• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.379-386
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• 2008

Calcined clay granules (pellet) have been used as a soil conditioner. The space among the pellets can secure drainage of water in soil and, simultaneously, can keep water for plants in the inner pore of that. However, the usage of the pellet has been restrained because fabrication of that requires a high energy and cost for heating over the temperate of $1000^{\circ}C$. Recently, SCS(Self-propagating Combustion and Sintering) method was developed and this method use the combustion energy of the preliminary mixed combustible. The SCS method is suitable to fabrication of small porous aggregate and requires a very low cost. This research applied the SCS method to coal refuses for fabrication of soil conditioner pellets. The coal refuses were pulverized under the size of $100{\mu}m$ and the pulverized powders were pelletized to the size of 4~6mm. The pellets were heated at the temperature of $1200^{\circ}C$ in the SCS furnace that was specially prepared for this research. Characteristics of the pellets were investigated and were compared with that of ordinary calcined clay pellet of kaolin; porosity, pore size distribution, bulk density, pH and etc.. Characteristics of the moisture retention in the pellets were measured by the centrifugal method: ASTM D425-88. The pellets of the coal refuses showed the higher values of the field capacity and the plant-available water than that of kaolin pellet. These results suggest the very low cost process that can utilize the coal refuses and can fabricate the lightweight porous soil conditioner of the very high plant-available water.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 1981

An electron microscopical observation was carried out to compare the general shape of the mast cells and structures of granules inside the cells in the stomach of 5 species in 3 orders of Mammals. In convenience, the granules in the cytoplasm were abbreviated as follows: 1) Homogeneous granule, GR1 2) Particulate granule, GR2 a. Dark dense particulate granule, GR2-1 b. Less dense particulate granule, GR2-2 3) Reticular granule, GR5 a. Dark dense reticular granule, GR5-1 b. Light dense reticular granule, GR5-2 In Mammalia including goat, dog, cat, and hamster, most of cytoplasmic organelle were Golgi apparatus and mitochondria, and most of the cytoplasmic granules were highly densed GR1and GR2. However GR5-1 and GR5-2 appeared in guinea pig while one side sunken or crescent-like types occured in both dog and guinea pig. All mast cells were oval or spindle with cytoplasmic processes around the cell. There was also found vacuoles and vesicles in these cells. These results demonstrated that there was a morphological difference between species of vertebrate in the mast cells and their cytoplasmic granules. It was also suggested that a variety of structures of granules were closely related with the composition (histamine, heparin, serotonin, hyaluronic acid etc.) and mature of the granules.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.67-77
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• 1994

Storage material of endosperm cells digested by various enzymes should be transported to the embryo. At this time, the cellulose of the endosperm cell wall is guessed to be hydrolyzed by the cellulase enabling to transfer the storage material from the endosperm cells to the embryo. Therefore, this study has been carried out to investigate the ultrastructure of endosperm and the localization of the cellase activity on Cannabis sativa L. during germination. Endosperm cells contain a large number of lipid bodies and protein bodies with globoids as the storage material. During gemination they are gradually degenerated, however, the former almost remain until the cells are completely digested. Electron-microscopical reaction products of cellulase on endosperm cells are present. The closer the embryo, the more amount of reaction products on the endosperm cell wall are appeared.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.329-334
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• 2017

In this study, a new granular type mouthwash with equivalent antibacterial activity to marketed liquid type mouthwash was developed using a material called magnesium aluminometasilicate (Neusilin). This material adsorbs the surface of granules to improve the flowability of granules due to the formation of a eutectic mixture of the main constituents, which have improved flow properties and rapid disintegration time and little residue in the oral cavity. The characteristics of the granules were improved when the amount of Neusilin was 10% or more according to measurements of the granule properties, such as flowability. In addition, a disintegration test in artificial saliva and a sensory test in the human oral cavity were carried out to confirm the improved disintegration characteristics and sensory test results. The antimicrobial test confirmed similar antibacterial activity to that of the liquid oral cleanser already sold in the market. The granular oral cleanser composition prepared in this study can be used for the development of pharmaceuticals containing different drugs with similar characteristics as eutectic mixtures at the same time, which is considered to be useful in the development of medicines in the pharmaceutical industry.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.53-70
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• 1987

The morphological study on the parenchymal cells in the adult planaria performed to observe their cytochemical and ultrastructural characteristics. The results are as follows. Nine types of cells are found in parenchyma. 1. Free parenchymal cell: These cells contain several chromatoid bodies around the nucleus. Heterochromatins are evenly dispersed in large nucleus. These cells are abundant in free ribosomes. 2. Fixed parenchymal cells: These cells have well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgi complex but they contain the cytosols exhibiting electron-lucencies. 3. Rhabdite-forming cells: These cells contain the electron-dense rhabdite granules of up to about 0.3 x 0.9 $\mu$m in size. Rhabdite-forming cells have well-developed cell organelles, granular endolplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and Golgy complex. 4. A-type of basophilic granule cells: These cells contain irregularly-shaped granules exhibiting alcianophilia. These granules surrounded by a limited membrane, approximately 1.4 x 0.7 $\mu$m in size, are accumulated in the cytoplasm. 5. C-type of basophilic granule cells: These cells contain electron-dense granules of less than 0.2 $\mu$m in size, which exhibit PAS- positive reaction. This type of granule is also found in the muscle layer of parenchyma. 6. D-type of basophilic granule cells: This type of granule cell occurs only in the parenchyma around reproductive organ. The granules have cytochemical characteristics that they exhibit strongly positive reaction with PAS and weakly eosinophilic property. These electron-dense granules, which are 0.2 to 0.6 $\mu$m in length, have oval shapes. 7. E-type of basophilic granule cells: These cells are found only in the parenchyma around re productive organ. The granules contained in a small number in the cell, exhibit PAS-positive reaction and have an average size of 0. 2pm. 8. Eosinophilic granule cells: These cells contain a large number of eosinophilic granules which have relatively diverse sizes from 0.3 x 0.2 to 0.8 x 0.4 $\mu$m. Most of granules are round or irregularly-shaped and highly electrondense. These cells have an array of well-developed granular endoplasmic reticulum of which cisternae are distened. 9. Transparent granule cells contain electron-lucent granules which exhibit negative reactions with three kinds of cytochemical methods used in this experiment.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.239-246
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• 2008

This research tried to find out the optimum fabrication method of calcined clay granules comprising zeolite. Kaolin clay and natural zeolite powder were used as raw materials of calcined clay, and silica stone powder was used for controlling the porosity of the granules. The granulation was performed with two kinds of granulators: a pan granulator and a high-shear mixer granulator. Various granules were fabricated by the mixing ratios and the rotation speeds of the granulators, and were heated from 400 to $700^{\circ}C$ at $100^{\circ}C$ interval. The crushing strength, pore size distribution, and CEC of the granules were measured. The evaluation method for the resistance of granules to human treading was created and the tests were conducted at dry and wet conditions. The resistance and crushing strength improved in proportion to the rotation speed of the granulator and the heating temperature, but the CEC decreased. The pellet made by the pan granulator did not have the strength against treading upon heating to below $700^{\circ}C$, but the pellet made by the high-shear mixer granulator endured the treading test upon heating to over $500^{\circ}C$

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1764-1768
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• 2009

This study was carried out to examine a concentration of steroid hormones and in vitro development of mouse embryos in culture supernatant of bovine granulosa cells (GC). To obtain the culture supernatant, granulosa cells were retrieved from mature follicles (6~15 mm diameter) and immature follicles (2~5 mm diameter) of bovine ovary and were cultured, respectively, in media of Ham's F-10 with 15% FCS for 16 days. Mature and immature granulosa cells formed their monolayers easily and showed similar growth patterns in culturing. There was no morphological difference between mature and immature granulosa cells. High levels of both progesterone and estradiol were detected in the culture supernatant of mature granulosa cells and immature granulsa cells, and the endocrine profiles of the two types of cells were similar. Progesterone secretion of granulosa cells was high in the late stage of culturing and estradiol secretion was high in the early stage of culturing. In vitro development rates of mouse embryos to morula, blastocyst and hatched blastocyst were significantly (p<0.05) higher in culture supernatant of mature granulosa cells (92.7%, 78.1% and 34.5%) and in culture supernatant of immature granulosa cells (96.4%, 78.5% and 26.8%) than in Ham's F-10 (86.7%, 41,7% and 13.3%). However, there was no difference between the culture supernatant of mature granulosa cells and the culture supernatant of immature granulosa cells in the development of embryos.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.65-72
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• 2005

The ultrastructure of submandibular gland was examined in the lesser white-toothed shrew, Crocidura suaveolens. The submandibular gland of C. suaveolens was a mixed gland composed of serous and mucous acinar cells. Secretory granules from the acini were discharged through the salivary ducts into the oral cavity. Serous and mucous acinar cells had well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria and large amount of granules. In case of serous acinar granules, an immature granule was formless and had only dense specks, and a matured granule was a complete round type delimiting by a single membrane and had a homogeneous dense center with dense specks on the border. In case of mucous acinar granules, while an immature granule was a round type and had an only homogeneous matrix and an indistinct limiting membrane, a mature granule was an even round type having a variety of pattern with several dense bands into the homogeneous matrix and had a distinct membrane. Therefore, a mature mucous acinar granule of C. suaveolens was not only distinct from those of the other mammalian species to have a variety of pattern but also from those of C. lasiura to have an even round type. A great serous-like secretory granules and Myelin-like body were observed in the cytoplasm and lumen of granular duct cells. Myelin-like body, a characteristic structure only reported in salivary gland of three shrews, was discharged from secretory cell into lumen by the manner of exocytosis which has little differences from discharging manner of secretory granules.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.159.2-160
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• 2003

청국장의 섭취를 증대할 수 있는 방안으로 청국장 분말을 유산균과 클로렐라, 녹차 등과 혼합하여 타블렛 제품을 제조하고 품질특성을 조사하였다. 분말과 과립 청국장으로 제조한 청국장 타블렛의 품질특성을 조사해 본 결과 pH는 과립청국장으로 제조한 타블렛이 건조청국장보다 높았다. 총당의 함량은 분말과 과립으로 제조한 청국장 타블렛 모두 비슷한 함량을 나타내었고 원심분리 후의 고형분양은 분말로 만들어진 청국장이 더 단단한 과립을 형성하였다. 분말청국장으로 제조한 타블렛의 경우 건조초기에 낮은 흡습량을 보이다가 4시간 이후부터 증가량이 많아진 반면 과립으로 제조한 청국장의 경우는 저장 초기부터 빠른 증가를 보였다. 분말과 과립청국장을 이용하여 제조한 타블렛의 색도는 클로렐라를 첨가한 처리구는 청색을 나타내었다. 물리적 강도는 분말을 이용한 경우 파괴될 때 소요되는 힘이 큰 것으로 나타났으며 이는 흡습특성이나 붕해성의 결과와도 일치하였다. 청국장 타블렛의 관능특성은 유의성 검정을 실시한 결과로는 통계적인 유의 차가 없는 것으로 나타나 부재료의 첨가가 관능적으로 큰 영향을 주지는 않는 것으로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.44 no.9
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• pp.1311-1316
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• 2015

The aim of this study was to investigate the quality characteristics and antioxidant activities of herbal medicine extract granules for the comparison of commercial powder products such as adlay tea powder and roasted grain powder. The antioxidant activities of samples were estimated using reducing power, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) free radical scavenging activities, and total polyphenolic contents. Herbal extract granules contained $126.44{\pm}7.26mg/100g$ of total polyphenolic contents. Interestingly, the highest antioxidant activity was found in 5.5% herbal extract granules, which showed DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activities of 71.82% and 85.28%, respectively, at 100 mg/mL and reducing power of O.D 1.25. These results suggested that addition of herbal medicine extract had beneficial effects on the functionality of granules without any affecting on its sensory characteristics.