• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.227-231
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• 2006

본 연구는 2종류의 하우스, 즉 1-2W 형 하우스와 무기둥하우스에, 시설억제재배, 촉성계배, 반측성재배 그리고 여름재배의 4 재배시기에 8개의 오이 품종을 재식하여, 재배시기에 따른 품종들의 암수꽃의 발생, 개체 당 과실수에 따른 퇴화 과실수, 그리고 수량을 조사 비교하여 각 작형에 알맞은 품종들을 추천하기 위해 수행하였다. 시설억제재배에서는 낙합계나 흑진주계 또는 입추백다다기오이가 생육 및 수량이 양호하였고, 촉성재배에서는 겨우살이청장오이, 입추백다다기오이 그리고 가을낙합오이가 추천된다. 반측성재배에서는 청장계 오이나 낙합계 오이가 비교적 양호한 수량을 보였으며 여름재배에서는 남부청장오이나 가을낙합오이가 양호하였다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.132-139
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• 1994

To investigate the effect of Korean mistletoe on stimulation of macrophage, the activity to induce interleukine-1(IL-1) and tumor necrosis factors-${\alpha}(TNF-{\alpha})$ from murine peritoneal macrophage by its extracts originated from oak was examined. From in vitro analysis of the cytokines using the culture supernatants of macrophages stimulated with its extracts for 1hr, it was found that Korean mistletoe induces IL-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ from murine macrophage. Furthermore, both extracts of Korean mistletoes that were extracted with distilled water and 2% acetic acid exhibited a significant activity to induce two cytokines. In the stimulation for 30 min, Korean mistletoe at concentration of $1{\sim}100\;\mu/ml$ showed a significant induction of IL-1 from macrophage until 24 hrs after stimulation, showing maximal activity on $5{\sim}10\;hrs\;at\;10{\sim}100\;\mu/ml$. On the other hand, $TNF-{\alpha}$ was induced on the early period, 2 hrs, after stimulation at a wide range of concentration, $1{\sim}500\;\mu/ml$. In addition, the fraction of Korean mistletoe from 80% saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation showed a significant activity to induce both cytokines from macrophage. The present study demonstrates that Korean mistletoe contains immunoregulatory factors responsible for stimulating murine macrophage to secrete IL-1 and $TNF-{\alpha}$ which play an important role in immune responses, and suggests that the activity of Korean mistletoe to induce two cytokines is functioned by a possible independent stimulation manner.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.215-224
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• 2006

In order to search the availability of the lectin extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) as an adjuvant for the avian vaccines, attempts were made to determine toxicity of the lectin in chicks and its immunostimulating activity on the inactivated vaccines against Newcastle disease virus(NDV). For the determination of toxicity, the lectin was injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks(Charles River) of 1-week-old and observed hematologically and pathologically. For the determination of immunostimulating effects, lectin-adjuvanted, inactivated NDV vaccines were injected into the thigh muscle of SPF chicks in the same age group. Sera of the chicks were examined for the hemagglutination-inhibition(HI) antibodies induced, their HI titers and reaction to the NDV antigens. The data were further compared with those from aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccines and vaccines without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. There were no significant changes observed in the values of RBC, WBC, Hb, PCV, MCV, MCH, MCHC, AST, ALT, BUN, creatinine and total proteins in the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, which means the lectin has no effects on blood values and functions of liver and kidney. In histopathologic observation, no lesions were observed in the brain, heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, thymus and bursa of Fabricius of the chicks administered with lectin of 1.1, 2.2 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight. There were inflammatory lesions, such as congestion, hemorrhage, edema, infiltration of macrophages and coagulation necrosis observed in the thigh muscle of chicks administered with lectin of $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ body weight, whereas no changes were observed in 1.1 and $22.2{\mu}g/kg$ lectin administered chicks. In chicks immunized with lectin($4.4{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted B1, LaSota and Ulster 2C vaccines, HI titers in reciprocal values for $log_2$ were 1.8-2.2 at 1 week after vaccination, which was similar with those of 1.5-2.9 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to 3.9-5.3 at 4 weeks, whereas those by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines were more high as 7.3-9.3. Meanwhile, the immunostimulating effects of the lectin were recognized while compared to the HI titers with 2.4-3.7 in chicks immunized with vaccines without adjuvants at 4 weeks after vaccination. The chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines were enough to resist challenges by Kyojeongwon strain, a very virulent NDV at 4 weeks after vaccination as well as chicks immunized with $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines. The HI titers by the lectin-adjuvanted vaccines reached to high level as 8.7-10.3 as those with 8.2-9.6 by the $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines at 6 weeks after vaccination, which may be the booster effects by the challenge virus. Antibodies specific to the HN and F antigens of NDV were observed in the sera of both chicks immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccines and $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccines.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.389-394
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• 2005

약리실험 결과 강심작용, 지혈촉진작용, 항균작용, 항암작용 등이 밝혀진바 있는 천초근을 이용하여 항균성 및 천연 식품보존제로서의 이용가능성을 검색하여 보았다. 먼저 천초근의 뿌리성분을 petroleum ether, chloroform, ethylaetate, methanol 및 증류수를 이용하여 항균성분을 추출하여 9종의 식중독균(Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Shigella flexner, Escherichia coil, Salmonella Typhi, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Shigella sonnei)에 추출물의 농도를 250ppm, 500 ppm, 1,000ppm으로 달리하여 disc method로 실험한 결과 Salmonella Typhimurium애서 아주 약한 clear zone이 형성되긴 하였으나 거의 모든 균에서 항균작용이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 가장 큰 clear zone이 형성된 균은 Pseudomonas aeruginosa였고 추출물의 농도가 높아질수록 비례하여 항균효과가 크게 드러났다. 또 methanol 추출물에서 항균활성이 가장 잘 나타났으며 그 다음으로는 ethylacetate, chloroform, petroleum ether, 증류수 순이었다. 항균활성이 가장 잘 나타난 천초근의 methanol 추출물과 또 다른 겨우살이 추출물을 사용한 상승효과 여부를 알아보기 위한 실험결과 그람 양성균인 Bacillus cereus와 그람 음성균인 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에 대해 상승적인 항균효과를 나타내었다. 천초근의 methanol 추출물이 Bacillus cereus와 Pseudomonas aeruginosa균의 성장에 미치는 효과를 검정해 본 바 천초근 추출물의 농도가 진해짐에 따라 균의 증식을 억제하는 것으로 나타났고 Pseudomonas aeruginosa에서 더 두드러지게 증식이 억제되었다. 또 72시간 동안 그 성장 억제 효과가 지속됨을 알 수 있었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제34권3호통권134호
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• pp.210-217
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• 2003

Korean mistletoe (Viscum album) extract has been found to posses immunostimulatory activity. In this study, Korean mistletoe extract, M11C (non-lectin components), was used to know whether this extract might activate mouse splenic macrophages to produce tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}\;(TNF-{\alpha}$) and might play a role in anticancer. To know the effect of M11C on the production of $TNF-{\alpha}$, the splenic macrophages were treated by the M11C, and then collected the supernatant (M11C stimulated splenic macrophage-conditioned media; MSCM). MSCM was analyzed for the $TNF-{\alpha}$ secretion by means of ELISA and immunoblotting, and mRNA expression was analyzed by RT-PCR. The S-180 murine sarcoma model was established to know the effect of M11C on the inhibition of tumor growth. M11C had the effect of $TNF-{\alpha}$ production from splenic macrophages performed by ELISA technique. This ELISA data was reconfirmed by immunoblotting assay. The effects of M11C on the expression of $TNF-{\alpha}$ mRNA from the macrophages was also shown. M11C also had the inhibitory effect of S-180 tumor growth. These data suggest that Korean mistletoe extract M11C may be used for an immunomodulator.

• 방사선산업학회지
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• 제7권2_3호
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• pp.183-190
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• 2013

Mistletoe (Viscum album) has been widely used as a functional food material for various therapeutic purposes from ancient time. In this study, we examined anti-diabetic and cytotoxic activities of heated-treated mistletoe and the effects of gamma-irradiation on its activities. Heat-treated mistletoe extract was prepared by heating during different time (3, 6, 9 and 12 h) and gamma-irradiated with different doses of 0, 10, 30, 50, 70 and 100 kGy. Heat-treated mistletoe extracts showed a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity on rat insulinoma RINm5F cells and the effect was gradually decreased as heating time increased up to 12 h. 12 h heat-treated extract was no cytotoxic. Gamma-irradiation enhanced the reduction of heat-treated mistletoe-induced cytotoxicity and the decreasing effect was an irradiating dose-dependent. In particular, all of 70 kGy irradiated and heat-treated mistletoe extracts did not showed the cytotoxicity and the effect was comparable to 12 h heat-treated mistletoe extract. Among those extracts, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract gradually increased the insulin secreting activity by gamma-irradiation and the effect was the best at 70 kGy, whereas 12 heat-treated extract was no effect. On the test of ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 3 h heat-treated mistletoe extract showed the concentration dependent effects and gamma-irradiation induced more activity at 70 kGy, compared to non-irradiated 3 h and 12 h heated mistletoe extracts. These results suggest that the combination of heat treatment and gamma-irradiation might be more effective than only heat-treatment for improving the anti-diabetic activity of mistletoe extract and reducing its cytotoxicity.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.171-181
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• 1999

오이를 시설(施設) 재배(栽培)할 때 토양(土壤) 수분(水分) 장력(張力)의 변화(變化)에 따른 오이 생육(生育) 반응(反應)과 토양(土壤) 이화학적(理化學的) 성질(性質)을 구명하기 위하여 토양(土壤) 수분장력(水分張力)이 0.2, 1/3, 0.5그리고 1.0 bar일 때를 관수시점(灌水時點)으로 하여 겨우살이 청장오이를 공시품종(供試品種)으로 하여 오이를 재배(栽培)하면서 일련의 시험을 수행한 바 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 공시토양(供試土壤)의 토성(土性)은 수분(水分) 특성상 양토(壤土)(Loam)이며, 처리조건별 1회 요관수량(要灌水量)은 각각 4.4, 7.3, 9.6 그리고 13.4 mm였다. 물 관리(管理) 수지(收支)는 봄재배(栽培)의 경우 0.2 bar의 관수처리(灌水處理)시 관수간격(灌水間隔)은 2.3일, 관수(灌水)회수는 37회, 총관수량은 163.5 mm였고 1.0 bar는 각각 14.8일, 6회 그리고 80.3 mm였으며, 가을재배(栽培)의 경우에도 이와 같은 경향이었다. 시험 후 토양(土壤) 화학적(化學的)의 변화(變化)는 0.2 bar 처리구에서의 pH와 EC 그리고 치환성가리(加里)의 함량이 개량목표치(改良目標値)에 분포(分布)한 반면, 나머지 처리구에서는 양토(壤土)에 EC가 높았으며 유효인산함량(有效燐酸含量)과 치환성 염기함량(鹽基含量)도 높은 경향이었다. 토양(土壤)의 물리성은 1.0 bar처리시 고상(固相)은 44.9%, 용적밀도(容積密度가) $1.26g\;cm^{-3}$로 가장 높았으며, 0.2 bar처리시에는 고상(固相)이 41.7%, 용적밀도(容積密度)가 $1.09cm^{-3}$로 가장 낮았다. 근(根)의 분포(分布)는 0.2 bar처리구가 근(根) 신장생육(伸張生育)과 비대생육(肥大生育)이 가장 양호한 반면, 1/3 bar처리구에서는 가장 불량하였다. 수량(收量)을 보면 0.2 bar 처리구에서의 총수량(總收量)은 7.269 kg, 상품(上品) 과중(果重)은 5,677 kg으로 가장 높았고, 1/3 bar 처리구는 수량(收量)도 가장 낮았고 곡과율(曲果率)도 높았다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.225-234
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• 2006

In the present study toxicity and immunostimulating activity of the lectin(KML-C), which was extracted from Korean mistletoe(Viscum album coloratum) were investigated in swine. To determine the toxicity, lectin was injected into thigh or cervical muscles of 4-week-old piglets(Landrace) and observed clinically and pathologically. For determination of the immnunostimulating activity, lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine of Aujeszky's disease virus(ADV)(NYJ1-87) which was inactivated by 0.2% formalin was injected into the cervical muscle of antibody-negative piglets in the same age group. Subpopulation of the immune cells and serum neutralizing(SN) antibodies in the piglets were examined after vaccination, and resistance of the piglets against challenge by virulent NYJ1-87 was further examined. The results were also compared with those from piglets injected with aluminum hydroxide [$Al(OH)_3$]-adjuvanted vaccine of inactivated NYJ1-87 and NYJ1-87 vaccine without adjuvant, and the results are as follows. By injection of lectin with $30{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets died after signs such as dyspnea, fever, systemic erythema and subcutaneous hemorrhages, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with $7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle, all of 12 piglets showed signs such as edema and cutaneous hemorrhage in the injected area, lameness and depression, and lesions pertaining to poisonous hepatitis and dysfunction of kidney were observed. By injection of lectin with 1, 3 and $5{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the thigh muscle of each one piglet, signs such as congestion, induration and grayish coloration in the injected area, depression and inappetence were observed in all piglets. Toxic changes were also observed in the liver and kidney of piglets by lectin of 3 and $5{\mu}g$. By injection of lectin with 0.5 and $0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight to the cervical muscle of each 9 piglets, all piglets were clinically normal and there were no significant changes in blood counts and chemistry values. Whereas, epithelial swelling and vacuolation of convoluted tubules were observed from one piglet injected with lectin of $0.7{\mu}g$, and necrosis and fibrosis of muscular fiber were observed in the muscle of one piglet injected with lectin of $0.5{\mu}g$. Only population of sIgM+ B lymphocytes increased among immune cells in all of 15 piglets immunized with lectin($0.7{\mu}g/kg$ of body weight)-adjuvanted vaccine, while compared to those in $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine and vaccine without adjuvant. No additional stimulation to the immune cells was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. In piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine, SN titers in reciprocal values for loge were 1.3-4.0 at 1-4 weeks after vaccination, which was similar to those with 1.0-3.3 by vaccine without adjuvant but lower than those with 2.0-5.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Also, no additional increase in the SN titers was recognized when lectin was added to $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine. Piglets immunized with lectin-adjuvanted vaccine were resistant to challenge by the virulent NYJ1-87 at 4 weeks after vaccination, and the SN titers reached to 5.0 one week after challenge, which was higher than those with 4.0 by vaccine without adjuvant but somewhat lower than those with 7.7 by $Al(OH)_3$-adjuvanted vaccine.