• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.116-131
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• 2001

Experiments were conducted to determine effects of whole and processed corns on in situ disappearance rates of nutrients in the rumen and in vitro degradability of dry matter by rumen microorganisms. Whole corn(WC) was processed into four different types; ground corn(GC), cracked corn(CC), flaked corn(FC), and soaked corn(SC). In the in situ experiment, the rate of ruminal DM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.1%) and lowest in WC and SC(12% ; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal CP disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC and CC(48 and 38%, respectively; P<0.01). The rate of ruminal OM disappearance after 48 hour incubation was highest in GC(76.14%) and lowest in WC and SC(11.82 and 12.26%, respectively; P<0.01). In the in vitro experiment, the two-stage incubation technique was used to measure digestibilities of whole and processed corns. The digestibility of DM was higher in GC, CC and FC(86.95, 85.84 and 82.29%, respectively) than in WC(15.36%; P<0.01).

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.308-314
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• 2017

This study was conducted with two ruminally cannulated Holstein steers to examine the effect of micronized and steam flaked corn on ruminal fermentation characteristics. The in situ dry matter degradability after 48 h incubation was the highest (P<0.05) at micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness) compared with steam flaked corn treatments. The steam flacked corn (3.3 mm thickness) was degraded lower (P<0.05) than the 2.9 and 3.1 mm thickness of steam flacked corn. Effective dry matter degradability and the rate of constant were the highest (P<0.05) at micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness) compared with steam flaked corns as well. The in vitro dry matter degradability after 48 h incubation was tended to higher (P=0.088) at micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness) than steam flaked corns, whereas there is no significantly difference between steam flaked corn treatments. Total volatile fatty acid concentration was higher at steam flaked corn (2.9 mm thickness) than micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness) and steam flaked corn (3.1 and 3.3 mm thickness). The acetate : propionate ratio was the highest (P=0.008) at steam flaked corn (2.9 mm thickness) and the lowest (P=0.008) at micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness). Total gas and methane production after 48h ruminal incubation was the highest (P=0.001) at micronized corn (2.5 mm thickness) compared with steam flaked corns. According to these results, the thickness of steam flaked corn as resulted corn processing is believed to do not affect methane production. However, further study is needed to better understand the present results to verify the correlation between corn processing method and their thickness on methane production using the same thickness corns by difference processing methods.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.433-442
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• 2003

The objective of these studies were to examine the effects of processing methods of corn grains on in vitro dry matter digestability and in sacco degradability in the rumen by three ruminally cannulated dry Holstein cows. The corns for these experiments were untreated; whole corn L(density; 660 g/$\ell$), whole corn H(density; 740 g/$\ell$), and treated by four different types: Ground corn, 3.8 mm, 2.8 mm, and 1.5 mm flaked corns. The results obtained were summarized as follows: The DM degradabilities, after 48 hr incubation by in sacco method, were the highest(94.4, 88.0 and 87.0%, respectively) in 1.5 mm flaked corn, ground corn, and 2.8 mm flaked corn. The 3.8 mm flaked corn was degraded significantly lower than these. Until 12 hr incubation, whole corn L tended to be degraded little more than whole corn H, was not significantly different. However, after 24 hr incubation, the significant differences between whole corn L and whole corn H were shown(P<0.05). The DM digestabilities by in vitro digestion were the highest for 1.5 mm flaked corn and ground corn(92.3 and 91.2%, respectively)(P<0.05), followed by 2.8 mm and 3.8 mm flaked corn(83.9 and 83.4%, respectively), tended to be similar to those by in sacco method. Whole corn L was digested twice more rapidly than whole corn H. Summarizing the experimental data, compared with unprocessed corns, the flaked corns were significantly increased in the degradabilities of dry matter in the rumen. In addition, as increasing the flaking degree of corn, the degradabilities of dry matter were significantly improved. Referring to these kinds of physical characteristics of grain sources in the ruminal degradabilities, it is believed to be possible to optimize the environment of the fermentation in the rumen.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.699-708
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• 2006

Ground rice, barley and corn were fed separately to the ruminally cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) for comparing their in situ and in vitro degradabilities, microbial growth, pH and gas production. It has been found that nearly all the dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) in barley and rice disappeared during 24 hr suspension in the rumen, but those in corn were only reduced by around 67%. Water soluble DM and OM fractions(‘a’), ranked from highest to lowest was corn, then rice and finally barley, but the order was reversed for content ‘b’, degradable fraction during time ‘t’. Judging by the degradation parameter of ‘b’ fraction, degradation rates per hour of DM and OM for barley were 38.3% and 37.2% respectively, significantly higher than those for rice (7.7% and 5.6%) and corn (4.1% and 1.3%). In general, results obtained from in vitro degradability of DM and OM were lower than those from in situ trials, but the ranking order of degradability was in agreement between both trials. In particular, ground rice has relatively lower in vitro microbial growth than corn or barley, but exhibited higher gas production. In addition, in vitro microbial growth of ground rice increased with up to 12 hr of incubation period, thereafter experienced a decrease with extended incubation time. pH of in vitro solution of rice decreased following 9 hr of incubation but gas production increased rapidly during the same period. From the results of DM and OM degradabilities and pH changes of in vitro solution with incubation time, it is concluded that rice represents a good source of energy for stability of rumen fermentation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1561-1569
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of steam flaking of corn grains on in situ dry matter degradability in the rumen and contents of mycotoxins (aflatoxin, ochratoxin) during storage. Yellow dent corns imported from USA and India were flaked, and stored for 8 weeks under the standard temperature and pressure (STP; $25^{\circ}C$/ 1 atm.). Experimental treatments were composed of four corn grains (untreated-USA corn, USCW; steam flaked-USA corn, USCF; untreated-India corn, IDCW; steam flaked-India corn, IDCF) with 4 replications according to 9 storage periods (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 week). Two ruminally cannulated Holstein bulls were used for in situ trial. Pathogen contamination trial was performed by comparing the mycotoxin contents in corns during storage periods. Dry matter disappearance rate in the rumen was about 3.0 to 44.1% higher (P<0.05) for USCW than IDCW, but was not difference between USCF and IDCF. With steam flaking of corn, dry matter degradability in the rumen was significantly (P<0.05) increased in corn from India, but was not affected in corn from USA. Aflatoxin content was very low level in corns from USA and steam flaked corns, but was higher than the tolerance limit of domestic aflatoxin content regulation when IDCW was stored over 6 week under STP. Ochratoxin content was low level in all treatments. From above results, it is reasonable that the corn imported from India might be flaked for enhance the ruminal DM degradability and safe from aflatoxin pathogen.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.1019-1030
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• 2003

The study was conducted to isolate and identify highly fibrolytic anaerobic fungi from the guts of a Hanwoo steer and a Korean native goat, and then investigate the characterization of cellulolytic activity of an anaerobic fungus. Twenty-one anaerobic fungal colonies were isolated in the study, in which 16 colonies were isolated from the rumen contents of the Hanwoo steer and 5 colonies from the duodenal fluids of the Korean native goat. Four anaerobic fungi were selected based on higher cellulolytic enzyme activities to identify under a optical microscope. NLRI-M003 and -T004 belong to Neocallimastix genus and NLRI-M014 belongs to Piromyces genus based on the morphology of their thallus, sporangia, rhizoid and the number of flagella. NLRI-M001 appeared to be an unknown strain of anaerobic fungi due to its different morphology from existing types of anaerobic fungi, though the morpholgoy is similar to Orpinomyces sp. Supplementation of 2% anaerobic fungal culture(NLRI-M003) in rumen-mixed microorganisms increased in vitro DM degradability of rice straw and filter paper up to 4 and 11%, respectively, compared with non-supplementation(control). CMCase and xylanase activities in in vitro culture were also higher in 2% fungal supplementation than controls in both rice straw and filter paper substrates.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.803-806
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• 1993

The properties of proteolytic enzymes from the fruit of Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold were investigated. The protease activity of the enzymes from the fruit of Broussonetia Kazinoki Siebold was 1.6 unit. The optimum temperature and pH of the enzymes were $60^{\circ}C$ and 7.0, respectively. The enzymes were stable at pH values from 6 to 8 for 1 hr. at $37^{\circ}C$ of incubation and also retained all activity after incubation for 1 hr. at $60^{\circ}C$. The enzyme preparations showed strong activities toward hemoglobin and collagen.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.322-331
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• 2017

This study was conducted to evaluate the changes of pH, dry matter digestibility (DMD), $NH_3-N$ concentrate, gas production and volatile fatty acid (VFA) through in vitro fermentation by adding horse feces to various juice pomaces fermented with Bacillus, yeast and lactic acid bacteria. The pH range of fermented fluid with juice pomaces was 6.4-7.1, indicating that the digestion by microbial fermentation was normal. Juice pomaces adopted will be helpfully used to assist with digestion by microbes in intestines because approximately $10^9CFU/m{\ell}$ microbes were grown after 48 hours in fermented fluid. DMD rate gradually increased from 12 hours. It was 39.19% in pomaces of apple, 38.22% in grape, 37.02% in carrot, 36.2% in citrus and 34.35% in mixture respectively after 48 hours. $NH_3-N$ concentrate was not changed significantly as it was maintained at $1.5mg/100m{\ell}$ level in the entire treatment group from beginning of fermentation until 12 hours, but increased rapidly from 24 hours. Amount of gas produced was lowest in the mixture and increased rapidly after 12 hours. Total VFA increased from 24 hours and was highest at 48 hours. It was suggested that dry matter digestion was processed while fermented juice pomaces kept proper pH during in vitro digestion, and cellulose degrading microorganisms could act actively in the caecum and colon of horses.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.1660-1668
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• 2007

The non-ionic surfactant (NIS) Tween 80 was evaluated for its ability to influence invitro cumulative gas production, dry matter digestibility, cellulolytic enzyme activities, anaerobic microbial growth rates, and adhesion to substrates by mixed rumen microorganisms on rice straw, alfalfa hay, cellulose filter paper and tall fescue hay. The addition of NIS Tween 80 at a level of 0.05% increased significantly (P<0.05) in vitro DM digestibility, cumulative gas production, microbial growth rate and cellulolytic enzyme activity from all of substrates used in this study. In vitro cumulative gas production from the NIS-treated substrates; rice straw, alfalfa hay, filter paper and tall fescue hay was significantly (P<0.05) improved by 274.8, 235.2, 231.1 and 719.5% compared with the control, when substrates were incubated for 48 hr in vitro. The addition of 0.05% NIS Tween 80 to cultures growing on alfalfa hay resulted in a significant increase in CMCase (38.1%), xylanase (121.4%), Avicelase (not changed) and amylase (38.2%) activities after 36 h incubation. These results indicated that the addition of 0.05% Tween 80 could greatly stimulate the release of some kinds of cellulolytic enzymes without decreasing cell growth rate in contrast to trends reported with aerobic microorganism. Our SEM observation showed that NIS Tween. 80 did not influence the microbial adhesion to substrates used in the study. Present data clearly show that improved gas production, DM digestibility and cellulolytic enzyme activity by Tween 80 is not due to increased bacterial adhesion on the substrates.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2013

In vitro and in situ incubation studies were conducted to determine effects of yeast culture supplements (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) on cellulolytic bacterial function and fiber digestion in rice straw. In vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw gradually increased according to supplemental levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0%). Digestibility of rice straw started to increase apparently when yeast culture was added more than 0.6% level (p<0.05). Also, we reconfirmed that in vitro dry matter digestibility was significantly increased by 0.6% of yeast culture addition in 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). When in situ dry matter digestibility was tested in Korean native goats fed basal diet or experimental diet which contained 1.0% of yeast culture, the yeast culture feeding improved in situ dry matter digestibility in both 4% NaOH treated and non-treated rice straws (p<0.05). In case of real-time PCR monitoring cellulolytic bacterial function, the bacterial population attached on rice straw showed the increasing trends with higher level of yeast culture spraying on rice straw. F. succinogenes and R. flavefaciens were significantly increased in accordance to spraying levels of yeast culture (0.0, 0.1 and 0.3%) at both 12 and 24 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). R. albus was significantly higher population in yeast culture spraying than non-soraying at 12 hrs of in situ incubation (p<0.05). These bacterial populations were showed the increasing trends with digestibility enhancement of rice straw according to the higher levels of yeast culture supplement. Overall, these results clearly suggest that the presence of yeast culture result in noticeable increase of rice straw digestion, which is modulated via good effect on cellulolytic bacterial attachment to fiber substrates.