• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether 12-weeks of movement training would increase the psoas major cross-sectional area (CSA) in senior men and women. Fifty eight men and women aged 65 to 80 years old ($69.6{\pm}3.7$, 30 male, 28 female) were divided into a control (n=19) and exercise group (n=39). Subjects were assessed before and after the training program for stature, body mass, and magnetic resonance imaging of the psoas major and the quadriceps muscle. The experimental group performed exercises using machines designed to improve the movement of the hip at a frequency of twice every week, with a total of 23 trainings in 12-weeks. Magnetic resonance images of both thighs and the abdomen and psoas major were obtained, aimed at 50% of the length of the greater trochanter and the lower edge of the femur and between the fourth (L4) and fifth (L5) lumbars. A 9.4% increase in the psoas major CSA in the training group was observed. In the male and female breakdown, a 11.5% and 8.4% change was observed in males and females, respectively. In the quadriceps, there was no significant statistical improvement in either males or females. Furthermore, in the control group, there was no significant change seen in either the psoas major or the quadriceps. As a result of conducting training that enables upkeep of posture and smooth linkage of the lumbar spine, the pelvis and thighbone, the psoas major CSA of older adults were improved in a short period of time. For this reason, the possibility of improving the psoas CSA, which decreases remarkably with increased age, by improving the linkage of the body trunk is also suggested.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.26-33
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate migration of technetium-99m hexamethylpropylene amine oxime ($^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO) labeled immature and mature dendritic cells (DC) in the mouse. Methods: DC were collected from bone marrow (BM) of tibiae and femurs of mice. Immature and mature DC from BM cells were radiolabeled with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO. To evaluate the functional and phenotypic changes of DC from radiolabeling, the allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis were performed before and after labeling with $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO. Migration of intravenously injected DC (iv-DC) was assessed by serial gamma camera images of mice with or without subcutaneous tumor. Percent injected dose per gram (%ID/g) was calculated in lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, and tumor through dissection of each mice after 24 hours of injection. Results: Labeling efficiency of immature and mature DC were $60.4{\pm}5.4%\;and\;61.8{\pm}6.7%$, respectively. Iv-DC initially appeared in the lungs, then redistributed mainly to liver and spleen. Migration of mature DC to spleen was significantly higher than that of immature DC ($38.3{\pm}4.0%\;vs.\;32.2{\pm}4.1%$ in control group, $40.4{\pm}4.1%\;vs.\;35.9{\pm}3.8%$ in tumor group; p<0.05). Migration to tumor was also significantly higher in mature DC than in immature DC ($2.4{\pm}0.3%\;vs\;1.7{\pm}0.2%$; p=0.034). Conclusion: Assessment of migration pattern of DC in mice was possible using $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO labeled immature and mature DC. Migration of mature DC to spleen and tumor was higher than that of immature DC when they were i.v. injected.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.269-280
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the dietary habits, health status, and nutrients status of male college students in Seoul according to vegetarian habits. The heights of lacto-ovo vegetarian and non-vegetarian students were not significantly different. However, body weight was significantly higher in the non-vegetarians. The lacto-ovo-vegetarians were vegetarians for religious reasons, and indicated 86.0% satisfaction with their meals. However, the lacto-ovo vegetarian and non-vegetarians showed concerns about low nutrient intakes. Lacto-ovo vegetarians displayed a higher proportion of meal regularity and daily breakfast as compared to non-vegetarians. In addition, their favorite food when eating out was Korean food. Lacto-ovo vegetarians showed higher intakes of milk or other dairy products (yogurt, etc.), vegetables, and fruit, as well as more regular eating habits. In contrast, the non-vegetarians showed higher intakes of high-protein foods (eggs, beans, tofu, etc.) and fatty foods. Lacto-ovo vegetarians showed lower intakes of total energy, as well as vitamins $B_2$, $B_6$, and niacin. Non-vegetarians showed in sufficient dietary fiber intake. In conclusion, lacto-ovo-vegetarians need a meal plan to consider the intake of other nutrients, while non-vegetarians should try to prevent the occurrence of health problems due to excessive intake of nutrients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.449-464
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• 2019

Purpose: North Koreans could be at higher risk for their bone health because of previous periods of severe famine and the continuing low availability of food. This study determined the bone mineral density (BMD) status and its relationship with dietary behaviors and nutrient intake of North Korean refugees (NKR) in South Korea (SK). Methods: This cross-sectional study analyzed 110 female NKR from a NORNS cohort of a non-probability sample of adult NKR in Seoul. BMD examined by DEXA was used to divide participants into the normal group (NG) and the non-normal group (NNG) according to the WHO guideline. A self-administered questionnaire included questions on age, the socioeconomic situation in North Korea (NK) and SK, the food security in NK and SK, and the health behaviors, dietary behaviors, and food frequency questionnaire administered in SK. A one-day 24-hr recall was conducted and the results were analyzed by using CanPro. SPSS was used to analyze whether BMD and related dietary behaviors and nutrient intakes differed according to the groups. Results: NG (62.7%) was significantly younger and had a lower abdominal obesity score than NNG (p < 0.001). While 14.5% of NG reported experiencing menopause, all of NNG reported experiencing menopause. The NG more frequently consumed the dairy group of foods (9.6 times a week) than did the NNG (4.8 times a week) after the statistics were adjusted for age (p < 0.007). The NG consumed significantly more animal protein and animal calcium than did the NNG (p = 0.01, p = 0.009, respectively). Calcium intake was low with 49.3% of NG, and 78.0% of the NNG reported consuming calcium lower than the estimated average requirement. Only calcium showed an index of nutrient quality lower than one in both groups. Conclusion: These results showed that NKR women and possibly all North Korean women are at high risk for bone health and they consumed low levels of bone-related nutrients, and this should be considered for the nutrition policy for NKR and North Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.12
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• pp.1589-1598
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of obesity on health by analyzing the factors which are related to obesity through the questionnaires on the dietary pattern, nutrient intake and physical measurements. The subjects, 419 college women aged 20 to 24 year-old, were randomly selected from Seoul and data were collected during March to May, 2008 and classified as under underweight, normal weight, and obesity groups according to BMI. However, weight, skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, fat free mass, percentage of body fat, and waist to hip ratio showed significant differences among all the groups (p<0.05). In the obese group, 77.8% ate fat-rich foods such as galbi and samgyopsal more than two times per week, 66.7% ate vegetables other than kimchi (p<0.05) as compared to the underweight and normal groups by mini dietary assessment (p<0.05). The cholesterol intakes of the underweight, normal weight, and obese groups were $164.67{\pm}114.52mg/dL$, $143.31{\pm}99.58mg/dL$, and $121.92{\pm}54.91mg/dL$, respectively, and the obese group had a significantly lower intake than the other groups (p<0.05). The serum total cholesterol levels of the underweight, normal, and obese groups were $177.04{\pm}26.36mg/dL$, $189.46{\pm}29.05mg/dL$, and $170.00{\pm}12.75mg/dL$, respectively, and the obese group showed lower total cholesterol level than the other groups (p<0.05). The triacylglycerol level of the obese group ($132.00{\pm}64.60mg/dL$) was significantly higher than the other two groups (p<0.05). The HDL-cholesterol levels of the underweight, normal weight, and obese groups were $51.92{\pm}9.39mg/dL$, $59.20{\pm}13.53mg/dL$, and $43.00{\pm}8.98mg/dL$, respectively, showing that the obese subjects had significantly lower HDL-cholesterol levels as compared to the subjects in the other groups (p<0.05). The HDL-C/LDL-C ratios of the underweight ($0.52{\pm}0.45$) and normal weight ($0.59{\pm}0.23$) groups were higher than the ratio of the obese group ($0.41{\pm}0.06$). Total cholesterol were positively correlated with LDL-cholesterol (r=0.768, p<0.01), but triacylglycerol were adversely correlated with HDL-cholesterol. In conclusion, our results show that college-aged women in Seoul should be encouraged to amend their overall dietary habits, make a dietary plan that fits their individual needs, and maintain an effective exercise schedule.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the dietary behaviors and food intake patterns of university students according to the obesity index(OI). The subjects were 349 students(107 males and 242 females) who were assigned to one of the following groups based on the percentage of ideal body weight: underweight(OI< 90%), normal ($90%{\leq}Ol<10%$) and overweight($OI{\geq}110%$). The dietary behaviors and food intake patterns were evaluated by questionnaires and 24 hour recall method. The results were summarized as follows. The rates of underweight, normal, and overweight students were 33.8%, 61.0%, and 5.2% respectively. The ratios of underweight was higher than overweight, especially in case of female. The 60.46% of subjects responded that they had an irregular eating habits, especially in overweight group(72.22%). The 52.44% of subjects showed skipping mealtime more than one time per day. The overweight group had a tendency to overeat themselves than other groups. The normal group had less unbalanced dietary pattern than the other groups(p<0.0019). Most subjects had a snack(96.27%). The percentage of those who drank and smoked were 86.74% and 19.54%, respectively. The smoking value was significantly higher in the overweight group(p<0.0009). The food consumption frequency by food groups was not different among the groups except instant and fast food. More than 50% subjects consumed fish, legumes & its products, and vegetables everyday. There was significantly less rate of the instant and fast food consumption frequency in the normal group(p<0.0177). The 3/4 subjects that showed the lower consumed level in RDA(< 75%) were under-nutritional state in the Fe and Ca. In case of Ca, there was a higher NAR value in the overweight group(p<0.0257) significantly, and Fe, protein, vitamin $B_1$, vitamin $B_2$, and niacin showed similar tendencies. The INQ of Fe was significantly higher in the overweight group than other groups(p<0.0335).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.23-37
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to investigate the health status of preschool children using the questionnaires about dietary behaviors and anthropometric indices. And also nutritional status was investigated using questionnaires for 24-hr recall method. The study was conducted in 145 children aged 3 to 6 years and questionnaires for dietary behaviors and dietary intakes were performed by mothers of children in Ulsan. Just nine percent of children were graded as good in terms of having healthy eating habits, this means that the nutrition education for the dietary behaviors should be more focused on preschool children. With regard to the frequency of food intake, children consumed green & yellow vegetables less frequently, meanwhile consumed high protein source food (meat, egg and bean) and milk and its product more frequently. Children almost never consumed fried foods as often as 1-2 times a weak. In assessment of the health status, children have the highest prevalence of colds and allergy, but lower prevalence of clinical symptoms due to the nutritional deficiency. The mean height was $103.6\;{\pm}\;6.4\;cm$ and significantly different among age (p < 0.05), but was not significantly different between sex. The mean weight was $17.8\;{\pm}\;3.0\;kg$ and significantly different in 5, 6years old among age. By the WLI criteria, 11.1% of children were underweight and 17.4% of children were overweight or obese. By the Rohrer index criteria, any children were not underweight and 86.8% of children were overweight or obese. By the Kaup index criteria, 2.8% of children were underweight and 29.2% of children were overweight or obese. And Obesity Index criteria, 2.1% of children were underweight and 20.8% of children were overweight or obese. The results of obesity rate by all criteria except Rohrer index indicated similar level, were significantly high in age 3 with all criteria, and decreased with age increased. The energy intake of children was lower than EER (Estimated Energy Requirements) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRIs) by as much as 85.7%. Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR) was 62.6:21.5:15.7 as carbohydrate:protein:lipid, so children consumed protein more, but consumed lipid less compared with those of KDRIs. Vitamin A intake was 133% of recommended intakes (RI) and calcium intake which was identified as the nutrient most likely to be lacking in diets was 98.9% of RI. The intakes of all minerals and vitamins except folate were higher than KDRIs. 33.3% of children were distributed in insufficiency of energy intake, 42.7% of children were distributed in insufficiency of lipid intake. These results indicate that the need of developing of nutrition education program and further concern of a public health center, university and children care center about dietary life for preschool children.