• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.84-91
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• 2002

Disease forecasting in Korea was first studied in the Department of Fundamental Research, in the Central Agricultural Technology Institute in Suwon in 1947, where the dispersal of air-borne conidia of blast and brown spot pathogens in rice was examined. Disease forecasting system in Korea is operated based on information obtained from 200 main forecasting plots scattered around country (rice 150, economic crops 50) and 1,403 supplementary observational plots (rice 1,050, others 353) maintained by Korean government. Total number of target crops and diseases in both forecasting plots amount to 30 crops and 104 diseases. Disease development in the forecasting plots is examined by two extension agents specialized in disease forecasting, working in the national Agricul-tural Technology Service Center(ATSC) founded in each city and prefecture. The data obtained by the extension agents are transferred to a central organization, Rural Development Administration (RDA) through an internet-web system for analysis in a nation-wide forecasting program, and forwarded far the Central Forecasting Council consisted of 12 members from administration, university, research institution, meteorology station, and mass media to discuss present situation of disease development and subsequent progress. The council issues a forecasting information message, as a result of analysis, that is announced in public via mass media to 245 agencies including ATSC, who informs to local administration, the related agencies and farmers for implementation of disease control activity. However, in future successful performance of plant disease forecasting system is thought to be securing of excellent extension agents specialized in disease forecasting, elevation of their forecasting ability through continuous trainings, and furnishing of prominent forecasting equipments. Researches in plant disease forecasting in Korea have been concentrated on rice blast, where much information is available, but are substan-tially limited in other diseases. Most of the forecasting researches failed to achieve the continuity of researches on specialized topic, ignoring steady improvement towards practical use. Since disease forecasting loses its value without practicality, more efforts are needed to improve the practicality of the forecasting method in both spatial and temporal aspects. Since significance of disease forecasting is directly related to economic profit, further fore-casting researches should be planned and propelled in relation to fungicide spray scheduling or decision-making of control activities.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.28-35
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• 2007

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical usefulness of ultrasound examination of children performed by a pediatrician. Methods: One thousand children who presented with symptoms of a gastrointestinal disorder and underwent abdominal ultrasound evaluation in the Department of Pediatrics, between January 2003 and June 2006, were included in this study. We analyzed the patient's medical records and ultrasound results retrospectively. Results: Among the 1,000 patients, 58.4% were male and 41.6% were female. The mean age of the patients was $4.7{\pm}4.0$ years. The main reasons for ultrasound were abdominal pain (43.9%), vomiting (17.3%), elevated liver enzymes (11.8%), and jaundice (9.8%). Abnormal ultrasound findings were present in 57.9% of cases. The major abnormal findings were mesenteric lymphadenitis (29.2%), fatty liver (12.1%), hepatitis (6.4%), hepatosplenomegaly (6.2%), and acute appendicitis (4.8%). The time interval between the initial medical evaluation and the ultrasound evaluation was within 24 hours in most cases (78.5%). The main findings in children with abdominal pain were mesenteric lymphadenitis (32.6%), fatty liver (5.9%), intussusception (2.7%), and acute appendicitis (2.7%). The main findings in children with vomiting were mesenteric lymphadenitis (12.7%), hypertrophic pyloric stenosis (10.4%), and acute appendicitis (3.5%). The major ultrasound findings in children with urinary tract diseases were hydronephrosis (45.4%), urolithiasis (21.5%) and cystic renal disease (18.1%). Conclusion: Ultrasound examination played an important role as a non-invasive and prompt screening examination for detection of abdominal diseases. Ultrasound was an important tool for pediatricians to determine timely information for patient management.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.54-58
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• 2010

Purpose: In patients with chronic cervical pain, the facet joint is the source of the majority. Due to the difficulty of identifying the exact location of the joint that causes these symptoms, the possibility of complications and the placebo effect brings clinical application into question. In this study, we assessed the prevalence of patients with chronic cervical pain and report the diagnostic and therapeutic usefulness of ultrasonography - guided facet joint block therapy. Materials and Methods: Patients with nonspecific chronic cervical pain for more than 6 months were selected. Patients with disc herniation, sciatica-related pain were excluded from the study and 160 patients who failed in conservative treatment (physical therapy, chiropractic therapy, medication) were included in the study. Diagnostic Ultrasonography-guided facet joint block was performed with 1% lidocaine, and after two weeks, Bupivacaine 0.25% was used in patients who tested positive for lidocaine. Patients with more than 75% pain reduction during movement after facet joint block were considered positive. Results: Among the 160 patients with chronic cervical pain, 96 patients(60%) had a positive reaction after facet block using lidocaine. Among the 64 patients with a negative reaction to lidocaine, 48 patients(75%) had a positive reaction to bupivacaine. There were 48 false positive patients(50%) who showed a positive reaction to lidocaine but a negative reaction to bupivacaine. The mean VAS of the total 160 patients before blocks was 8.5, after 2 weeks follow up it decreased to 2.7 (p = 0.001) and after 4weeks 3.6 (p = 0.001). The 8 patients as an initial improvement of symptoms are not satisfied with the procedure and the 3 patients had been worsened during observation, were showed pain relief after additional ultrasonography-guided facet joint block at 4th week. Conclusion: A single ultrasonography-guided block to chronic cervical pain patients has relatively low diagnostic value since high false positive rate. The twice facet joint blocks is thought to be a useful method for interventional pain management of patients with chronic cervical pain.

• Sijohaknonchong
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• v.23
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• pp.107-131
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• 2005

The purpose of this is to make sure what the scholar of the Choseon thought the object of aesthetics, and which psychological element did they use to clear the center of the aesthetics. In addition, I consider their way to recognize the human's aesthetic point of view. A literary man in Choseon regarded the five senses as an obstacle which interrupted to see the nature of all things. So they set up the spiritual condition as their aesthetic subject, with suppressing the pleasure through five senses. The goal to make one's mind calm was to cause someone's spirit to activate freely. The condition of the calmness was considered as a process of recovering the human's natural spirit, which was connected to the poetic spirit and became the aesthetic subject. Simultaneously, a literary man at that time set up the condition of the calmness as a subject of objective consciousness, and estimated the common things as a objective existence, which led to the result that all the materials of the poem and the poet could be unified. This aesthetic centra put a premium on the senses caused by contacting with all natural things, and adopted the 'Xing' as a method of expression. This 'Xing' is not a sense based upon one's experience, but a sense which is created of itself. The expression method of 'Xing' caused the reader to feel and express, encourage, and sublimate what they feel through the poem, as well as purified reader's mind.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.247-255
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of botulinum toxin type A on masseter muscle atrophy and the extent of masseter muscle affected from the injection site in relation to injection dose, with and without occlusal splint therapy through computed tomographic measurement. 32 volunteers were divided into four groups - group 25U (injection dose of 25 unit), group 25Us (injection dose of 25 unit with occlusal splint), group 35U (injection dose of 35 unit), group 35Us (injection dose of 35 unit with occlusal splint). Each group consisted of 8 people. 3 positions (position 1, 2, 3 - 10mm, 20mm and 40mm from the inferior border of the mandible, respectively) were selected for the evaluation of the masseter muscle change. The following results were obtained. 1. The thickness and the cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle had reduced in all groups except for the right side thickness at position 3 of group 25U and group 25Us, and the right side thickness as well as the left side cross-sectional area at position 3 of group 35Us. In group 35Us, the thickness and the cross-sectional area of the masseter muscle had reduced significantly in all positions (P < 0.05). 2. There was no significant difference in the masseter muscle change between the injection dose of 25unit and that of 35unit. 3. The groups with occlusal splint showed greater reduction of the masseter muscle thickness than the other groups (P < 0.05). From the above results, botulinum toxin type A injection together with occlusal splint therapy in the treatment of masseter muscle hypertrophy would be clinically effective.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.4
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• pp.455-461
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• 2007

This research was processed on morphological and physical characteristics of 'Yongdong' cultivar nuts. (1)Morphological properties of 'Yongdong' cultivar nuts were significantly different from the control, native species, in respect of all properties. (2) 'Yongdong' cultivar nuts showed higher figures than the native species on 9 items of morphological properties (kernel weight, size, length and width of pad on suture and etc.), whereas other 6 items (height of pad on suture, thickness of shell and septem, fragment numbers of isolated kernel, roundness index, and etc.) showed lower figures than those of the control. (3) In physical properties of the nut shells, 'Yongdong' cultivar was superior to the control at all items with the exception of compressive prove distance. Accordingly, it was also verified as effective cultivar of shelled walnut with suture line direction applied the minimum strength. (4) 'Yongdong' cultivar, 21.9 kg, was approximately twice lower than the control, 42.6 kg, on maximum compressive weight. It was demonstrated that the 'Yongdong' cultivar characterized by easily crushing shell by small strength was great in cracking properties. (5) On the study of yield strength, the native species being twice higher than 'Yongdong' cultivar showed the properties of the small elasticity and the shell hardness. While, the suture line of 'Yongdong' cultivar having the lowest yield strength 15.6 kg and 16.0 kg was identified the shell crushed easily. (6) The movement distance of the compressive prove of 'Yongdong' cultivar, 4.2 mm, was longer than that of the control, 2.7 mm. Subsequently, it means that the amount of loss possibly occurring to distribution process was not great, whereby productive value was high. (7) The compressive strength of the suture line of 'Yongdong' cultivar, $9.1kg/cm^2$, was much lower than total average of that $12.4kg/cm^2$. It was also statistically different with other properties. (8)The hardness examination by the compressive position revealed that the suture line of 'Yongdong' cultivar, $149.8kg/cm^2$, was lowest in contrast with the control, $300.9kg/cm^2$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.548-554
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• 2009

The principal objective of this study was to evaluate the immune activity of Mosidae and the physiochemical characteristics of brown rice Dasik prepared with Mosidae (Adenophora remotiflora) powder. We assessed the effects of Mosidae ethanol extract (MEE) on the production of IL-6T, IL-12 and TNF-$\alpha$ by peritoneal exudate macrophages (PEMs) using ELISA. We also determined general compositions, and conducted Hunter's color values, sensory evaluation, and the mechanical characteristics of Mosidae Dasik stored at room temperature ($20^{\circ}C$). With MEE treatment, ILI-6 (75% of LPS: positive control), IL-12 (35.7% of LPS) and TNF-$\alpha$ (27.32% of LPS) were proliferated at a dose of $1000{\mu}g/mL$. In the general compositions of the samples, fat contents of Mosidae Dasik significantly decreased (p<0.05). The more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, the more was the luminance, and Hunter's a and b were significantly decreased (p<0.05). As more Mosidae powder was added to the samples, springiness score was significantly decreased, but the score of hardness, gumminess and chewiness were increased (p<0.05). The results of sensory evaluation showed that there were significant differences in the color, taste and overall quality of the samples (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference in texture. We note that, among the samples evaluated herein, Mosidae stimulates some kinds of cytokines from machrophage and 1% Mosidae Dasik (MPD1) for the best commercial value.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.141-160
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• 2017

At present, the whole world is characterized by openness, cooperation and integration as a society with information and the world, and it requires creative talents for this. The competitiveness of the nation depends on the cultivation of creative talents. It demands anthropological value by improving the competitiveness of the nation through cultivating creative talents to share and care, not to cultivate creative talents for personal desires and accomplishments. The purpose of this study is to develop a teaching - learning process to develop integrated creative talents by applying the characteristics of integrated education curriculum at the base of the 2015 revised curriculum. To do this, we first extracted the content elements of the Clothing Life area of the revised curriculum from the 1st to 2015 and the contents of the Clothing Life area of the technology and home Economics textbooks to which the 2009 revision curriculum was applied. Five topics were extracted according to content selection criteria And The Theme of 'The selection and management of clothing' was selected. Researcher developed a integrated thematic instruction Home Economics Education Clothing Life teaching - learning process (hereinafter referred to as "the process") focused on the theme of 'selection and management of clothing'. The Process was composed of 5 basic classes [basic inquiry - content 1 - content 2 - depth study - application]. The process considers integration within the curriculum and interdepartmental integration, and aims to improve the personality, creativity, and problem solving ability of consideration and sharing in the course of the integrated class. In detail, the curriculum goals of the home Economics Education curriculum and ITI goals are presented separately in the curriculum developed for each process. At the stage of the class, the element of creativity and the element of personal education were exposed and applied to the class. In Korea, new curriculum has been revised and announced from time to time, making it difficult for the teacher to carry out the class in accordance with the paradigm of change. Home curriculum is closely related to real life, so it is an appropriate subject for an integrated subject. It has the educational significance of the subject in that it allows students to integrate the creative and personal elements that are limited in other subjects. ITI process will be helpful to teachers who need to implement the 2015 revised curriculum in which the theme-centered integrated home Economics education teaching-learning process is newly introduced. It is necessary to follow - up research to verify the effectiveness of how to improve students' problem - solving ability and cultivate creativity.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.107-116
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• 2018

The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant and intracellular anti-inflammatory efficacy of blueberry leaf extracted with hot water (BLW), 70% ethanol (BLE), and 70% acetone (BLA) in RAW 264.7 macrophages. In order to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of blueberry leaf extracts, RAW 264.7 macrophages were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce the production of inflammation-related factors, which were measure by Western blotting and real-time PCR methods. i-NOS, COX-2 protein, and mRNA expression showed concentration-dependent decrease. The decreases in the mRNA expression levels of interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$), and prostaglandin $E_2$ ($PGE_2$) were concentration-dependent. Further, the antioxidant effects of blueberry leaf on total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability and $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity were evaluated. The total polyphenol contents of BLW, BLE, and BLA were $217.04{\pm}2.98$, $156.72{\pm}3.90$, and $182.88{\pm}3.02mg\;TAE/g$, respectively, while the electron donating abilities at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 81.7, 79.6, and 79.3%, respectively. The $ABTS^+$ radical scavenging activity was fond to be concentration dependent. The nitric oxide (NO) production inhibition activities at $50{\mu}g/mL$ of BLW, BLE, and BLA were 35.1, 42.4 and 42.7%, respectively. In conclusion, the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory test results indicate that blueberry leaf extracts (BLW, BLE, and BLA) can be used as potential anti-inflammatory agents.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.27
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• pp.35-88
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• 2011

This study suggested the methods of record management for the heads of local government, which would be the most valuable among local records. In order to conduct a systematic record management for the heads of local government, this study suggested the methods of establishing a record management system regarding regulation arrangement, production registration, preservation, utilization and services. First of all, in order to estimate the record category of the heads of local government, the study examined the duties of the offices of the deputy heads of local government, secretary's offices and information offices, which have been subsidiary & assistance branches in charge of producing the record. In addition, it investigated the present conditions of record management for the heads of local government through the interviews with secretary offices and information offices belonging to 16 cities and provinces and the claims for information disclosure and found out the following problems. They included incomplete record production, non-registration of produced records, abolition of records and taking them out of designated places with due notice, record preservation period regardless of the term of the heads of local government, varied preservation period for the records of the heads of local government by local self-government, short preservation period of primary records and non-management of home pages after the term of the heads of local government. To solve such problems, the study suggested the regulation arrangement for record management and a record management system. The regulation arrangement could be obtained through the establishment of the administrative organization setup condolence etiquette enforcement regulation and the recorders in local government and the revision of operation rules and through the revision of the reference plan for operation rules enactment of recorders from National Archives of Korea. As for the record management system, the study suggested the establishment of production, registration and preservation system of records for the heads of local government and the utilization and services of their records. In order to produce and register the records, the unit assignments should be founded by department in charge of the duties related to the records of the heads of local government on record management criteria, thus letting the staff surely produce and register the records. In terms of utilization and services of the records, the study suggested the use of websites and drawing up the record list, through which each record viewer would be able to figure out which records have been managed through the list services and which services could be given to the residents, thus letting the residents and the heads of local government who finished their term of duties use the records.