• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.581-589
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the structure of vegetation dominated by deciduous broad-leaved trees at the Beomeosa(Temple) Valley of Mt. Kumjungsan in Busan. To this end, 28 plots were set up and surveyed. The result analyzed by TWINSPAN, one of the classification technique, showed that the communities were divided into six groups which are Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved forest community(I), Quercus serrata-C. tschonoskii community(II), C. tschonoskii-Q.s serrata-Pinus densiflora community(III), C. tschonoskii-Quercus serrata-Q. mongolica communtiy(IV), Q. serrata-Deciduous broadleaved forest community(V) and Chamaecyparis obtusa-C. tschonoskii community (VI). Species diversity ranged from 0.3832 to 0.0450. The lowest diversity was Chamaecyparis obtusa community(VI) but the highest was Carpinus tschonoskii-Deciduous broad-leaved forest community(I) and Q. serrata-Deciduous broadleaved forest community(V). The average number of species was 6.8${\pm}$3.2 in the unit area(100$m^2$). Carpinus tschonoskii community at the Beomeosa Valley of Mt. Geumjeongsan was a climatic climax forest having a value to preserve, so a continuous management will be needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.43-57
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• 1994

The evergreen broad-leaved forest in Mt. Turyunsan was classified into four plant communities : Carpinus tschonoskii community, Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus acute community, Quercus acuta community, Neolitisea sericea community. Quercus acuta, which had been appeared as a dominant species in most evergreen broad-leaved forest, was assumed to be succeed from Quercus serrata and Quercus variabilis through Carpinus tschonoskii, and would be succeed to Neolitsea serisea. Carpinus thschonoskii and Quercu serrata were assumed to be competitive with Quercus acuta, Camellia japonica, Neolitsea serisea and, Machilus thunbergii. It was assumed that Quercus acuta had a similiar ecological niche with Camellia japonica. Also it was assumed Neolitsea serisea had a similiar ecological niche with Lozoste lansifolia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.4
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• pp.459-465
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• 1997

In order to determine ecological niches of forests in Mt. UnJang, the studies were analyzed on the methods of TWINSPAN and DCCA ordination. The results are summarized as follows : Six communities determined by TWINSPAN : Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis, and Quercus mongolica community. In the relations of major community and environmental factors, Fraxinus mandshurica, Cornus controversa, and Acer mono community were distributed valley or evenness in the rich of organic matter. Elevation was high comparatively. Carpinus tschonoskii and Carpinus tschonoskii - Quercus variabilis community were distributed in the low elevation, in rich of MgO and $CaCO_3$. Quercus mongolica community were distributed in the high elevation, in low of MgO, $CaCO_3$. The factors in influencing community distribution were elevation. The importance value in all the quadrats sampled, Quercus mongolica recorded the highest and the next values then came those Cornus controversa, Acer mono, Fraxinus mandshurica, Quercus variabilis, Carpinus tschonoskii, Acer pseudosieboldianum Lindera erythrocarpa, Styrax obassia and Lindera obtusiloba in the orders.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.562-572
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• 2011

This study is to examine the environmental characteristics of subpopulations of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max. distributed in the east-west slopes of Mt. Halla National Park based on analyzing the factors of environment, vegetation and soil. The result of the TWINSAPN analysis conducted on 56 study plots between the altitudes of 500 m and 1600 m of east-west slopes of Mt. Halla National Park can be divided into five communities-Prunus maximowiczii Rupr., Manshurian fullmoon Maple, Carpinus tschonoskii Max., Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq., Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray and Pinus thunbergil Parl. Among these communities, the plot with high importance percentage of the subpopulation of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max., is the Carpinus tschonoskii Max.-Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq. included in the altitude of 600m~1200m radius. The dominant species of the upper shrub layer was Carpinus tschonoskii Max.(I.P.: 29.82%) while the dominant species of the canopy layer was Daphniphyllum macropodum Miq.(I.P.: 26.76%). For the understory layer the dominant species was Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max.. Species diversity index was on the low end with 0.7424, indicating the stably formed climax community of Carpinus tschonoskii Max.. The analysis of soil properties showed high concentrations of organic matters, available phosphate and Ca, Mg, the high importance percentage of the of Ilex crenata var. microphyllla Max. is found in altitude of 600m~800m on the eastern slope and the altitude of 800m~1,000m radius on the west slope. This region is included in the southern part of the cold/hot forest zone, its high importance percentage of Carpinus tschonoskii Max. and low in the species diversity index of 0.7424, and has formed stable climax community of Carpinus tschonoskii Max. in Mt. Halla.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-43
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• 1992

A survey of Orimok, Yongsil and Donnaeko area forest in Mt. Halla. was conducted using 71 sample plots of 500$m^2$ size. In the analysis of -actual vegetation, Carpinus tschonoskii and C. laxiflora community covered 53.7%, Quercus grosseserrata - Q. serrata community 25.8%, Pinus densiflora community 8.3%, Abies koreana community 4.5% and these communities covered 92.2% of Mt. Halla forest. The degree of 8, 9 and 10 in human disturbance of vegetation covered 64.5, 28.6 and 6.9% respectively. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify them into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. By two techniques, the plant community were divided into several groups by the aspect and altitude. The dividing groups are C. tschonoskii community, C. tschonoskii - Q. serrata community, P. densiflora - C. tschonoskii community, P. densiflora - C. laxiflora community, C. laxiflora community, C. laxifrora - Daphniphyllum macropodum - Eurya japonica community, P. densiflora community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from P. densiflora. Sorbus alnifolia through Q. serrata. Maackia faurier to C. tsihonoskii in Orimok and Yongsil area and from P. densifiora to C. laxiflora in Donnaeko area. There was no difference between the stand scores of. DCA and environmental variables.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.75-85
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to understand the vegetation characteristics of ridges (Gyeongsusan-Seonunsan-Gaeipalsan) in the Seonunsan Provincial Park and to establish reference information for the management of the park in the future. We designated 62 plots with the area of $100m^2$ were installed and analyzed them to investigate the vegetation characteristics. The results of community classification based on TWINSPAN showed seven categories of vegetation communities in the surveyed region: Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, Pinus densiflora Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II, and Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community. In the vegetation of Seonunsan Provincial Park, coniferous trees such as Pinus thunbergii and Pinus densiflora have been gradually losing their population as part of ecological succession to deciduous broad-leaved trees such as Quercus spp., Carpinus tschonoskii, and Carpinus laxiflora. Moreover, Carpinus turczaninowii, Mallotus japonicus, and others were identified as vegetation reflecting the geographical characteristics of the region neighboring the west coast. The estimated age is 30-60 years, and the oldest tree Pinus densiflora is 63-years old. The index of diversity ($100m^2$) was 0.7942 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Carpinus laxiflora Community, 0.8406 for Carpinus tschonoskii-Castanea crenata-Quercus aliena Community, 0.8543 for Quercus dentata-Deciduous broad-leaved Community, 0.9434 for Quercus variabilis-Pinus thunbergii-Quercus serrata Community, 0.9520 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-I, 0.9633 for Pinus densiflora Community, and 1.0340 for Deciduous broad-leaved Community-II in the ascending order.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.412-425
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• 2012

This study investigated the actual vegetation and plant community structure of Geumsun valley and Weonjeok valley of Naejangsan(Mt.) National Park to provide the data for park management. As a result of analysis of actual vegetation, Quercus variabilis community(47.3%) and Quercus serrata community(17.0%) are widely distributed but Carpinus tschonoskii community(7.5%) and Zelkova serrata community(6.9%) are distributed in valley forests. Plant communities were divided into 6 communities of Fraxinus mandshurica, Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus tschonoskii-Platycarya strobilacea-Zelkova serrata, Zelkova serrata, deciduous broad-leaved mixture(Zelkova serrata-Lindera erythrocarpa-Acer palmatum), and Lindera erythrocarpa-Cornus walteri according to the analysis of TWINSPAN of classification using 20 plots($400m^2$). Geumseon valley is composed of boulder stone area of average slope $20^{\circ}$, and there were distributed Fraxinus mandshurica community of 86 years old, Carpinus tschonoskii community in age from 56 to 79, and Carpinus tschonoskii-Platycarya strobilacea-Zelkova serrata community in age from 48 to 71. Weonjeok valley is composed of boulder stone area of average slope $11^{\circ}$, and there were distributed Zelkova serrata community in age from 52 to 71, deciduous broad-leaved mixture community in age from 49 to 70, and Lindera erythrocarpa-Cornus walteri community in age from 43 to 51. Ecological succession of each community was predicted to maintain same state. The Shannon's species diversity showed from 0.8220(Fraxinus mandshurica community) to 1.3850(Carpinus tschonoskii community) per unit area of $400m^2$.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.55-67
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• 2021

Hornbeams (Carpinus spp.), which are widely distributed in South Korea, are recognized as one of the most abundant species at climax stage in the temperate forests. Although the distribution and vegetation structure of the C. laxiflora community have been reported, little ecological information of C. tschonoskii is available. Little effort was made to examine the distribution shift of these species under the future climate conditions. This study was conducted to predict potential shifts in the distribution of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii in 2050s and 2090s under the two sets of climate change scenarios, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5. The MaxEnt model was used to predict the spatial distribution of two species using the occurrence data derived from the 6th National Forest Inventory data as well as climate and topography data. It was found that the main factors for the distribution of C. laxiflora were elevation, temperature seasonality, and mean annual precipitation. The distribution of C. tschonoskii, was influenced by temperature seasonality, mean annual precipitation, and mean diurnal rang. It was projected that the total habitat area of the C. laxiflora could increase by 1.05% and 1.11% under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios, respectively. It was also predicted that the distributional area of C. tschonoskii could expand under the future climate conditions. These results highlighted that the climate change would have considerable impact on the spatial distribution of C. laxiflora and C. tschonoskii. These also suggested that ecological information derived from climate change impact assessment study can be used to develop proper forest management practices in response to climate change.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.143-150
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• 2009

To investigate the vegetation structure of the mountain ridges ranging of Shins un-Bong, this research set up 14 plots($400m^2$) as survey target areas. As a result of the analysis of woody plant cluster, it was classified as two groups-Quercus variabilis-Quercus serrata community and Carpinus tschonoskii community. Quercus variabilis and Quercus serrata was found as a mostly dominant woody plant species in the ridge areas of Shinsun-Bong, while Carpinus tschonoskii were mixed up partly in high altitudes. High negative correlations were shown between Quercus variabilis-Sambucus sieboldiana and relatively high positive correlation were found to exist between Styrax japonicus-Quercus serrata, Sambucus sieboldiana-Rhododendron schlippenbachii, Tilia amurensis, Styrax obassia-Cornus kousa, Rhododendron schlippenbachii-Carpinus laxiflora, Cornus kousa-Tilia amurensis. Species diversity index(H') of investigated groups were ranged from $1.237{\sim}1.497$, and it was relatively high value compared to that of the vegetation structure of other national park.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.113-119
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• 2007

To investigate the vegetation structure at Orimok of Hallasan national park, 28 plots$(2,000m^2)$ were surveyed by random sampling method. Carpinus tschonoskii was a major woody species in the studied area in Orimok, and Quercus gorsseserrata, Quercus serrata, and Quercus mongolica were partly occupied. High negative correlations were shown between C. tschonoskii and Ilex macropoda, Lindera erythrocarpa, Quercus mongolica Comus walteri and Symplocos coreana, and relatively high positive correlations were proved to exist between Acer pictum var. mono and Carpinus cordata, Quercus gorsseserrata Ilex macropoda and Lindera erythrocaypa, Q. mongolica Abies nephrolepis and Prunus sargentii, Kalopanax septemlobus Taxus cuspidata and Symplocos coreana. Species diversity(H') was 0.771, and it was relatively low numerical value compared to that of other national parks.