DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Effects of Mifepristone and Tamoxifen on Calcium Modulation in DU-145 Prostate Cancer Cells

DU-145 전립선 암세포에 있어서 mifepristone과 tamoxifen이 칼슘조절에 미치는 영향

  • Kim, Yeo-Reum (Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University) ;
  • Kim, Byeong-Gee (Department of Biological Sciences, Pusan National University)
  • Received : 2010.07.28
  • Accepted : 2010.08.14
  • Published : 2010.09.30

Abstract

Mifepristone (MIF) and Tamoxifen (TAM) have been used in the treatment of prostate cancer and breast cancer for more than a decade. MIF can induce apoptosis in both AR-positive and negative prostate cancer cells. Because of its pleiotropic ligand-receptor properties, TAM exerts cytotoxic activity in estrogen (ER)-positive and various ER.negative cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanisms of these two substances are not yet clear. In the present work, we report that the cytotoxic effects of MIF and TAM are due to the modulation of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level in DU-145, androgen-insensitive cells. When the cells were treated with micromolar concentrations of either MIF or TAM, the growth and viability were significantly decreased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The apoptosis induced by MIF or TAM was further proved and analyzed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). In the cells cultivated in a normal 1.5 mM $Ca^{2+}$ medium, both MIF and TAM also induced an increase of the intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level in a dose-dependent fashion. Since a change in calcium level could not be found in cells of the $Ca^{2+}$-free medium, the increase of intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ level might be due to an increase in extracellular calcium uptake. Our results show that the apoptotic effect was more prominent in TAM treatment compared to MIF treatment in DU-145 cells. The above findings might be due to the difference in the uppermost pathways of apoptosis induced by either MIF or TAM. When we checked the level of procaspase-8 activation, TAM showed minor level of activation, as opposed to MIF, which exerted strong activation. In both treatments, the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 decreased, and pro-apoptotic protein Bax level increased more than 2-fold. The activation of caspase-3, a key protease enzyme in the downstream pathway of apoptosis, was much higher in the cells treated with TAM, compared to the MIF treatment. The overall apoptotic activity shown in the present work was closely related to intracellular $Ca^{2+}$ concentration levels. Therefore, the cytotoxic activity induced by MIF and TAM might have been due to intracellular calcium modulation.

Mifepristone (MIF)와 Tamoxifen (TAM)은 각각 전립선암과 유방암치료제로 오랫동안 사용되고 있다. MIF는 안드로겐수용체(AR) 양성인 세포와 음성이 세포 모두에서 세포사멸을 유도하며, TAM 은, 리간드-수용체작용 기작의 다양한 특성에 의하여 에스트로겐(ER) 양성인 세포뿐 만 아니라 다른 종류의 암세포에서도 세포사멸을 유도하는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 AR 음성인 DU-145 전립선암세포에 있어서, MIF와 TAM의 세포독성이 세포 내 칼슘농도 변화에 기인된 세포사멸기작에 의한 것임을 보여준다. MIF와 TAM을 처리시 세포성장은 농도와 시간의존적으로 감소하였으며, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)과 fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FASC)로 세포를 분석한 결과 각각 MIF와 TAM을 2일간 처리한 세포에서 세포사멸이 진행되는 것을 관찰하였다. 세포독성효과를 비교했을 경우, TAM이 MIF 보다 강하게 작용하였다. MIF와 TAM을 처리한 세포 내 칼슘변화 측정 시, 칼슘농도 또한 처리 약물의 농도와 시간 의존적으로 증가하였다. 1.5 mM 칼슘배지와 칼슘제거된 배지에서의 실험결과를 비교한 바, 세포 내 칼슘증가는 외부로부터의 유입에 의한 것으로 생각된다. 세포독성효과와 마찬가지로 칼슘증대 효과 역시 TAM에서 뚜렷하게 나타났다. 수용체 매개 세포사멸기작의 초기에 관여하는 procaspase-8은 MIF 처리 시 뚜렷이 활성화 되었으나, TAM의 경우 활성화가 MIF의 경우에 비해 강하지 못하였다. 그러나, 세포사멸의 중추적인 역할을 하는 caspase-3은 TAM 을 처리한 세포에 있어서 활성 정도가 훨씬 높았다. 세포사멸과정의 중요한 조절 단백질인 Bcl-2 그룹단백질의 발현을 조사해 본 결과, 세포사멸 억제단백질인 Bcl-2의 발현은 MIF, TAM 처리 시 동일하게 감소한 반면, 촉진단백질인 Bax의 발현은 2-3배 가량 증대되었다. 이상의 결과로 보아 MIF와 TAM은 세포 내 칼슘조절을 통하여 세포사멸을 유도하나, 세포사멸의 초기단계는 MIF와 TAM이 서로 다른 경로를 경유할 가능성이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

Keywords

References

  1. Bogush, T. A., E. A. Dudko, A. A. Beme, E. A. Bogush, B. E. Polotskii, S. A. Tiuliandin, and M. I. Davydov. 2009. Estrogen receptor expression in tumors different from breast cancer. Antibiot. Khimioter. 54, 41-49.
  2. Cabeza, M., E. Bratoeff, I. Heuze, A, Guzmán, G. Gomez, H. Berrios, and A. Rosales. 2007. Antiandrogenic and apoptotic effects of RU-486 on animal prostate. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. 104, 321-325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsbmb.2007.03.009
  3. Couldwell, W. T., D. R. Hinton, S. He, T. C. Chen, I. Sebat, M. H. Weiss, and R. E. Law. 1994. Protein kinase C inhibitors induce apoptosis in human malignant glioma cell lines. FEBS Lett. 345, 43-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-5793(94)00415-3
  4. Danial, N. N. and S. J. Korsmeyer. 2004. Cell death: critical control points. Cell 116, 205-219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-8674(04)00046-7
  5. Demaurex, N. and C. Distelhorst. 2003. Apoptosis-the calcium connection. Science 300, 65-67. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1083628
  6. El Etreby, M. F., Y. Liang, and R. W. Lewis. 2000. Induction of apoptosis by mifepristone and tamoxifen in human LNCaP prostate cancer cells in culture. The Prostate 43, 31-42. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1097-0045(20000401)43:1<31::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-#
  7. Heerdt, A. S. and P. I. Borgen. 1999. Current status of tamoxifen use;an update for the surgical oncologist. J. Surg. Oncol. 72, 42-49. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9098(199909)72:1<42::AID-JSO13>3.0.CO;2-E
  8. Kallio, A., A. Zheng, J. Dahllund, K. M. Heishanen, and P. Harkonen. 2005. Role of mitochondria in tamoxifen-induced rapid death of MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Apoptosis 10, 1395-1410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10495-005-2137-z
  9. Kroemer, G. and J. C. Reed. 2000. Mitochondrial control of cell death. Nat. Med. 6, 513-519. https://doi.org/10.1038/74994
  10. Moe, B. G., A. B. Vereide, A. Orbo, and G. Sager. 2009. High concentrations of progesterone and mifepristone mutually reinforce cell cycle retardation and induction of apoptosis. Anticancer Res. 29, 1053-1058.
  11. Muzio, M, B. R. Stockwell, H. R. Stennicke, G. S. Salvesen, and V. M. Dixit. 1998. An induced proximity model for caspase- 8 activation. J. Biol. Chem. 273, 2926-2930. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.273.5.2926
  12. Nishino, T., K. Ishibashi, C, Hirtreiter, and Y. Nishino. 2009. The prostate growth stimulation by progesterone is due to androgenic products and progesterone receptor-mediated mechanisms. Pharmazie. 64, 587-589.
  13. Nomura, H., H. Kawashima, S. Masaki, T. Y. Hosono, K. Matsumura, S. Tamada, T. Tanaka, and T. Nakatani. 2009. Effect of selective estrogen receptor modulators on cell proliferation and estrogen receptor activities in normal human prostate stromal and epithelial cells. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis. 12, 375-381. https://doi.org/10.1038/pcan.2009.20
  14. Ozaki, M. A., H. Matsubara, T. Sato, K. Ikuta, Y. Nishizawa, and K. Suzumori. 2005. Role of apoptosis controlled by cytochrome c released from mitochondria for luteal function in human granulose cells. Am. J. Reprod. Immunol. 53, 144-152.
  15. Schendel, S. L., Z. Xie, M. O. Montal, S. Mastumyama, M. Montal, and J. C. Reed. 1997. Channel formation by antiapoptotic protein Bcl-2. Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol. 64, 5113-5118.
  16. Sharma, A. K. and B. Rohrer. 2004. Calcium-induced calpain mediates apoptosis via caspase-3 in a mouse photpreceptor cell line. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 35564-35572. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M401037200
  17. Singh, M. N., P. L. Martin-Hirsch, and F. L. Martin. 2008. The multiple applications of tamoxifen: an example pointing to SERM modulation being the aspirin of the 21st century. Med. Sci. Monit. 14, 144-148.
  18. Smaili, S. S., Y. T. Hsu, A. C. P. Carvalho, T. R. Rosenstock, J. C. Sharpe, and R. J. Youle. 2003. Mitochondria, calcium and pro-apoptotic proteins as mediators in cell death signaling. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 36, 183-190.
  19. Spit, I. M. and C.W. Bardin. 1993. Mifepristone (RU-486) a modulator of progestin and glucocorticoid action, N. Engl. J. Med. 329, 404-412. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199308053290607
  20. Taplin, M. E., J. Manola, W. K. Oh, P. W. Kantoff, G. L. Bubley, M. Smith, D. Barb, C. Mantzoros, D. P. Gelmann, and S. P. Balk. 2008. A phase II study of mifepristone (RU-486) in castration-resistnat prostate cancer, with a correlative assessment of androgen-related hormones. J. Compilation 101, 1084-1089.
  21. Zhang, W., L. Huang, Y. Zhuang, and W. Wang. 2008. The effect of mifepristone on apoptosis and caspase-3 activation in human ovarian luteinized granulose cells. Eur. J. Obstet. Gynecol. Reprod. Biol. 141, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.07.031
  22. Zhang, H., J. J. Lu, Q. Z. Gao, and J. Zhang. 2006. Induction of apoptosis by mifepristone in androgen-independent prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Zhonghua Wai Ke Za Zhi 44, 382-385
  23. Zheng, A., A. Kallio, and P. Harkonen. 2007. Tamoxifen-induced rapid death of MCF-7 breast cancer cells is mediated via ERK signaling and can be abrogated by estrogen. Endocrinol. 148, 2764-2777. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2006-1269