• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.177-177
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• 2009

사용후 핵연료의 건식처리 시 핵연료 다발을 절단하여 voloxidation 즉 휘발산화처리를 하면 고온에 의해 분리가 가능한 핵분열생성물의 분리와 우라늄의 산화에 의한 부피팽창으로 핵연료가 쪼개져서 입도가 작아지고 또한 핵연료가 피복재에서 쉽게 박리되게 된다. 그 결과 폐기물 처리 시에 발열핵종으로 폐기물의 저준위화시에 분리가 요망되는 Cs-137이 분리되는 장점이 있어 습식 재처리에 있어서도 바람직하다. 건식처리에 있어서는 voloxidation 으로 처리된 피복재에는 금속 지르코늄에 불순물로 함유된 우라늄의 의한 방사화 생성물과 피복재 표변에 부착/침투한 방사화 생성물이 방사능을 갖게 된다. 이러한 부착된 TRU 잔류물은 통상 1% 미만으로 알파핵종의 방사능이 원자로에서 배출시에는 고준위 기준치의 약 100배 수준이었다가 30년 냉각후에는 약 1/10 수준으로 저준위화 된다. 지르코늄 금속중에 불순물로 함유된 우라늄의 방사화로 생기는 방사능은 고준위 기준치의 10% 를 넘지 않아서 피복재의 저준위화시에 고려할 필요가 없다. 발생열은 방출시에 고준위 기준치의 약 30 배 수준에서 5년 냉각후에는 기준치 미만이 되며 30년후에는 1/8000 정도로 저준위화 된다. 사용후 핵연료를 습시처리시에 발생하는 고준위 폐기물 중 약 1/4 가 피복재 (hull) 임을 고려하면 피복재의 저준위화는 사용후 연료의 건식처리에 있어서도 필수적인 과정이다. 특히 미국의 고준위 폐기물 처분장 Yucca Mt.의 포기와 우리의 고준위 폐기불 처분장이 공론화되는 싯점에서 저준위화는 매우 필요한 기술이다. 피복재는 방사성 물질의 침투두께가 0.01mm 미만이 대부분으로 저준위화에는 표면제염에 의한 저준위화가 주로 연구되어왔다. 표면제염에 의한 저준화는 이온 빔, laser에 의한 방법, dry ice 분사에 의한 방법이 시도되었다. 염소기체를 이용하여 지르코늄의 산화막을 제거하고자 하였으나 이 산화막이 안정적이어서 표변의 연마, 아크릴 칼의 사용, 표면을 눌러서 처리하는 등 전처리하여서 염소기체 반응에 의한 표면제거 실험이 가장 효과적임이 실험적 결과이었다. 이러한 전처리로 방사능을 1/100 수준으로 낮춘다고 하더라도 지르코늄 금속중에 불순물로 함유된 우라늄의 방사화에 의해 중저준위 폐기물의 범주에서 벗어나지 않으므로 재활용에는 제한이 있다. 또한 전처리(표면제염)하여 분리되는 고준위는 다른 고준위 염폐기물과 함께 처리하여 발열 핵종을 제거하면 중저준위화가 가능하다. 저준위화 된 hull폐기물에는 지르코늄 금속에 불순물로서 함유되어있는 우라늄에 의한 방사능을 갖는데 이들의 제거나 분리는 지르코늄 합금 피복재 원료물질에 불순물로 함유하는 우라늄의 함량을 낮추는 것과 유사한 문제이다. 현재까지 지르코늄합금 피복재에 우라늄이 불순물로 함유된 것을 사용함으로 원자로내에서 방사화되어서 방사능을 갖게 되는 것은 피할 수가 없다. 따라서 저준위화 처리된 피복재는 장기 보관으로 방사능을 감쇠시켜서 재활용하도록 한다. 처리 방법으로는 초고압 압축저장, 시멘트 고화, 합성암석에 의한 고화법 등으로 장기간 보관 후에 금속으로서 재활용한다.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.743-749
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the microencapsulatuion of ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid isolated from fish oil and to obtain fundamental information on the utilization of the ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in the dairy foods field. To obtain the desirable microencapsulation efficiency, 1.5% agar and 0.5% gelatin were used as coating materials, and 0.5% SFAN 60 (HLB 4.5 value) was used to maintain the emulsion stability. The optimal mixing ratio of coating material to core material was 8:2 (w/w). The thermostability of microencapsulated product was not maintained above $60^{\circ}C$. Microencapsulation efficiency was kept at about 90% at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$ for 7 days storage at various temperatures. At $20^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$, however, about 80% microencapsulatuion efficiency was obtained for 3 days storage. About 80.57% microcapsule was destroyed by 1%> pepsin solution at $37^{\circ}C$ for 10 min.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.41 no.7
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• pp.665-671
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• 2017

The alkali-Metal Thermal-to-electric Converter (AMTEC) is one of the promising static energy conversion technologies for the direct conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy. The advantages over a conventional energy converter are its high theoretical conversion efficiency of 40% and power density of 500 W/kg. The working principle of an AMTEC battery is the electrochemical reaction of the sodium through an ion conducting electrolyte. Sodium ion pass through the hot side of the beta"-alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) primarily as a result of the pressure difference. This pressure difference across the BASE has a significant effect on the overall performance of the AMTEC system. In order to build the high pressure difference across the BASE, hermeticity is required for each joined components for high temperature range of $900^{\circ}C$. The AMTEC battery was manufactured by utilizing robust joining technology of BASE/insulator/metal flange interfaces of the system for both structural and electrical stability. The electrical potential difference between the anode and cathode sides, where the electrons emitted from sodium ionization and recombined into sodium, was characterized as the open-circuit voltage. The efforts of technological improvement were concentrated on a high-power output and conversion efficiency. This paper discusses about the joining and performance of the AMTEC systems.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 2000

Uniform silicon tip arrays were fabricated using the reactive ion etching followed by the reoxidation sharpening, and the effect of Pd-coated layer on electron emission characteristics was studied. The electron emission from Si field emitter arrays(FEAs) was a little, but improved by removing surface oxide on the FEA, but pronounced drastically by coating a $100-{\AA}-thick$ Pd metal layer. The turn-on voltage in the Pd-coated Si FEAs was reduced by 30 V in comparison with that in uncoated ones. This results from the increase of surface roughness at the tip apex by the Pd coating on Si FEA, via the decrease of the apex radius at which electrons are emitting. The Pd-coated emitters showed superior operating stability over a wide current range to that of the uncoated ones. This suggests that Pd coating enhances the high temperature stability and the surface inertness Si FEA.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.769-781
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• 2007

Factor analysis has been usually employed in reducing quantity of data and summarizing information on a system or phenomenon. In this analysis methodology, variables are grouped into several factors by consideration of statistic characteristics, and the results are used for dropping variables which have lower weight than others. In this study, factor analysis was applied for extracting primary factors influencing multi-dam system operation in the Han River basin, where there are two multi-purpose dams such as Soyanggang Dam and Chungju Dam, and water has been supplied by integrating two dams in water use season. In order to fulfill factor analysis, first the variables related to two dams operation were gathered and divided into five groups (Soyanggang Dam: inflow, hydropower product, storage management, storage, and operation results of the past; Chungju Dam: inflow, hydropower product, water demand, storage, and operation results of the past). And then, considering statistic properties, in the gathered variables, some variables were chosen and grouped into five factors; hydrological condition, dam operation of the past, dam operation at normal season, water demand, and downstream dam operation. In order to check the appropriateness and applicability of factors, a multiple regression equation was newly constructed using factors as description variables, and those factors were compared with terms of objective function used in operation water resources optimally in a river basin. Reviewing the results through two check processes, it was revealed that the suggested approach provided satisfactory results. And, it was expected for extracted primary factors to be useful for making dam operation schedule considering the future situation and previous results.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2022

The potassium cream soap with fatty acid called cleaning foam has a crystal gel structure, and unlike an emulsion system, it is weak to shear stress and shows characteristics that are easily separated under high temperature storage conditions. The crystal gel structure of cleansing foams is significantly influenced by the nature and proportion of fatty acids, degree of neutralization, and the nature and proportion of polyols. In order to investigate the effect of these parameters on the crystal gel structure, a ternary system consisting of water/KOH/fatty acid was investigated in this study. The investigation of differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) revealed that the eutectic point was found at the ratio of myristic acid (MA) : stearic acid (SA) = 3 : 1 and ternary systems were the most stable at the eutectic point. However, the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. On the basis of viscosity and polarized optical microscopy (POM) measurements, the optimum degree of neutralization was found to be about 75%. The system was stable when the melting point (T_m) of the ternary system was higher than the storage temperature and the crystal phase was transferred to lamellar gel phase, but the increase in fatty acid content had little effect on stability. The addition of polyols to the ternary system played an important role in changing the T_m and causing phase transition. The structure of the cleansing foams were confirmed through cryogenic scanning electron microscope (Cryo-SEM), small and wide angle X-ray scattering (SAXS and WAXS) analysis. Since butylene glycol (BG), propylene glycol (PG), and dipropylene glycol (DPG) lowered the T_m and hindered the lamellar gel formation, they were unsuitable for the formation of stable cleansing foam. In contrast, glycerin, PEG-400, and sorbitol increased the T_m, and facilitated the formation of lamellar gel phase, which led to a stable ternary system. Glycerin was found to be the most optimal agent to prepare a cleansing foam with enhanced stability.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to examine physiological and cultural characteristics of two strains ASI 19003, 'Poplar field-cap mushroom' Agrocybe cylindracea, and ASI 19016, 'Chaxingo' A. chaxingu, at the bottle cultivation which have very similar morphological characteristics in genus Agrocybe. There was significant difference between the physiological and cultural characteristics of ASI19003 and ASI19016. The optimal temperature for the hyphal growth was $28^{\circ}C$ in the strain ASI19003 and $30^{\circ}C$ in ASI19016. The optimal pH was not different in two strains and these strains grew well at pH 5.5~7.0. But the optimal pH in the submerged culture was 5.5 in ASI19003 and 5.0 in ASI19016. Especially, hyphal growth of the strain ASI19016 was very poor at pH 6.0~7.3. The optimal carbon source for the growth was lactose in the strain ASI19003 and fructose in ASI19016, and nitrate sources were asparagine, alanine, and glycine in the strain ASI19003, and ammonium tartrate, asparagine, glycine, and alanine in ASI19016, respectively. The periods of incubation and fruiting body formation in the bottle cultivation during the spring were 27 and 13 days in the strain ASI19003, 29 and 17 days in ASI19016. The yields of fruit body were 114 g per bottle (850 $m{\ell}$ volume) in the strain ASI19003 and 100 g in ASI19016. In the summer, the periods of hyphal incubation and fruiting body formation were 29 and 11 days in the strain ASI19003, 30 and 12 days in ASI19016. The color of the cap in the ASI19003 strain according to temperature increase during the fruit body development become more pale, but the strain ASI19016 kept dark color relative to ASI19003. The fruiting body formation of the strain ASI19016 was faster than that of ASI19003. Accordingly, the cultivation of A. cylindracea ASI19003 during the spring, fall and winter, and A. chaxingu ASI19016 during the summer can keep high quality and stable supply all year round of these mushrooms.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.145-154
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• 2022

Due to abnormal weather conditions caused by climate change, natural disasters and damages are gradually increasing around the world. Global climate change as accompanied by warming is projected to exert adverse impact on production of potato, which is known as cool season crop. Even though, role of potato as a food security crop is expected to increase in the future, the climate change impacts on potato and adaption strategies are not sufficiently established. Therefore, this study was conducted to analyze the damage pattern of potatoes due to high temperature treatment and to evaluate the response of cultivars. T he high temperature treatment (35~38℃) induced heat stress by sealing the plastic house in midsummer (July), and the quantity and quality characteristics of potatoes were compared with the control group. T otal yield, marketable yield (>80 g) and the number of tubers per plants decreased when heat treatment was performed, and statistical significance was evident. In the heat treatment, 'Jayoung' cultivar suffered a high heat damage with an 84% reduction in yield of >80 g compared to the control group. However, in Jopung cultivar, the decrease was relatively small at 26%. Tuber physiological disturbances (Secondary growth, Tuber cracking, Malformation) tended to increase in the heat stress. Under heat conditions, the tubers were elongated overall, which means that the marketability of potatoes was lowered. T he tuber firmness and dry matter content tended to decrease significantly in the heat-treated group. T herefore, the yield and quality of tubers were damaged when growing potatoes in heat conditions. T he cultivar with high heat adaptability was 'Jopung'. T his result can be used as basic data for potato growers and breeding of heat-resistant cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.260-270
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• 2017

Zirconia has white color and physical, chemical stability, also using in high temperature materials and various industrial structural ceramics such as heat insulating materials and refractories due to their low thermal conductivity, excellent strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. If hydrophobically modified zirconia is introduced into a hydrophobic acrylate coating solution, the hardness, chemical, electrical, and optical properties will be improved due to the better dispersibility of inorganic particle in organic coating media. Thus, we introduced $-CH_3$ group through silylation reaction using either trimethylchlorosilane(TMCS) or hexamethyldisilazane(HMDZ) on zirconia surface. The $Si-CH_3$ peaks derived from TMCS and HMDZ on hydrophobically modified zirconia surface was confirmed by FT-IR ATR spectroscopy, and introduction of silicon was confirmed by FE-SEM/EDS and ICP-AES. In addition, the sedimentation rate result in acrylate monomer of the modified zirconia showed the improved dispersibility. Comparison of the sizes of a pristine and the modified zirconia particles, which were clearly measured not by the normal microscope but by particle size analysis, provided a pulverizing was occurred by physical force during the silylation process. From the BET analysis data, the specific surface area of zirconia was approximately $18m^2/g$ and did not significantly change during modification process.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.27-27
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• 2003

최근 탄소나노튜브를 전계방출 표시소자(FED, field omission display)용 에미터 재료로 사용한 캐소드 개발에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 캐소드전극으로는 투명전도성 반도체 박막인 ITO를 사용하고, 에미터용 재료로는 탄소나노튜브를 사용해서 스크린 인쇄법으로 2극(diode type)형 전계방출 소자용 캐소드를 제작하였다. 본딩재(bonding materials)의 종류와 공정변수를 달리해서 에미터용 탄소나노튜브와 ITO 캐소드 전극 사이의 전기적 접촉방법을 변화시켰을때 탄소나노튜브 캐소드의 전계방출 특성을 체계적으로 연구하였다. 첫째로, 본딩재의 전기전도성 (electrical conductivity)을 변수로 해서 탄소나노튜브 에미터의 전계강화(fold enhancement) 효과를 연구한 결과 본딩재의 구성 성분중 부도체(insulator)의 분율이 높을수록 전계강화 효과가 크게 나타남을 확인하였다. 두 번째로, ITO박막 캐소드전극과 탄소나노튜브 잉크 사이에 중간층(inter layer)을 형성시켜서 중간층이 전계방출 특성에 미치는 영향을 연구하여, 중간층의 존재가 탄소나노튜브의 전계방출 전류의 균일성과 전류밀도의 증가에 기여하는 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과 전계방출 전류가 안정적이면서 동시에 전계방출 효율이 크게 개선된 탄소나노튜브 캐소드를 제작하는 공정기술이 개발되었다. 개발된 기술은 기존의 방법에 비해서 탄소나노튜브 캐소드의 진공패키징시 아웃개싱(outgassing)의 양도 현격하게 작았으며, 에미터와 캐소드 전극 사이의 본딩력(adhesion)도 우수해서 항후 탄소나노튜브 전계방출 표시소자의 개발에 크게 기여할 것으로 판단된다.luminum 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 세라믹 수율도 증가하였음을 확인하였다. 합성된 aluminum-contained polycarbosilane은 20$0^{\circ}C$에서 1시간 동안 불융화과정을 거쳐 환원 및 진공 분위기에서 고온 열처리하였으며 이로부터 얻어진 시료에 대해 XRD분석을 수행하였다. SEM과 TEM을 이용하여 미세구조를 관찰하였다./100 duty로 구동하였으며, duty비 증가에 따라 pulse의 on-time을 고정하고 frequency를 변화시켰다. dc까지 duty비가 증가됨에 따라 방출전류의 양이 선형적으로 증가하였다. 전압을 일정하게 고정시키고 각 duty비에서 시간에 따라 방출전류를 측정한 결과 duty비가 높을수록 방출전류가 시간에 따라 급격히 감소하였다. 각 duty비에서 방출전류의 양이 1/2로 감소하는 시점을 에미터의 수명으로 볼 때 duty비 대 에미터 수명관계를 구해 높은 duty비에서 전계방출을 시킴으로써 실제의 구동조건인 낮은 duty비에서의 수명을 단시간에 예측할 수 있었다. 단속적으로 일어난 것으로 생각된다.리 폐 관류는 정맥주입 방법에 비해 고농도의 cisplatin 투여로 인한 다른 장기에서의 농도 증가 없이 폐 조직에 약 50배 정도의 고농도 cisplatin을 투여할 수 있었으며, 또한 분리 폐 관류 시 cisplatin에 의한 직접적 폐 독성은 발견되지 않았다이 낮았으나 통계학적 의의는 없었다[10.0%(4/40) : 8.2%(20/244), p>0.05]. 결론: 비디오흉강경술에서 재발을 낮추기 위해 수술시 폐야 전체를 관찰하여 존재하는 폐기포를 놓치지 않는 것이 중요하며, 폐기포를 확인하지 못한