilized sucrose. HP277 and LP268 utilized xylose, whereas S118 and SM255 did not. SM255 showed bad growth in nitrogen carriers however utilization of $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ by HP277 was possible at 25mM and 10mM level. To compare with S118, the protein band of SM255's cell protein electrophoresis was not developed at 0.62 Rm position.

• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.245-252
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of glide path on canal centering ratio after instrumentation with different single file systems; WaveOne and Reciproc. Reciproc R25 (VDW), WaveOne Primary (Dentsply Maillefer) and PathFile #13, 16, 19 (Dentsply Maillefer) were used in this study. In no glide path groups, Reciproc files and WaveOne files used for canal preparation without glide path. In glide path groups, the PathFile were used before canal preparation. Methylene blue dye was introduced into the canal to obtain a clear pre-instrumentation image. Pre-instrumentation images and post-instrumentation images were scanned using Epson Perfection V700 Photo scanner (Epson, Nagano, Japan). Transparencies of post-instrumentation images were changed and superimposed on pre-instrumentation images using Adobe Photoshop CS 3 (Adobe Systems Incorporated, San Jose, CA, USA). The centering ratio was calculated for each instrumented canal using the following formula: CR=|X1-X2|/Y. It was statistically analyzed using two-way ANOVA at 95% confidential level. The centering ratio in glide path groups were significant less than it in no glide path groups at 3, 4, 5 and 6 mm level. Except 1 and 6 mm level, WaveOne groups had significant less centering ration than Reciproc groups. At 6 mm level, there was no significant difference between WaveOne and Reciproc. In the limitation of this study, creation of a previous glide path before reciprocating motion instrumentation in curved canal appears to be appropriate and WaveOne system can be used for preparation of curved canal without severe aberrations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.10
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• pp.1258-1263
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• 2008

The current study examined the effects of radish leaves powder on the excretion of fecal triglyceride, and sterol and hepatic UDP-glucuronyl transferase (UDPGT) activity in rats fed hypercholesterolemic diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 100$\pm$10 g were randomly assigned to normal control group (N group), normal diet with 5% radish leaves powder supplemented group (NR) and hypercholesterolemic groups, which were sub-divided into radish leaves powder free diet group (HC) and 2.5% (HRL), 5% (HRM), and 10% (HRH) radish leaves powder supplemented groups. The experimental diets were fed ad libitum for 4 weeks. Fecal weights and water contents were significantly increased in all radish leaves powder supplemented groups (NR, HRL, HRM, and HRH) than that of N and HC groups. Fecal total lipid contents including fecal neutral and acidic sterols in radish leaves powder supplemented groups were higher than those of the HC group, and especially that of HRH group was the highest among all experimental groups. Hepatic UDPGT activity of HRH group was 38% higher than that of HC group. Excretions of fecal bile acid were increased 2.3 and 2.7 folds in HRM and HRH groups compared with that of HC group. And neutral sterol, coprostanol, and coprostanone contents of them were higher in radish leaves supplemented groups than in HC group. These results suggest that radish leaves may act as potential substitute for a dietary fiber capable of improving a gastrointestinal function and lipid metabolism.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.52-60
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• 2016

The biological activity of polysaccharide is greatly influenced by polysaccharide structure and molecular distribution. Here, we developed a rapid and convenient isolation method for fractionating polysaccharides with different characteristics and optimized it using a polysaccharide mixture from Korean persimmon leaves. A crude polysaccharide mixture, persimmon leaves-enzyme (PLE) fraction, was isolated from persimmon leaves digested with pectinase and ethanol precipitation. The PLE fraction was further fractionated with a serially diluted ethanol solution (ethanol : deionized water=4:1, 2:1, 1.5:1, 1:1, and 0.5:1) to produce 10 subfractions (five precipitate fractions labeled from PLE-4 to PLE-0.5 and five supernatant fractions labeled from PLE-4S to PLE-0.5S). HPLC analysis indicated that PLE-4 and -2 consisted of diverse polysaccharides, whereas PLE-1.5, -1, and -0.5 contained high molecular weight (MW) polysaccharides. The fractions from PLE-4 to PLE-1 were mostly composed of 13 different characteristic sugars in rhamnogalacturonan (RG) I and II, and the sugars contained an arabino-${\beta}$-3,6-galactan moiety. However, PLE-0.5 did not contain RG-II or ${\beta}$-arabino-3,6-galactan. Treatment of macrophages with fractions PLE-1.5S and PLE-1S led to a $10{\mu}g/mL$ increase in interleukin (IL)-6 production, whereas treatment with PLE-4S and PLE-2S fractions composed of low MW polysaccharides resulted in reduced levels of IL-6. These results indicate that this isolation method may be useful for the rapid and convenient fractionation of bioactive RGs from polysaccharide mixtures with various properties.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.1-15
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• 2015

In order to outline the kinematics and movement history of a new Quaternary fault, Jingwan Fault in Dangjin, West Korea, we analyzed the geometry of the fault zone composed of a few gouge zones, and made ESR dating for fault gouge materials. The $N55^{\circ}E$ striking Jingwan Fault is a normal fault and exhibits a gradual change in dip (gentle in the lower part, steep in the upper part), indicating a listric fault. As for the fault gouge zone, its thickness varies and reaches 2~3 cm in the lower part or between basement rocks, and 20~30 cm in the middle-upper part or between the basement and Quaternary deposit. It is observed in the latter case that more than three gouge zones develop with different colors, and branch out and re-merge, or they are partly superimposed, indicating different movement episodes. The cumulative displacement is estimated to be about 10 m using the geological cross-sections, from which it is inferred that the total length of fault may be about 2.5 km on the basis of the empirical relation between cumulative displacement and fault length. Therefore, a more study would be needed to verify the entire fault length. The results of ESR dating for three gouge samples at different spots along the fault yields ages of $651{\pm}47$, $649{\pm}96$, and $436{\pm}66ka$, indicating at least two movement episodes. Slickenlines observed on the fault planes indicate a pure dip slip (normal faulting), which suggests that the ENE-WSW trending Jingwan Fault was presumably moved under a NNW-SSE extensional environment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.197-204
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• 2012

This study examined the protective effects of an ethanol extract of Youngia denticulata leaf (YDL) and Youngia denticulata root (YDR), and Youngia sonchifolia leaf (YSL) and Youngia sonchifolia root (YSR) on acute ethanol-intoxicated rat. The rats were pretreated with an ethanol extract of YDL, YDR, YSL and YSR for 4 weeks before being exposed to ethanol (5 g ethanol, po/kg BW). The biochemical indices (hepatic alcohol metabolic enzymes and serum ALT activities, and hepatic and serum lipid profiles) were examined to evaluate the protective effects. The hepatic ADH activities in all experimental groups were not changed significantly by acute ethanol after a pretreatment with the YS and YD ethanol extracts. In contrast, the ALDH activity in EC (ethanol control) was higher than that of NC (normal control); these activities in the YDL and YSL groups were significantly higher than that of the EC group. On the other hand, acute ethanol exposure resulted in a significant increase in the serum TG, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, hepatic TG, total lipid and cholesterol levels, and serum ALT activity, and a decrease in the serum HDL-cholesterol. A pretreatment with the YS and YD ethanol extracts dramatically attenuated these adverse effects. In particular, the YDL pretreatment markedly suppressed the ethanol-induced increase in the serum and hepatic TG and total cholesterol levels. Furthermore, serum ethanol was decreased by a pretreatment with YSL, YSR, YDL, or YDR. Overall, YD and YS ethanol extracts attenuate acute ethanol-induced hyperlipidemia and fatty liver significantly. Nevertheless, further study will be needed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.9
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• pp.1258-1264
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• 2009

The removal effects of two commonly used pesticides of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl during preparation and fermentation of kimchi were studied. The two pesticides were applied to Baechu cabbages intentionally for 20 seconds; the applied amounts of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl were 3.02$\pm$0.09 ppm and 6.79$\pm$0.17 ppm, respectively. The Baechu cabbages were washed by water 3 times. Then the residual amounts of the two pesticides of Bifenthrin and Metalaxyl were measured and the removal rates were 21.7% and 16.1%, respectively. When Baechu cabbages were brined with 10% salt solution for 12 hours after the application of the two pesticides, the removal rates significantly increased to 98.7% and 60.8%, and when brined and washed 3 times by water, the removal rates even more increased to 99.7% and 73.4% respectively. Then we made kimchi and investigated the quantities of the residual pesticides during the fermentation at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. The residual amounts of the pesticides in kimchi decreased in a time dependent manner, finally the amounts of the pesticides to 0.35$\pm$0.04 ppm and 0.48$\pm$0.06 ppm while the removal rates of the two pesticides were 57.8% and 81.0%, respectively. When the kimchi was fermented at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks, the removal rates of Bifenthrin were 57.8% and 72.2% and those of Metalaxyl were 81.0% and 85.6%, respectively. Consequently, it appeared that the residual pesticides can be removed during preparation, especially brining; the fermentation process of kimchi also removed the residual pesticides effectively, especially at higher temperature and long period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1567-1575
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• 2013

Anti-inflammatory effects of sulfur-fed duck extract on colitis induced by 2.5% dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) were examined in male Balb/c mice. Animals were divided into eight groups: normal (0.1 mL of PBS without 2.5% DSS), control (0.1 mL of PBS with 2.5% DSS), SD-H (3 mL/kg of high sulfur-fed duck extract), SD-L (1 mL/kg of low sulfur-fed duck extract), GD-H (3 mL/kg of high general duck extract), GD-L (1 mL/kg of low general duck extract), GC-H (3 mL/kg of high general chicken extract), and GC-L (1 mL/kg of low general chicken extract). Mice were fed PBS or six different doses of extracts (sulfur-fed duck, general duck, and chicken), once daily for 14 days. Colitis was induced from day 7 to 14 via the administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water. The colon length was significantly shortened in mice compared to the control group. The administration of SD-H, SD-L, and GD-L increased colon length and decreased histological colon injury from DSS-induced colitis. However, chicken extracts did not recover any clinical sign of the colitis. SD-L significantly suppressed not only the concentrations of IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-17A, and IL-12 in serum but also the mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, iNOS and COX-2 in DSS-treated colon tissues (P<0.05). The administration of SD-H suppressed the concentrations of IL-6 in serum and the mRNA expressions of IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in colon tissues. Administration of GD-L suppressed the concentrations of IL-6, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IL-17A in serum and the mRNA expressions of IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 in colon tissues. The inhibitory effects of sulfur-fed duck extracts were effective at a dose of 1 mL/kg. Our results indicate that sulfur-fed duck extracts may possess anti-inflammatory effects on DSS-induced colitis mice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1560-1566
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• 2013

This study was conducted to find out the effects of aqueous extract from the leaves of Artemisia capillaris (AA) on the reduction of hepatotoxicity induced by ethanol in rats. In this experiment, Sprague Dawley rats were used in the experimental groups, which were divided into 5 groups; normal group, ethanol+UDCA (ursodeoxycholic acid)-treated group (positive control), ethanol-treated group (control), ethanol+Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract-treated group (200 mg/kg of BW) and ethanol+Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract-treated group (400 mg/kg of BW). AST (aspartate aminotransferase), ALT (alanine aminotransferase), GGT (gamma(${\gamma}$)-glutamyl transferase) and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) activities of the ethanol+Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract-treated group (400 mg/kg of BW) were significantly decreased compared to that of the ethanol-treated group (P<0.05). The triglyceride level of the ethanol-treated group was significantly increased and the HDL-cholesterol level was significantly decreased compared to the normal group (P<0.05). On the other hand, the triglyceride level was significantly decreased (P<0.05) and the HDL-cholesterol level was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the ethanol+Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract-treated groups. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was enhanced significantly (P<0.05) in the ethanol+Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract-treated groups. Also, malondialdehyde contents were decreased in this group (P<0.05). Histologically, in the control group, there was a mild degenerative change around central venule. The AA treated group showed well preserved lobular architectures with no evidence of steatosis or liver damage in aqueous extract from the leaves of Artemisia capillaris treated group (H&E, ${\times}20$). As the results of this study, it is thought that Artemisia capillaris aqueous extract may have effects on the improvement of hepatic damage by ethanol.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.1324-1331
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• 2010

Mifepristone (MIF) and Tamoxifen (TAM) have been used in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer for more than a decade. MIF can induce apoptosis in both AR-positive and negative prostate cancer cells. Because of its pleiotropic ligand-receptor properties, TAM exerts cytotoxic activity in estrogen (ER)-positive and various ER.negative cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of these two substances are not yet clear. In the present work, we report that the cytotoxic effects of MIF and TAM are due to the modulation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level in DU-145, androgen-insensitive cells. When the cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of either MIF or TAM, the growth and viability were significantly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis induced by MIF or TAM was further proved and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In the cells cultivated in a normal 1.5 mM $Ca^{2+}$ medium, both MIF and TAM also induced an increase of the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level in a dose-dependent fashion. Since a change in calcium level could not be found in cells of the $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, the increase of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level might be due to an increase in extracellular calcium uptake. Our results show that the apoptotic effect was more prominent in TAM treatment compared to MIF treatment in DU-145 cells. The above findings might be due to the difference in the uppermost pathways of apoptosis induced by either MIF or TAM. When we checked the level of procaspase-8 activation, TAM showed minor level of activation, as opposed to MIF, which exerted strong activation. In both treatments, the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased, and pro-apoptotic protein Bax level increased more than 2-fold. The activation of caspase-3, a key protease enzyme in the downstream pathway of apoptosis, was much higher in the cells treated with TAM, compared to the MIF treatment. The overall apoptotic activity shown in the present work was closely related to intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration levels. Therefore, the cytotoxic activity induced by MIF and TAM might have been due to intracellular calcium modulation.