• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2011.05a
• /
• pp.438-438
• /
• 2011

팔머가뭄지수(Palmer Drought Severity Index, PDSI)는 가뭄을 정량적으로 표현하기 위해 제안된 최초의 포괄적인 가뭄지수라 할 수 있다. 가뭄을 단순히 하나의 기상인자로만 판단하려 한 것이 아니라 수문순환 과정 속에서 여러 가지 요소들의 복합적인 작용에 의한 결과로 인식하고 이를 가뭄지수 산정 과정에 고려하고자 하였다. 따라서 PDSI는 가뭄뿐만 아니라 습윤상황을 모니터링 하기 위한 용도로 이용될 수 있으며, 수분수지 분석을 통해 얻을 수 있는 함양량, 유출량, 토양수분량의 정보는 그 자체로서도 분석 대상 지역의 수분상황과 관련된 중요한 정보라 할 수 있다. 이러한 점에서 PDSI는 방법론상의 여러 가지 한계에도 불구하고 지금까지 가뭄의 모니터링 및 관리를 위해 우리나라를 비롯한 여러 국가 및 지역에서 널리 이용되고 있으며, 가뭄 정량화를 위한 새로운 가뭄지수 개발 시 적합성의 비교 기준으로 고려되고 있다. 그러나 지금까지 우리나라에서는 PDSI에서 고려하고 있는 기상 및 수문학적 조건이 우리나라의 상황을 적절히 표현할 수 있는가에 대한 검토가 미흡한 상황이라 할 수 있다. 우리나라의 자료를 이용하여 PDSI를 산정하였다 할지라도 지수 산정 과정에서 고려하고 있는 기상 및 수문특성이 적절하지 않을 경우 산정된 PDSI가 나타내는 가뭄상황과 실제 우리나라의 가뭄상황은 다를 수 있다. 특히 PDSI 산정 과정에서 잠재증발산량 산정 방법으로 이용하고 있는 월열지수법은 방법의 한계로 인해 우리나라와 같이 동절기 평균기온이 0도 이하로 떨어지는 경우에는 증발산량이 발생하지 않는 것으로 고려하고 있다. 이는 우리나라의 실제 증발산 발생 양상과 비교할 경우 크게 차이가 나는 점이라 할 수 있으며, 강수량과 증발산량의 관계에 대한 검토로부터 지수 산정 과정이 시작되는 PDSI에 있어 이러한 오차는 결과의 신뢰성 확보에 많은 어려움을 초래할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 기존 PDSI에서 이용하고 있는 월열지수법을 대체할 수 있는 방법에 대해 검토하였으며, 잠재증발산량 산정 방법의 변경에 따라 산정된 PDSI의 변동 양상에 대해 분석하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 통해 가뭄 모니터링 및 관리를 위한 지표로 널리 이용되고 있는 PDSI의 활용에 있어 유용한 정보 제공이 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
• /
• 2020.06a
• /
• pp.3-3
• /
• 2020

사회-수문시스템의 인과관계에 대한 보다 상세한 통찰하기 위해서는 현재의 사회-수문시스템의 기능을 이해하고 미래의 사회-수문시스템의 변화 궤적을 예상할 수 있는 모형이 필요하다. 사회-수문학적 관점에서는 수문순환 현상과 더불어 인간 활동과 관련된 인구, 토지이용, 경제성, 환경변화로 연계되는 사회-수문시스템 내 복잡한 관계해석 과정이 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 하천유지유량 결정기준에 따른 사회-수문시스템의 변화과정을 이해하고 가능한 영향궤적을 평가하기 위해 사회수문학적 관점으로 해석하고자 한다. 현재 우리나라에서는 하천유량고시지점 114개 중 각 항목별 고시지점의 비율은 수질(33%), 평균갈수량(33%), 생태(29%), 경관(4%), 수질 및 염해(1%)로 나타났다(2019년 고시 현황). 따라서 사회-수문시스템 내에서 하천유지유량 결정기준 차이에 따라 환경적, 사회적, 경제적 측면으로의 영향을 평가하기 위하여 구조방정식모형을 모델링 한 후, 모형 내 잠재요인(기상, 수문, 환경, 사회·경제)의 상호연관성을 파악하였다. 기상학적 요소로는 기온, 강수량을 선정하였으며, 인간의 활동이 개입된 수문학적 요소는 유량, 하천수이용량으로 선정하였다. 환경적 요소는 BOD, COD, SS를 선정하였으며, 사회·경제적 요소는 인구, 지가변동률을 고려하였다. 이와 같은 사회-수문시스템 내 잠재요인별 요소를 바탕으로 사회-수문학적 영향평가를 위한 가설을 검증하기 위해 통계 프로그램 AMOS를 활용하여 구조방정식모형을 모델링하였다. 향후 사회-수문학 관점에서의 복잡한 영향관계를 정량적으로 평가하고, 다양한 이해관계자 간의 합의를 도출하는 데 있어서 효율적인 의사결정도구로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대한다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.39 no.4 s.165
• /
• pp.299-311
• /
• 2006

In this paper it is outlined the methodology of estimating the parameters of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge, using ground water level rises in monitoring well when values of specific yield of aquifer are not available. This methodology is applied for two monitoring wells of the case study area in northern area of the Jeiu Island. A water balance of soil layer of plant rooting zone is computed on a daily basis in the following manner. Diect runoff is estimated by using SCS method. Potential evapotranspiration calculated with Penman-Monteith equation is multiplied by crop coefficients($K_c$) and water stress coefficient to compute actual evapotranspiration(AET). Daily runoff and AET is subtracted from the rainfall plus the soil water storage of the previous day. Soil water remaining above soil water retention capacity(SWRC) is assumed to be recharge. Parameters such as the SCS curve number, SWRC and Kc are estimated from a linear relationship between water level rise and recharge for rainfall events. The upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$) at the monitoring well location is derived from the relationship between rainfall and the resulting water level rise. The specific yield($n_c$) and the coefficient of determination ($R^2$) are calculated from a linear relationship between observed water level rise and calculated recharge for the different simulations. A set of parameter values with maximum value of $R^2$ is selected among parameter values with calculated specific yield($n_c$) less than the upper threshold value of specific yield($n_m$). Results applied for two monitoring wells show that the 81% of variance of the observed water level rises are explained by calculated recharge with the estimated parameters. It is shown that the data of groundwater level is useful in estimating the parameter of water balance analysis method for calculating recharge.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.55 no.12
• /
• pp.1077-1089
• /
• 2022

With the construction of Seoul National University (SNU), the Mt. Gwanak watershed has undergone some urbanization. As with other campus catchments, data related to the water cycle is extremely limited. Therefore, this study began by collecting hydrological and meteorological data using Atmos-41, a complex meteorological observation instrument. The observation results of Atmos-41 were validated by analyzing the statistical characteristics and confidence intervals based on the monthly variability of data from the Korea Meteorological Administration. Results of the previous research were used to validate the simulated surface runoff and infiltration using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). The potential evapotranspiration (PET) simulated by the SWMM was rectified by comparing it to the Atmos-41 observation data. Multiple regression analysis was employed to adjust for the fluctuations in precipitation, relative humidity, and wind speed because the calculated SWMM PET tends to be underestimated during periods of low temperatures. R² increased from 0.54 to 0.80 when compared to the Atmos-41 PET. The rate of change in the water cycle as a consequence of the SNU's construction resulted in a 15.7% increase in surface runoff, a 14.2% decrease in infiltration rate, and a 1.6% decrease in evaporation.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.39 no.4
• /
• pp.207-215
• /
• 2019

This study was conducted to establish spring sowing techniques in preparation for the impacts of climate change on sowing time and wintering rates of winter forage crops such as barley, oat and IRG. Oat showed the highest yield in 2017 which had relatively dry climate condition. And when sowing in late Febrnary 2017 yielding 9,408kg/ha were obtained, yielding 4,011kg/ha more than IRG's sown in the same period. In 2018 which had relatively wet climate condition, four barley species decreased in the production from the previous year. Oat also had decreased by 70% from 9,408kg/ha to 2,851kg/ha. On the other hand, IRG maintained the production in the mid-5,000kg/ha range. It was also found that IRG had the least variability due to external influences regardless of seeding period for 2 years. Mixed sowing with IRG and oat in 50:50 ratio was the highest dry matter, 6,584kg/ha, and IRG was 18.5% and Oat was 2.3 times higher than single planting.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.53 no.5
• /
• pp.619-629
• /
• 2020

The National Groundwater Monitoring Network (NGMN) in South Korea has been implemented in alluvial/ bedrock aquifers for efficient management of groundwater resources. In this study, aquifer types were reclassified with unconfined and confined aquifers based on water-level fluctuation and water quality characteristics. Principal component analysis (PCA) of water-level data from paired monitoring wells of alluvial/bedrock aquifers results in the principal components of both aquifers showing similar water-level fluctuation pattern. There was no significant difference in the rate of water-level rises responding to precipitations and in the NO₃-N concentrations between the alluvial and bedrock aquifers. In contrast, in the results classified with the hydrogeological type, the principal components of water level were different between unconfined and confined conditions. The water-level rises to precipitation events were estimated to be 4.6 (R²=0.8) in the unconfined and 2.1 (R²=0.4) in the confined aquifers, respectively, indicating less impact of precipitation recharge to the confined aquifer. The confined aquifers have the average NO₃-N concentration below 3 mg/L, implying the natural background level protected from the sources at surface. In summary, reclassification of aquifers into hydrogeological types clearly shows the differences between unconfined and confined aquifers in the water-level fluctuation pattern and NO₃-N concentrations. The hydrogeologic condition of aquifer could improve groundwater resource management by providing critical information on groundwater quantity through recharge estimation and quality for protection from potential contamination sources.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.35 no.4 s.129
• /
• pp.397-410
• /
• 2002

In order to quantitatively identify historical drought conditions and to evaluate their variability, drought indices commonly used. The calculation method for the drought index based on the principal hydrological factors, such as precipitation and reservoir storage, can estimate the duration and intensity of a drought. In this study the Palmer-type formula for drought index is derived for the Nakdong River basin by analyzing the monthly rainfall and meteorological data at 21 stations. The Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI) is used for dry land sectors to evaluate the meteorological anomaly in terms of an index which permits time and space comparisons of drought severity. The Surface Water Supply Index(SWSI) is devised for the use in conjunction with the Palmer index to provide an objective indicator of water supply conditions in Nakdong River basin. The SWSI was designed to quantify surface water supply capability of a watershed which depends on river and reservoir water The Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI) is evaluated for various time periods of 1 to 12 months in Nakdong River basin. For the purpose of comparison between drought indices correlation coefficient was calculated between indices and appropriate SPI time period was selected as 10 months for Nakdong River basin. A comparative study is made to evaluate the relative severity of the significant droughts occurred in Nakdong River basin since 1976. It turned out that $'94{\sim}'97$ drought was the worst drought in it's severity. It is found that drought indices are very useful tools in quantitatively evaluating the severity of a drought over a river basin.

• Journal of Aquaculture
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 1992

This study was conducted to understand the variation of suspended matters in coastal waters of Cheju Island. Water sampling was carried out at 22 stations along the coast of this island from March 1988 to November 1989. Analyzed and/or observed items were water temperature, salinity, total solids (TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and fixed suspended solids (FSS). Inter-relationships between wind velocity, precipitation and total suspended solids (TSS) were also investigated. More windy days prevail in winter season (December, January and February) in Cheju Island. Thirty-six points seven percent of total windy days of a year appeared in this season. The rate of windy days in spring was $27.3\%$ and those in summer and fall were $17.9{\%}$ each. From February to July, the heaviest precipitation was observed in the southeastern area and that from August to January was observed in the eastern part of this island. TS and TDS were firmly related with the fluctuation of salinity. Therefore, there were higher in spring and lower in summer. The highest TSS (7.73 $mg/{\ell}$) was observed in February and was the lowest (4.73 $mg/{\ell}$) in September. Annual mean value of TSS was 6.3$mg/{\ell}$. The highest VSS (2.03 $mg/{\ell}$) was observed in July and lowest (1.42 $mg/{\ell}$) in September. The percentage of VSS per 755 was $30.6{\%}$ in average that was not much higher level compared to the other polluted areas. This value became higher in summer (av. $34.17{\%}$) and lower in winter (av. $24.2{\%}$). Fluctuation of TSS was mainly related with the freshwate. discharge, tidal action, and re-suspension of bottom sediments by the wind waves. Therefore, TSS concentration was low in summer and hish in winter.