• Journal of Life Science
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• 제24권9호
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• pp.995-1000
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• 2014

The studies of marine viruses in terms of viral isolation and detection have been limited due to the high mutation rate and genetic diversity of marine viruses. Of the modern methods currently used to detect marine viruses, serological methods based on enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are the most common. They depend largely on the quality of the antibodies and on highly purified suitable antigens. Recently, a new experimental system for using viral capsid protein as an antigen has been developed using the yeast surface display (YSD) technique. In the present study, the capsid protein gene of the red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus (RGNNV) was expressed and purified via YSD and HA-tagging systems, respectively. Two regions of the RGNNV capsid protein gene, RGNNV1 and RGNNV2, were individually synthesized and subcloned into a yeast expression vector, pCTCON. The expressions of each RGNNV capsid protein in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain EBY100 were indirectly detected by flow cytometry with fluorescently labeled antibodies, while recognizing the C-terminal c-myc tags encoded by the display vector. The expressed RGNNV capsid proteins were isolated from the yeast surface through the cleavage of the disulfide bond between the Aga1 and Aga2 proteins after ${\beta}$-mercaptoethanol treatment, and they were directly detected by Western blot using anti-HA antibody. These results indicated that YSD and HA-tagging systems could be applicable to the expressions and purification of recombinant RGNNV capsid proteins.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Measles virus is a highly contagious, exanthematic virus, preventable by the use of an effective live-attenuated vaccine. However, measles virus remains endemic in many area of the world causing nearly 200,000 deaths per year and still a major cause of child mortality, mostly in developing countries. In March 2014, Republic of Korea was certified as a 'national measles elimination' by the WHO as a result of a high-quality case-based surveillance system and population immunity, which was achieved by a high vaccination rate (>95.0% since 1996). But, since the beginning of 2014, the Gyeonggi province has experienced a resurgence of measles cases. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of measles viruses isolated from confirmed measles in Gyeonggi province during January 1, 2014 ~ July 31, 2014, 60 isolates were obtained from 72 confirmed measles specimens. Genotypic distributions and genetic diversities of isolated measles virus were analyzed by sequencing of nucleoprotein (N) gene. 58 (96.7%) imported cases were identified. The predominant genotype was B3, which reflects the circulating measles virus in adjacent countries. The sequences of nucleoprotein (N) gene of isolated MeV were showed that the strains characterized showed the highest degree of identity (99%) with the Philippine related strains in 2013-2014. Therefore, infected traveler returning from the Philippines transmitted secondary infection in Korea.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Intelligent Systems
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.52-64
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• 1995

Robot manipulator is a highly nonlinear-time varying system. Therefore, a lot of control theory has been applied to the system. Robot manipulator has two types of control; one is path planning, another is path tracking. In this paper, we select the path tracking, and for this purpose, propose the intelligent control¬ler which is combined with fuzzy logic and neural network. The fuzzy logic provides an inference morphorlogy that enables approximate human reasoning to apply to knowledge-based systems, and also provides a mathematical strength to capture the uncertainties associated with human cognitive processes like thinking and reasoning. Based on this fuzzy logic, the fuzzy logic controller(FLC) provides a means of converhng a linguistic control strategy based on expert knowledge into automahc control strategy. But the construction of rule-base for a nonlinear hme-varying system such as robot, becomes much more com¬plicated because of model uncertainty and parameter variations. To cope with these problems, a auto-tuning method of the fuzzy rule-base is required. In this paper, the GA-based Fuzzy-Neural control system combining Fuzzy-Neural control theory with the genetic algorithm(GA), that is known to be very effective in the optimization problem, will be proposed. The effectiveness of the proposed control system will be demonstrated by computer simulations using a two degree of freedom robot manipulator.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.109-119
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to analyze the geographical location information data and the damage trends according to the type of landform for the study of various cultural properties in 44 traditional places with national designated cultural properties damaged by the racing earthquake on September 12, 2016. The landform type was the most enclosed type, and the location type was more frequent in the surrounding area, such as urban and rural areas. The waterside type was located along rivers, rivers, valleys, lakes, and oceans except for the top of the mountain, but this area was found to be vulnerable to earthquakes, It is understood that it should be referred from cultural property management the side. 26 of the total 44 were temples. The elevation and slope increased with increasing of the flat type, the background type, the enclosed type, the mountain type, and the top type. Most often located on 1-20 % slopes, with the slope facing south more often than not. Within the 10 km range from the epicenter, 23% were concentrated, within the range of nearly 65 km, the background type was closest, and was concentrated in the northeast and southwest from the epicenter. In this study, it is meaningful to analyze earthquake damage in various aspects from the viewpoint of traditional space which is a landscaping cultural property and it will be used for planning, designing and managing traditional spaces.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.35-54
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• 2001

The construction of Daedeok Science Town, located in Yuseong ward of Daejeon metropolitan city, began in the early 1970s. It started out as a national project to form an agglomeration of the major central government research institutions. Since that time Daedeok Science Town has also attracted private research institutions, mainly during the 1900s. This study geographically analyzes this research institutions to clarify the regional identity of Daedeok Science Town through an integrated approach of existing new regional geography approach, which is characteristics of labour market as the regional pattern of its laborers' residences, spatial labour division, its research network with other institutions, and networks of university, research institution, and corporations, through the spatial spread of intellectual right of property and through network of technology business incubator relationship with spin offs which is appeared to spatial interaction. The results of the study are as follows: First of all, Daedeok Science Town was not only self-sustenance with marketing garden of agricultural regions in the suburb of Daejeon city but also was consign of agricultural products to Daejeon city before 1972. Since that time, the identity of Daedeok Science town has been formed by externally factors of the science development, by the local decentralization of population and public offices in Seoul metropolitan area in terms of the world economy system, and by the internally accessibility maximization of the central location in Korea between 1992 and 1999. On the part of Daedeok Science Town it has some merits of in-migration from nation-wide, and of mother city's Daejeon. Lastly at the period of the venture business beginning after 1999, the role of institution, developing the existing high technology, made great contribution to an attraction of ventures business to here in need of high technology industry growth, including knowledge-based industry in the informated society. On these bases, Daedeok Science Town seems to grow spontaneously as a science park.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.135-154
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to clarify the reason of the change of production-and-marketing system and of the regional division. The data for this study were collected by administering interviews with people engaging in hemp fabric industry: namely, craftsmen and managers in the production and marketing of "hemp fabric" handcraft. The summary of this study is as follows: First, the hemp fabric industry is a main subsidiary business of agriculture in Andong. The process of making hemp fabric heavily depends on manual labor. The process is divided into five stages: namely, cultivating hemp, pre-reeling, reeling, weaving, and colouring. Second, Andong "hemp fabric" handicrafts industry had been continuously growth until the late 1960s. During the period of Japan colonization, it was under boom condition: while the other traditional fabric industries were declined. In the 1970s, the decrease of the demand of hemp fabric was the result of mass production of substitute goods on factory system: while, in the 1980s, the growth of per capital income play an important role in bringing about the increased demand of hemp fabric. Third, in the 1980s. production-and-marketing system was changed as the result of the effort to improve the quality and the process, the advanced age of craftsmen, and the weak function of existing marketing systems. The social division of labor within the district is well developed between cultivating hemp, reeling and weaving. The social division of labor is also found in the partly process of handcratfs, and between the production and marketing. The social division of labor between production and marketing is not strongly developed to establish a reliable enterprise that develops a new product and opens a new market. Fourth, the spatial boundary of the production of hemp fabric handcrafts becomes limited into a special region based on the regional specialization of hemp cultivating and the differentiation of utilization of labor.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2011

ACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) has long been recognized as one of most toxic elements. Application of organic amendments and phosphate fertilizers can decrease the bioavailability of heavy metals in contaminated soil. METHODS AND RESULTS: This study was conducted to evaluate effect of combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure in reducing cadmium phytoavailability in heavy metal contaminated soil. Phosphate fertilizers [Fused and super phosphate (FSP) and $K_2HPO_4$ (DPP)] and manure (M) were applied as single application (FSP, DPP, and M) to combined application (FSP+M and DPP+M) before radish seeding. $K_2HPO_4$ decreased $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration, mainly due to increases in soil pH and negative charge. However, FSP increased $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd and plant Cd concentration. Manure significantly increased soil pH and negative charge. Combined application of phosphate fertilizer and manure were much more effective in reducing Cd phytoavailability than a simple application of each component. Calculated solubility diagram indicated that Cd concentrations in the solution of soils amended with phosphate fertilizers and manure were undersaturated with respect to all potential Cd minerals [$Cd_3(PO_4)_2$, $CdCO_3$, $Cd(OH)_2$, and $CdHPO_4$]. Plant Cd concentration and $NH_4OAc$ extractable Cd were negatively related to soil pH and negative charge. CONCLUSION: Alleviation of Cd phytoavailability with phosphate fertilizer and manure can be attributed primarily to Cd immobilization due to the increase in soil pH and negative charge rather than Cd and phosphate precipitation. Therefore, combined application of alkaline phosphate materials and manure is effective for reducing Cd phytoavailability.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.766-782
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• 2012

Science and technology(S&T) are not only advancing, but also the number of stakeholders in those fields are increasing, and so the demands of S&T strategy for a particular field are increasing. In Korea, especially, this tendency is remarkable, and is evidenced by the fact that more than one hundred of S&T strategies have been established and implemented. However, academic attempts to clarify scientific methodologies for establishing S&T strategy have so far been rare. In this paper, a methodology to establish S&T strategies in a particular field is proposed and examined through a case study to determine its usefulness. First, through an analysis of the literature, previous studies on the establishment of a national S&T strategy and its related concepts are reviewed. Also, a representative framework plans, in accordance with relevant legislation and regulations, are reviewed. Meanwhile, the methodology, PEST-SWOT-AHP, is proposed and the features and applications are identified. For the case study, the strategy establishment of a fusion research and development program is performed. In order to apply the PEST-SWOT-AHP tool, an environmental analysis based on the fusion R&D roadmap is conducted. To examine the usefulness of the proposed framework, a national fusion R&D strategy applying PEST-SWOT-AHP is derived. As a result of the case study, four strategies were derived. Those are be the first mover, promotion of basic research and cultivation of manpower, boost commercialization and public acceptance and reinforcing international cooperation.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.38-43
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• 2008

3D-QSARs on the fungicidal activity with N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide and N-phenyl-2-thienylsul-fonamide analogues (1-34) against Fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum) were discussed quantitatively using CoMFA (comparative molecular field analysis) and CoMSIA (comparative molecular similarity indices analysis) methods, respectively. Generally, the CoMFA models have better predictability and fitness than the CoMSIA models. The fungicidal activities, according to the information of the optimized CoMF A 2 model $(r^2\;_{cv.}=0.523\;&\;r^2\;_{ncv.}=0.956)$, were dependent on the electrostatic field of the N-phenylbenzenesulfonamide analogues. Therefore, from the results of graphical analyses on the contour maps with the optimized CoMFA 2 model, it is expected that the characters of $R_4-substituents$ on the N-phenyl ring as steric and positive charge favor will contribute to the fungicidal activity against Fusarium wilt.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.694-699
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• 2017

In accordance with the development of information and communications technology, a network user has to be able to use quality of service (QoS)-based multimedia services easily. Thus, information and communications operators began to focus on a technique for providing multimedia services. The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) is a platform based on Internet Protocol (IP) as a technology for providing multimedia services and application services. The emerging 5G networks are described as having massive capacity and connectivity, adaptability, seamless heterogeneity, and great flexibility. The explosive growth in network services and devices for 5G will cause excessive traffic loads. In this paper, software-defined networking (SDN) is applied as a kind of virtualization technology for the network in order to minimize the traffic load, and Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is used to provide more efficient network management. To accomplish these purposes, we suggest the design of a dynamic routing algorithm to be utilized in the IMS network using SDN and an SNMP private management information base (MIB). The proposal in this paper gives information and communications operators the ability to supply more efficient network resources.