• Environmental and Resource Economics Review
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.493-518
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• 2005

It has been taken for 10 years since Climate Change Convention could it be made. And Kyoto Protocol will come into force as an international law as from 16. Feb 2005. As based on it, Annex I countries will implement their mitigation projects on GHG reductions and press developing countries on GHG reduction target. Korea has not duty target on it yet. But it will be held a COP(Conference of Party) on negotiation for reduction target of second commitment period. If Korea has a real duty, Industry sector should reduce GHG emissions. Then Market mechanism will be need to introduce for this. This study started having a question "Is it possible to introduce emissions trading in Korea?". To solve the problem, this study analysed GHG emissions, marginal abatement cost, market price with 11 companies of industry (about 36% of Korea emissions). minus target is impossible to implement reduction target ver base year (2002). And emissions trading scheme also can't make the market without additional policy and measures. This study suggest that it is need to import credits and give a subsidy of government to encourage it. The imported credit can reduce the demand curve within the marginal abatement cost curves. But the effectiveness of credit is not the same as continually growth. As a result, Allowing 40% credit into emissions trading market is the best to reduce costs. However, a subsidy is the little bit difference. A subsidy make marginal abatement cost curves down for itself. Giving 30% for subsidy, it is the best. Considering both of importing credits and subsidy, it is the best effects in the reducing cost for company. especially 30% is the best effects respectively. This Study show that government wants to consider designing emissions trading, encourage participants competitiveness, and encourage the early action, government has to allow credit trading and give a subsidy to participants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2009

This study aims to identify negotiation alternatives related to Post-2012 reducing emissions from deforestation (RED) and enhancement of forest carbon stock (EFCS) activities. It also aims to recommend a negotiation strategy considering environmental integrity and national interest on the basis of estimating reduction potentials of each alternative on the assumption that tradable carbon credits play an important role as positive incentives. In order to estimate greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction potentials and income potential from RED and EFCS activities, 99 countries were selected by the Global Forest Resources Assessment of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. A 'baseline and credit' method was applied to estimate RED activities. Gross-net and net-net methods were applied for EFCS activities. According to the results, Brazil, Indonesia, and the Democratic Republic of Congo have more potential to get positive incentives through RED, while China, Chile, and the Republic of Korea have more potential to get positive incentives through EFCS. This study suggests including both RED and EFCS activities in the boundary of policy approaches and endowment of positive incentives to consider GHG reduction potentials in the global scale and equity among developing countries. Making a discount rate application of forest management activities can be also recommended to factor out the effects of human-induced activities by EFCS activities.

• Bulletin of Korea Environmental Preservation Association
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• s.379
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• pp.14-29
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• 2009

최근 세계 경제는 사상 유래를 찾기 힘든 경제위기에 홍역을 앓고 있다. 국제유가를 비롯한 원자재가격은 수급불균형과 정치적 이슈, 그리고 투기자본의 유입이 어우러져 급등락을 거듭하고 있다. 또한, 지구온난화를 막기 위해 국제사회에서 추진하고 있는 기후변화협약도 큰 어려움을 겪고 있다. 선진국들은 배출권 거래제도 시행, 탄소세 도입 등을 통해 본격적인 환경 무역시대가 도래에 대비하고 있으며, 포스트 교토체제에 대한 협상도 본격화 되고 있어 대응이 시급한 실정이다. 자원 환경위기의 시대에 녹색성장은 불가피한 선택이 되었으며 우리나라에서도 온실가스 감축을 위해 많은 노력을 하고 있다. 정부에서는 탄소포인트제도 도입과 10대 녹색기술 산업 육성, 그린 뉴딜을 통한 녹색일자리 4만 3천개 창출 등 기후변화 대응을 위한 정책들을 추진하고 있으며, 또한 저탄소 녹색성장의 한 주축으로 신재생 에너지 기술개발 및 보급의 확대를 통해 세계시장 선점을 위해 매진하고 있다. 환경부에서는 폐기물에너지화, 기후변화대응, 환경산업육성 등 '저탄소 녹색성장'을 이끌 사업과 '경제 살리기'에 역점을 두고 2009년도에는 환경부 소관예산 '08년 예산 3조 5,914억원 대비 5,008억원(13.9%) 증액된 총 4조 922억원을 투자할 계획이다. 이에 본지에서는 지난호에 이어 저탄소 녹색성장을 위한 녹색자원 기술 육성II로 주제를 잡고 "온 국민이 참여하는 기후변화 대응 정책 추진", "녹색성장 정책 추진에 있어 기업체 지원방향", "우리나라 신재생에너지 기술개발현황과 앞으로의 과제", "가정에서 온실 가스 줄인만큼 혜택받는 탄소은행"등에 대하여 살펴보고자 한다.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.93-120
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• 2007

To promote the commercialization of high technology based start-up company, it is essential to activate technology trading for the Innovative Small & Medium companies which eager to acquire technology competitiveness through technology trading and facilitate financial system which provide Small & Medium companies with technology commercialization money. This study focus on enhancing credibility of technology valuation solutions through the improvement of the existing technology valuation solutions. The existing technology valuation solutions in practice have deficiency in reasonable valuation because of subjective technology factor's calculation. And the commercialization risk of high technology based start-up companies cannot be fully reflected in the existing valuation solutions. The high risk of technology commercialization acts as a hurdle in the facilitation of providing money for the start-up companies. The improved new model will have more acceptable objectivity and reasonably reflect the commercialization risk of start-up companies. The new model has two distinctive features compared to existing solutions. The new model newly adopts commercialization success factor which reflects the risk of high technology based start-up company. And the new model excludes technology factor which is controversial among interested parties. The exclusion of technology factor will improve the objectivity of technology valuation and the adoption of commercialization success factor will solicit investor and capitalist who concern the high risk of technology based start-up companies. In conclusion, the improved new model is expected to activate technology trading and facilitate the money market through which high technology based start-up companies raise commercialization money.

• Women's Studies Review
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.183-206
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• 2009

This study attempts to explore a phenomenon of an expansion of emotional capitalism in the context of marriage migration. Emphasizing that 'emotion,' 'love,' 'affection,' 'intimacy,' and 'care' are neither materialistic nor a work, and noting that they are social roles attached to natural femininity and that they are separated from the economic realm, modern myth has been challenged by the increase of marriage industry, emotional/service work, and care industry. This study discusses the ways in which individual desires for love and intimacy and her/his economical needs are combined or negotiated. Specifically, this study 1) reviews existing literature on how 'love' and 'intimacy' has been combined with economy under capitalism in general, 2) discusses the ways in which a marriage has been commercially negotiated within the context of South Korea, 3) analyzes combined aspects of 'love' and 'economy' within cross-border marriages and suggests that cross-border marriages, even though they are highly commercially negotiated, may not be fully explained by 'economy' only as other marriages have both aspects of 'love' and 'economy.' An analysis on 'love' and 'economy,' not only separated from each other but also controversial, is essential for understanding 'intimacy' and transitions of Korean families in post-modern era. However, the evaluation criteria for commercial trades in 'love' and 'intimacy' have not developed yet. Whereas a certain trade is inevitable or essential, others may threaten our lives. Developing the ethical and political evaluation criteria on such commercial trades requires future study.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.303-320
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• 2023

Recently, import and export companies have been using T/T remittance and Surrender B/L more frequently than L/C when selecting the process and method of trade payment settlement. The new trade and logistics environment is thriving in the era of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). Document-based trade transactions are undergoing a digitalization as bills of lading or smart contracts are being developed. The purpose of this study is to verify whether exporters choose export payment types based on negotiating factors. In addition, we would like to discuss the application of the characteristics of the new trade and logistics environment. Data for analysis was collected through surveys. The collection method consisted of direct visits to the company, e-mail, fax, and online surveys. The survey distribution period is from February 1, 2023, to April 30, 2023. The questionnaire was distributed in 2,000 copies, and 447 copies were collected. The final 336 copies were used for analysis, excluding 111 copies that were deemed inappropriate for the purpose of this study. The results of the study are shown below. First, among the negotiating factors, the product differentiation of exporters did not significantly affect the selection of export payment types. Second, among the negotiating factors, the greater the purchasing advantage recognized by exporters, the higher the possibility of using the post-transfer method. In addition to analyzing the results, this study suggests that exporters should consider adopting new payment methods, such as blockchain technology-based bills of lading and trade finance platforms, to adapt to the characteristics of the evolving trade and logistics environment. Therefore, exporters should continue to show interest in initiatives aimed at digitizing trade documents as a response to the challenges posed by bills of lading. In future studies, it is necessary to address the lack of social awareness in Korea by conducting advanced research abroad.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.37
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• pp.371-405
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• 2004

International circulation of cultural assets involves numerous countries thereby making an approach based on international law essential to resolving this problem. Since the end of the $2^{nd}$ World War, as the value of cultural assets evolved from material value to moral and ethical values, with emphasis on establishing national identities, newly independent nations and former colonial states took issue with ownership of cultural assets which led to the need for international cooperation and statutory provisions for the return of cultural assets. UNESCO's 1954 "Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict" as preparatory measures for the protection of cultural assets, the 1970 "Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property" to regulate transfer of cultural assets, and the 1995 "Unidroit Convention on Stolen or Illegally Exported Cultural Objects" which required the return of illegally acquired cultural property are examples of international agreements established on illegal transfers of cultural assets. In addition, the UN agency UNESCO established the Division of Cultural Heritage to oversee cultural assets related matters, and the UN since its 1973 resolution 3187, has continued to demonstrate interest in protection of cultural assets. The resolution 3187 affirms the return of cultural assets to the country of origin, advises on preventing illegal transfers of works of art and cultural assets, advises cataloguing cultural assets within the respective countries and, conclusively, recommends becoming a member of UNESCO, composing a forum for international cooperation. Differences in defining cultural assets pose a limitation on international agreements. While the 1954 Convention states that cultural assets are not limited to movable property and includes immovable property, the 1970 Convention's objective of 'Prohibiting and preventing the illicit import, export and transfer of ownership of cultural property' effectively limits the subject to tangible movable cultural property. The 1995 Convention also has tangible movable cultural property as its subject. On this point, the two conventions demonstrate distinction from the 1954 Convention and the 1972 Convention that focuses on immovable cultural property and natural property. The disparity in defining cultural property is due to the object and purpose of the convention and does not reflect an inherent divergence. In the case of Korea, beginning with the 1866 French invasion, 36 years of Japanese colonial rule, military rule and period of economic development caused outflow of numerous cultural assets to foreign countries. Of course, it is neither possible nor necessary to have all of these cultural properties returned, but among those that have significant value in establishing cultural and historical identity or those that have been taken symbolically as a demonstration of occupational rule can cause issues in their return. In these cases, the 1954 Convention and the ratification of the first legislation must be actively considered. In the return of cultural property, if the illicit acquisition is the core issue, it is a simple matter of following the international accords, while if it rises to the level of diplomatic discussions, it will become a political issue. In that case, the country requesting the return must convince the counterpart country. Realizing a response to the earnest need for preventing illicit trading of cultural assets will require extensive national and civic societal efforts in the East Asian area to overcome its current deficiencies. The most effective way to prevent illicit trading of cultural property is rapid circulation of information between Interpol member countries, which will require development of an internet based communication system as well as more effective deployment of legislation to prevent trading of illicitly acquired cultural property, subscription to international conventions and cataloguing collections.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 2004

For the purchase of a cheaper product on the Internet, many customers have been trying to search online shopping mall sites and visit comparison-pricing shops that compare prices and other criteria of the product. Others have been participating into online auction markets or group-buying markets. However, a lot of online shopping malls, auction markets, and group-buying markets provide the same product with different prices. Since these marketplaces have different price settlement mechanism, it is very difficult for the customers to determine marketplace to purchase, considering different kinds of marketplaces at the same time. To overcome such limitations, decision rules and solution procedures for purchase decision making are necessary, which can cover multiple marketplaces simultaneously. For this purpose, purchase decision making in each market must be conducted to maximize customer's utility, and conflicts with other marketplaces must be resolved. Therefore, we have developed the rules and methods that can negotiate cooperatively the purchase decision making in several marketplaces, and designed an architecture of Intelligent Buyer Agent and a message structure to support the idea.

• Journal of Korea Technology Innovation Society
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.252-278
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• 2013

Many countries implement an offset program as a method of the acquisition of modern military technology for enhancement of the domestic military strength. Offset agreements are made based on the value, not a monetary unit. The value should be above minimum threshold fixed by the related regulation. Hence, technology valuation model which is objective and reasonable is required vitally. At present, some defense related organizations such as DTaQ, ADD valuate the proposed technology by using their own method. However, due to the lack of differentiation of valuation analysis indicators for various technologies, existing offset valuation models are inadequate to consider whole characteristics of such technologies. In this paper, we developed four sets of offset valuation analysis indicators considering the characteristics of each technology, parts production, depot maintenance, military equipment performance upgrade, and R&D related technology, by using the Delphi method. Also, we structurized those indicators in each technology by using the factor analysis. Through applying developed indicators, it is expected that technology valuation in the offset program would be more credible and accurate. Ultimately, it gives greater bargaining power to negotiators in the procedure of the offset negotiation.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.115-128
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• 2003

국제연합 식량농업기구 (FAO)에 의하면 UR 협상과 WTO 체제 출범 이후 농산물 수출국가와 선진국에서의 소득균형은 일반적으로 향상되었으나 순식량수입국가나 개발도상국가에서는 소득균형이 더 악화되고 농업영역의 쇠퇴를 가져왔다. 더욱이 식량안전상황은 농산물의 급격한 수입으로 여전히 불안하고 농가판매의 지속적인 악화, 농촌과 도시간의 소득격차가 큰 것으로 나타나고 있다. 특히 인간의 건강과 환경에 유해한 GMO의 거래는 소비자의 식품안전과 잠재적 위해 때문에 적절한 조치를 필요로 하고 있다. 아시아 지역 개발도상국가들에서의 식량의 안정적 공급과 농촌 지역사회 개발의 핵심적 과제는 인적자원의 개발, 기술역량의 신장, 하부구조의 개선, 농업기술 이전의 효율화 등으로 요약될 수 있다. 이러한 상황에서 농업교육, 연구 그리고 지도, 특히 아시아의 주요작물 영역에 대한 더 많은 투자가 필요하며 많은 아시아국가들에서 우선적으로 요구되는 농촌청소년교육은 빈곤퇴치, 식량의 안정적 공급 및 식품의 안전 그리고 지속적이고 균형있는 농촌개발 등이다. 이를 위한 정부와 국민, 특히 젊고 열정적인 사람들이 함께 협력해야 빈곤퇴치와 식량의 안정적 공급 및 식품의 안전 등 농촌의 사회경제적 발전이 가능할 것이다. 진행되고 있는 WTO 체제 하에서의 아시아 지역 농촌사회 발전과 식량문제 해결을 위해서는 교역과 환경, 그리고 개발의 총체적 접근이 중요하며 식량의 안정적 공급을 위한 농업, 농촌의 하부구조가 열악한 개발도상국 소농에 대한 우선적 배려가 필수적이라 할 것이다. 특히, 농업분야 생산 유통 분야의 개선을 위한 농업교육, 농촌지도의 국가적 강조와 농촌 청소년 교육 훈련과 육성의 중요성에 대한 인식과 이에 따른 국가적, 국제적 협력이 필요할 것이다.