• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.66 no.4
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• pp.459-466
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• 2021

The present study was conducted to propose future research directions for weed management by examining the current trends of research on weed occurrence according to cropping systems. The cropping systems are developed for the efficient use of arable land, and the weed flora changes according to the management practices of a given cropping system. In particular, weed occurrence can be reduced by altering the soil environment. In addition, cultivation methods, such as tillage, affect the weed seed bank in the soil, thus altering the pattern of weed occurrence. Here, we propose three weed management practices according to the cropping system. First, it is necessary to develop a model that can classify weed species by analyzing young seedlings and can predict the flora in the field. Second, it is important to manage the cropping system history and establish a database of agricultural information, which can be linked to meteorological and geographic data. Third, it is critical to estimate the weed occurrence and soil seed bank dynamics, based on which a cropping system platform and digitalization technology can be developed. In the future, the prediction of weed occurrence and control according to the cropping system will contribute to sustainable agriculture by reducing the use of herbicides and solving the problems of resistant weeds.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.315-325
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• 2023

This study analyzed the disturbance process of river wetlands based on modern and contemporary maps and aerial photographs, and analyzed land cover and NDVI changes in the hydro-ecological impact zone around the Wangjin District. A stable sandbar was formed near Wangjinnaru and was naturally connected to the agricultural land within inland, but after the sandbar and river wetland were destroyed due to heavy floods, embankment construction, land readjustment, and comprehensive river management, artificial replaced wetlands and ecological parks were created, and sandbars in the form of river island were restored again. The change in land cover in the hydro-ecological impact zone showed that rice paddies and fields in agricultural areas decreased from 36.3% in 2013 to 22.9% in 2022, with the largest change in area to 814,476m². It was confirmed that the land cover was undergoing vegetation over time. Since the vegetation condition is good, a healthy food chain is formed in the waterfront ecosystem, which can be expected to be biodiversity-positive. Summarizing seasonal changes in the vegetation index, the overall change in the vegetation index was the largest in spring (March), followed by summer (June), and the change in autumn (September) was the smallest except for water. By land use, the overall vegetation index (NDVI) increased, including 39.1% improvement in alternative wetlands, 38.2% improvement in load, 44.3% improvement in ecological parks, 35.6% improvement in agricultural areas, and -8.1% decrease in water.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 1976

The objective of this paper is to summarize and disicuss the results of studies for the prediction of fertilizer demands up to the year of 2000, from the agromic biew points. 1. The approximated demands of fertilizers figured out from the view point of nutrient requirement and fertilizer efficiency of major crops are 1,162,000M/T (N;554,100 M/T, $P_2O_5$; 360,100 M/T and $K_2O$, 247,000 M/T) at 1980, 1,471,400 M/T (N: 694,800 M/T, $P_2O_5$;465,400M/T and $K_2O$ ;311,200 M/T) at 1990 and 1,764,00 M/T (N;812,500 M/T, $P_2O_5$; 592,300 M/T and $K_2O$;359,200 M/T) at 2000${\cdots}{\cdots}$ (Approximation I) 2. Upon the basis of approximation on the yield levels of major crops per unit area and on the expansion of arable land, the demands of fertilizers at the years of 1980, 1990 and 2000 are predicted as 1,149,300 M/T (N;603,700 M/T $P_2O_5$; 305,500 M/T and $K_2O$, 240,100 M/T) 1,551,100 M/T(N:814,700M/T, $P_2O_5$;412,300 M/T and $K_2O$;324,00 M/T) and 2,253,800 M/T (N;1,183,800M/T, $P_2O_5$; 586,400M/T and $K_2O$, 470,900 M/T), respectively${\cdots}{\cdots}$(Approximation II) 3. When the recent relationships between the increases in yeid of major crops and the amounts of fertilizers for those crops per unit area are brought into consideration for the estimation of future demands of fertilizers, the predicted demands at the years of 1980, 1990 and 2000 are 1,287.600 M/T (N;677,100 M/T, $P_2O_5$; 342,000 M/T, and $K_2O$;268,500 M/T), 2,085,600M/T (N;1,096,700 M/T, $P_2O_5$;533,900 M/T, and $K_2O$;435,000 M/T and 3,380,600 M/T (N;1,777,800M/T, $P_2O_5$;897,800M/T and $K_2O$;705,000M/T) respectively (Approximation III) 4. Approximation I will be closer estimate under such condition that only rice will maintain self suficiency and other food crops will be covered by domestic production by around 50 percent, which is not desirable situation. 5. When higher self suficiency leveles of major food crops are sought through the introduction of improved varieties and expansion of cropping area and arable land by increased land utilization and reclamation of hillside land and tidal land, the Approximations II and III will become close to reality, If improved fertilizers and improved method of fertilizer applications are widely applied at the farmers fields to increase the fertilizer efficiency the former will be closer figure, if not, the latter may be better estimates.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.64-71
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• 2012

This is a basic study for recovering original form of Nongsanbyeoleop(農山別業) in Gangjin, Jeonnam, created in the latter part of Joseon period and the estimation of originla form at the time of creation was conducted by analyzing related literature and inspecting the actual site. "Joseokruki(朝夕樓記)" of Dasan Jung, Yak Yong could estimate spatial structure and using form of Nongsanbyeoleop and the arrangement of spatial structure in literature could be confirm by on-the-site inspection. The results of this study are as follows. The first, Nongsanbyeoleop managed spatial factors applying natural topography. For the spatial characteristics of Nongsanbyeoleop, the location of ancestral ritual space including deceased father's tomb and tomb house far from the main levee of Yun, Kwang Taek, a father of Yun, Seo Yu by 1.9km and housekeeping could be confirmed. The second, spatial estimation by "Joseokruki" could be possible. "Joseokruki" describes Joseokru.Youngmojae.Hanokkwan.Cheokyunjung.Sangam as construction factors, Wundang.Kookdan.Nokwunoh. as plant factors, Sookyunggan.Keumkoji.Nokeumjung.Uijanghae as hydroponic factors and Pyoeunkok.Aengjakang as natural topography factors. However, most of them were disappeared and at present, only Youngmojae, Keumgoji, Kukdan and Wundang show the past trace. The third is for the changed space of Nongsanbyeoleop and its reason. The surrounding space of Nongsanbyeoleop was planated by land arrangement in 1960s and it played a role of topographical damage because it's recognized as the plane factor including Nongsanbyeoleop's surrounding landscape rather than dotted factor. The forth, the actual measurement of Nongsanbyeoleop and digitalization of manual map of numerical value are judged to be sufficient to apply as the basic material for recovering garden in the future. Because of the diatahce changing method applied at that time, the garden recovery of Nongsanbyeoleop intended to be concreted and 3D model established by digitalized basic materials is considered to apply for multilateral studying. Thus, Nongsanbyeoleop which is byeolseo including the tomb of deceased father based on the conceptual hyo thought shows clear differences from the organized factors of Byolseowonrim of precedent studies and the importance of Byolseowonrim is sufficient. But, the constructional factors which cannot know disappeared spatial factors and accurate location became the limitation of this study. In the future, clear verification of original form must be progressed by excavation which can confirm the location of construction factors.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.59
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• pp.405-428
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• 2015

Painting theorists in Song dynasty often spoke 'Li' when they talked about paintings. But 'Li' of the song dynasty is not limited to the 'ethics'. First, it includes visible 'natural's truth', such as the differences of 'geography' and 'physics' between the depicted objects. Second, it also includes 'common sense' which was based on both the observation and the thinking. The theorists thought if the 'common sense' was improper in the painting, the whole work was invalid. Thirdly, it also includes 'the reasonable sense in special situation', which requires great imagination ability and elaborative faculty. For example, when playing wind instruments and stringed instruments in the same time at the same concert, the painter should accurately draw the different gestures of musicians according to that the wind instrument is 'sound when the finger lift' and the stringed instrument is 'sound after the finger have left' in that moment. Fourthly, it includes 'art reason', theorists call it as 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi'. 'ShenLi' or 'MiaoLi' require the creator to join the spiritual concept besides his observation and thinking. For example, 'banana in snow' is neither observed available nor thought of available, but is the result of spiritual concept of creators for seeking everlasting. And at last, it certainly includes 'the principle of ethics'. Painters often highlighted the ethical relations of the feudal nation and the value of individual gentleman through the allegory story of figure painting and even the sudden composition in the landscape painting. 'Geography', 'physical', and 'common sense' are required the meticulous observation and the rational thinking for the painted object. And 'the reasonable sense in special situation', 'the art reason', 'the principle of ethics' are required enhancing painting style in the painting artistic conception and realm of life based on the nuanced observation, making 'technology' into the 'Tao'. This is the six reasonable increasing requirements for the painting work. Therefore, 'seeking the final reason' is the fundamental spirit of painting theory of Song Dynasty.

• Sim-seong Yeon-gu
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.1-40
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• 2016

This thesis is a study on the symbolism of 'Yeondo', a prayer for the souls in purgatory of Korean Catholic Church as a 'psychic container' for the spiritual transformation in the psyche from a perspective of analytical psychology. Yeondo' could be the 'rites of passage' of the last judgement for the souls in purgatory which is in between the heaven and the hell. And both the bereaved and the dead go through the stages of separation, transition and incorporation which are the schema of the 'rites of passage'. In particular, they have a special sense of solidarity at the stage of transition, a middle state. The symbolic process of 'Yeondo' is a spiritual transformation of recovery of paradise which could access by the confusion of death, purification and the rebirth. A spiritual reborn process of death and rebirth takes place by contacting the collective unconscious. In 'Yeondo', the death is not the end of life but the beginning of the eternal life. The confusion and disintegration caused by death can be purified and start incorporating. The rites of a paradise recovery has the meaning of trying constantly for the recovery of a wholeness. Praying for the blessing of God and a help from saints in paradise for the sake of the dead means to require conscious cooperation for the Self-realization. Integrating and recognizing unconscious also means something beyond the conscious. The blessed souls in purgatory recovers the paradise experiencing specific purifying process heading towards Self. Going into the center, abyss of unconscious will be recognized as an absolute part of oneself. One becomes the inner man, the transformed personality who is reached by the path of self-knowledge, the kingdom of heaven within oneself and can have the transpersonal energy, which enables to access to God's world and union with God. All desire and the will become one with God. In the final analysis, praying for the blessing of God and a help from saints in paradise for the sake of the dead becomes the path for the more and more conscious expansion of the alive. Therefore, 'Yeondo' as an initiation is the individuation process of the alive and the dead to reflect on themselves.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.38-49
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• 2015

This study aims to contemplated spatial recognition in Soswaewon Garden through garden visitors poetry. It was content analysis in poetry and extract frequency from words based on relationship of author. The results were as follows. First, relationship of authors who wrote Soswaewon Garden poetry was formed in companionship. In the Yang, San-Bo(梁山甫), poetry was written by Song, Soon(宋純), Kim, Un-Geo(金彦据) and Kim, In-Hu(金麟厚) as the central figure. Especially Kim, In-Hu was playing an important role in Soswaewon Garden poetry. He was wrote many of poetry and keep friends with Yang, Ja-Jeong(梁子渟) too. In the Yang, Ja-Jung, relationship of previous generation was sustained. In addition, Ko, Gyeong-Myeong(高敬命) and Kim, Seong-Won and Jeong, Chul(鄭澈) is more closely related than others. Because blood relationship by marriage. In the Yang, Jin-Tae(梁晋泰), He formed a relationship with a celebrity and attend to international activity. Since then Yang, Jin-Tae periord, Yang, Gyeong-Ji(梁敬之) and Yang, Chae-Ji(梁采之) formed relationship of previous generation was sustained. And surrounding people was written poetry as hold a banquet. Second, plant and ornament is a popular object for writing poetry. Bamboo grove and Fine tree with a high frequency of plant element in poetry. Bamboo grove is a typical species of trees in Soswaewon Garden. It was enclosed the Soswaewon Garden. Fine tree was often used target of poetry as a single tree. Meanwhile, ornament of the wall has been used most frequently. Descendants wrote a poem to see it because Kim, In-Hu's poetry was left. This phenomenon is involves respect for the ancient sages with high frequency. In addition, behavior of viewing the landscape was mainly appeared. Third, spatial recognition of Soswaewon Garden can be divided into landscape cognition, behavior cognition and emotional cognition. In a aspect of landscape cognition, early Soswaewon Garden was recognized as a pavilion. That was used garden name to 'Soswaewon Garden' since Yang, Ja-Jung's period. That is to say, Soswaewon Garden expanded from pavilion area surrounded by trees into the whole appearance is equipped garden area. Behavior cognition was consisting drink and enjoys a landscape. In the Yang, San-Bo, authors enjoyed drinking and viewing a landscape besides walking, writing poetry, viewing the moon. But after Yang, San-Bo's period other than drinking and enjoy a landscape has appeared a low frequency. These results were changed from internal place to blood relationship into external place to companionship. In the Yang, San-Bo's emotional cognition was sorrow and yearning about leave to Soswaewon Garden with an idly atmosphere. Pleasant emotion was sustained all generation. And emotion of respect for the ancient sages was appeared since Yang, Cheon-un.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.90 no.3
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• pp.277-294
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• 2001

This study is aimed to analyze and to evaluate the technology development for sanddune fixation and sandy land conservation in China, resulting from the project of "Studies on the desertification combating and sand industry development". There are various types of sanddunes, including shrub-bunch type, dendritic, honey combed lattice, crescentic, parabolic, pyramid, complex and irregular types, domed, and so on. The height distribution ratios of these sanddunes are 13% of less than 5m, 17% of 6~10m, 18% of 11~25m, 14% of 26~50m, 28% of 51~100m, 10% of more than 100m, and so on. In dry land of China, shifting direction of the sanddune is mainly varying with main direction of wind, but types of shifting sanddunes have many differences in accordance with region, topography, size and shape of sanddunes. The main sanddune fixation technologies could be divided into the bio-ecological measures, physical measures and chemical measures. The bio-ecological measures include such vegetation measures as shrub-grasses measures, sandbreaks between sand dunes, sand fixation shelterblets and establishment of farmland shelterbelts, etc. The physical measures include establishment of high-sanddune stabilization walls and low-sanddune stabilization walls, sanddune fixation levees and coverage method with sediment clay, etc. The chemical measures include fixation-materials spraying and synthetical liquid spraying methods, etc. Besides, irrigation and sand settlement measures, shifting sand trapping channel, ditchsand fixation measures, etc. have been effectively applied.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.16-34
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• 1995

This study aims to analyze the impact of cement industry on region change. For this study Maepo-Eub was selected as study area, where three cement factories are located. The data for analysis were obtained from interviews, questionaire surveys and the employee list of each cement factory. The analytic procedures for this study are as follows: 1) The change of regional employment was analyzed by development was industry in terms of the permanent address, education level, occupational status of the employee. 2) The degree of population growth are analyzed by developmental staae of the industry. Some conclusions from this study follows: 1) As these cement factories were built at Maepo in the 1960's, there were plenty of employment opportunities. Thus many technicians and workers flooded in Maepo-Eub. in the 1970's with the expansion of production facilities therewere much more immigrants to the industrial region, while there were outflow in the neighboring rural areas. In the 1980's the opportunity for the employment of cement factories have been decreased due to the introduction of the automation processes and larger, sized machines. Among the employee of three cement factories the native of Chungcheongbukdo (65%; in them Danyang 52%, Jecheon 32%) is dominant, the second is from Kangwon-do (13%), and the third is from Kyungsangbuk-do (11%) adjacent to Chungcheongbuk-do. It means that there are more employment opportunity in the near places of cement factories. 2) In the period of 1960's study area had experineed rapid social increase in population by the development of cement industry. That is, cement industries created new job opportunities and attracted large population concentration into this area. In the period of 1970's the population of the industrial region have increased continuously, while the population of neighboring rural areas have decreased. In the period of 1980's the population of Maepo decreased steadily because of decrease of labour forces through automation and commuting. Thus in the early stage of idustrial development large population concentrated in the neighboring villages of cement factories, and formed residential areas, commercial areas and service areas. As agricultural and was encroached, rural people left their regions to live in the more convenient suburbs. 3) People engaged in cement industry think that cement industry has a favorable influence on regional development, such as creating job opportunity, raising income level, developing business and service sector, and leading high economic growth. While farmers and some people think that cement industries as a pollution causing factories have a harmful influence on regional development, sucha as injuring the crops, causing environmental pollution, and being harmful to health. If pollution problems are solved, I think Maepo will play an important role as a regional center which can offer employment opportunity, business and service function to pheripheral rural areas, and raise a income level.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.384-398
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• 1991

A computer program was developed to select the optimum size of farm machine and analyze its operation costs according to various farming conditions. It was written in FORTRAN 77 and BASIC languages and can be run on any personal computer having Korean Standard Complete Type and Korean Language Code. The program was developed as a user-friendly type so that users can carry out easily the costs analysis for the whole farm work or respective operation in rice production, and for plowing, rotarying and pest controlling in upland. The program can analyze simultaneously three different machines in plowing & rotarying and two machines in transplanting, pest controlling and harvesting operations. The input data are the sizes of arable lands, possible working days and number of laborers during the opimum working period, and custom rates varying depending on regions and individual farming conditions. We can find out the results such as the selected optimum combination farm machines, the overs and shorts of working days relative to the planned working period, capacities of the machines, break-even points by custom rate, fixed costs for a month, and utilization costs in a hectare.