• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

Analogue physical modelling using granular materials (i.e., sandbox experiments) has been applied with great success to a number of geological problems at various scales. Such physical experiments can also be simulated numerically with the Discrete Element Method (DEM). In this study, we apply the DEM simulation to the collision between the Indian subcontinent and the Eurasian Plate, one of the most significant current tectonic processes in the Earth. DEM simulation has been applied to various kinds of dynamic modelling, not only in structural geology but also in soil mechanics, rock mechanics, and the like. As the target of the investigation is assumed to be an assembly of many tiny particles, DEM simulation makes it possible to treat an object with large and discontinuous deformations. However, in DEM simulations, we often encounter difficulties when we examine the validity of the input parameters, since little is known about the relationship between the input parameters for each particle and the properties of the whole assembly. Therefore, in our previous studies (Yamada et al.,2002a,2002b,2002c), we were obliged to tune the input parameters by trial and error. To overcome these difficulties, we introduce a numerical biaxial test with the DEM simulation. Using the results of this numerical test, we examine the validity of the input parameters used in the collision model. The resulting collision model is quite similar to the real deformation observed in eastern Asia, and compares well with GPS data and in-situ stress data in eastern Asia.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.604-613
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• 2018

In recent years, numerous train derailment accidents caused by deterioration and high speed technology of railways have increased. Guardrails or barriers of railway bridges are installed to restrain and prevent the derailment of the train body level. On the other hand, it can result in a high casualties and secondary damage. Therefore, a Derailment Containment Provision (DCP) within the track at the wheel/bogie level was developed. DCP is designed for rapid installation because it reduces the impact load on the barrier and inertia force on the steep curve to minimize turnover, fall, and trespass on the other side track of the bridge. In this paper, DCP was analyzed using LS-Dyna with a parameter study as the impact loading location and interface contact condition. The contact conditions were analyzed using the Tiebreak contact simulating breakage of material properties and Perfect bond contact assuming fully attached. As a result, the Tiebreak contact behaved similarly with the actual behavior. In addition, the maximum displacement and flexural failure was generated on the interface and DCP center, respectively. The impact analysis was carried out in advance to confirm the DCP design due to the difficulties of performing the actual impact test, and it could change the DCP anchor design as the analysis results.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.15-26
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• 2019

The stability of the gravity quay wall against earthquakes is evaluated on the basis of the allowable displacement of the wall. To estimate the displacement caused by external forces, empirical equations based on the Newmark sliding block method or numerical analysis are widely used. In numerical analysis, it is possible to analyze precisely a complicated site and structure, but difficult to set the appropriate parameters and environments; there are limitations in obtaining reliable results, depending on one's level of expertise. The Newmark method, with only seismic motions, is widely used because it is simpler than numerical simulations when estimating permanent displacement. However, the empirical equations do not have any parameters for the response characteristics and sliding block of the structure, and sliding blocks being assumed as rigid bodies does not consider the nonlinear behavior of the soil and interaction with the structure. Therefore, in order to evaluate the seismic stability of the gravity quay wall, a newly-developed empirical equation is needed to overcome the above-mentioned limitations. In this study, numerical simulations are performed to analyze the response characteristics of the backfill of the structure, and to propose an optimal method of calculating the active area. For this purpose, finite element analyses were performed to analyze the response characteristics, and stress-strain relationships for various seismic motions. As a result, the response characteristics, sliding block, and failure surface of the backfill vary depending on the input seismic motions.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.175-181
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• 2019

In the case of a conventional single stage decompression regulator used for large depressurization in the hydrogen fuel cell system of a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV), problems can arise, such as pulsation, slow response, hydrogen brittleness, leakage, high weight, and high cost due to high decompression. Most of these problems can be overcome easily using two decompression mechanisms (two-stage structures). In addition, a wide outlet-pressure control range can be secured if an electronic solenoid is applied to the second decompression. Accordingly, it is necessary to improve the precision of the outlet pressure of a two-stage pressure-reducing regulator and develop techniques, such as leakage prevention, durability, light weight, and price reduction. Therefore, to improve the outlet pressure accuracy and prevent leakage, the structural part before and after decompression to improve the air tightness were divided and the analysis was carried out assuming that the valve part was closed (open ratio: 0%) after each initial internal pressure application.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.20 no.7
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• pp.430-439
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• 2019

In this study, a nonlinear impact analysis was performed to evaluate the safety and damage of an eco-pillar debris barrier with a hollow cross-section, which was proposed to improve constructability and economic efficiency. The construction of concrete eco-pillar debris barriers has increased recently. However, there are no design standards concerning debris barriers in Korea, and it is difficult to find a study on performance evaluations in extreme environments. Thus, an analysis of an eco-pillar debris barrier was done using the rock impact speed, which was estimated from the debris flow velocity. The diameters of rocks were determined by ETAG 27. The impact position, angles, and rock diameter were considered as variables. A concrete nonlinear material model was applied, and the estimation of damage was done by ABAQUS software. As a result, the damage ratio was found to be less than 1.0 at rock diameters of 0.3 m and 0.5 m, but it was 1.39 when the diameter was 0.7 m. This study could be used as basic data on impact force in the design of the cross section of an eco-pillar debris barrier.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.529-537
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• 2021

Membrane-type hull and cargo holds have been designed and built for large ship. However, there is a growing interest in applying the same technology to small and medium-sized Liquefied natural gas(LNG) carriers to meet the recent increase in demand for LNG as an ecofriendly fuel and for expanding LNG bunkering infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to apply the IMO Type-B tank to small and medium-sized LNG carriers and verify the safety and suitability of the design. Fatigue crack propagation analysis was performed to install a partial second drip tray installed at the lower part of the LNG cargo tank by calculating the amount of leaked gas in the support structure supporting the cargo tank. First, a program for fatigue crack propagation analysis was developed, in which Paris' law and British Standard 7910 (BS 79110) were applied based on the International Code for the Construction of Equipment and Ships Carrying Liquefied Gases in Bulk, an international standard for LNG carriers. In addition, a surface crack propagation analysis was performed. Next, a methodology for assuming the initial through-crack size was developed to determine the size of the partial second barrier. The analysis was performed for 15 days, which is a possible return time after cracks are detected. Finally, the safety and suitability of the IMO Type-B for LNG cargo tanks required by international regulations were verified. For the accurate analysis of fatigue crack propagation, it is necessary to develop and verify the analysis procedure based on direct analysis and international regulations.

• Journal of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute of Korea
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.213-220
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• 2023

This paper presents a model simulating the folding process and collision dynamics of "ddakji", a traditional Korean game played using paper tiles (which are also referred to as ddakji). The model uses two A4 sheets as the base materials for ddakji. The folding process involves a series of boundary conditions that transform the wing part of the paper structure into a twisted configuration. A rigid plate boundary condition is also adopted for squeezing, establishing the shape and stress state of the game-ready ddakji through dynamic relaxation analysis. The gaming process analysis involves a forced displacement of the striking ddakji to a predetermined collision position. Collision analysis then follows at a given speed, with the objective of overturning the struck ddakji--a winning condition. A genetic algorithm-based optimization analysis identifies the optimal collision conditions that result in the overturning of the struck ddakji. For efficiency, the collision analysis is divided into two stages, with the second stage carried out only if the first stage predicts a possible overturn. The fitness function for the genetic algorithm during the first stage is the direction cosine of the struck ddakji, whereas in the second stage, it is the inverse of the speed, thus targeting the lowest overall collision speed. Consequently, this analysis provides optimal collision conditions for various compression thicknesses.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.17-30
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• 2009

Underground construction such as tunneling can induce damages on the surrounding rock mass, due to the stress concentration of in situ stresses and excessive energy input during construction sequence, such as blasting. The developed damage on the rock mass can have substantial influence on the mechanical and hydraulic behaviors of the rock masses around a tunnel. In this study, investigation on the generation of damage around an opening in a jointed rock model under biaxial compression condition was conducted. The joint dip angles employed are 30, 45, and 60 degrees to the horizontal, and the synthetic rock mass was made using early strength cement and water. From the biaxial compression test, initiation and propagation of tensile cracks at norm to the joint angle were found. The propagated tensile cracks eventually developed rock blocks, which were dislodged from the rock mass. Furthermore, the propagation process of the tensile cracks varies with joint angle: lower joint angle model shows more stable and progressive tensile crack propagation. The development of the tensile crack can be explained under the hypothesis that the rock segment encompassed by the joint set is subjected to the developing moment, which can be induced by the geometric irregularity around the opening in the rock model. The experiment results were simulated by using discrete element method PFC 2D. From the simulation, as has been observed from the test, a rock mass with lower joint angle produces wider damage region and rock block by tensile cracks. In addition, a rock model with lower joint angle shows progressive tensile cracks generation around the opening from the investigation of the interacted tensile cracks.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.11
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• pp.925-932
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• 2017

In this study, the analysis of plate under torsion was carried out according to stacking angle at the unidirectional carbon fiber reinforced plastic(UD CFRP) among composite materials. In case of UD CFRP, the material property due to stacking angle becomes different. Also, the stacking angles were designated to 15°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 75° and 90° at the study models. The notch hole was applied at the center part by supposing that rivet or hole was used. The analysis method was used by applying the experimental method at ISO 15310. Two jigs were fixed at the lower part and two jigs were descending at the upper part. As seen by the analysis result values at this study, the shear stress happening at the fracture part was seen with the lowest value in case of the stacking angle of 45°. It is known that the case of the stacking angle of 45°has the structural safety and durability higher than those of the other stacking angles when the torsion applies. It is thought that this result can be applied to the data of basis which can be devoted to the durability when the torsion is applied at CFRP plate.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2021.06a
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• pp.25-25
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• 2021

점착성 유사는 비점착성 유사에 비해 1차입자의 크기가 작아 1차입자간의 점착력이 중요한 역할을 하는 유사를 말한다. 점착성 유사는 비점착성 유사에 비해 크기가 작아 입자의 전자기적 점착력의 영향을 무시할 수 없으므로 점착력으로 인해 입자들은 서로 응집하는 동시에 입자들 간의 충돌에 의하여 파괴되는 과정을 거친다. 이러한 응집과 파괴가 지속되는 일련의 과정을 응집현상이라 한다. 점착성 유사는 응집과정을 통해 일차입자보다 크기가 크며 수십 개에서 수천 개의 일차입자와 물의 덩어리인 플럭을 형성하게 된다. 흐름 내 존재하는 플럭의 응집현상에 가장 지배적인 영향을 미치는 인자로 난류 거동이 알려진 바 있다. 본 연구에서는 난류 거동에 따른 점착성 플럭의 입도분포 변화를 살펴보고자 하였으며, 점착성 유사 입도분포 모형을 개발하였다. 수치모형의 개발은 확률과정(또는 추계과정)의 개념을 바탕으로 한다. 점착성 유사의 응집현상을 구성하는 응집과정은 다양한 연구를 통해 메커니즘들이 규명된 것과 달리 파괴과정은 난류로 인해 발생하며 무작위한 것으로 여겨진다. 무작위한 플럭의 파괴과정을 확률과정으로 가정하고 매개변수 중 하나를 대수정규분포를 따르는 난수로 고려하였다. 개발된 모형의 검증은 연안지역에서 점착성 플럭의 거동을 측정한 연구결과와의 비교를 통해 수행하였으며, 흐름 유속의 연직분포와 유사 농도의 연직분포, 응집현상 이후 플럭의 평형크기와 입도분포가 모두 합리적으로 계산되는 것이 확인되었다. 더불어 모의 결과에서는 대수정규분포를 따르는 동일한 난수를 적용하였음에도 불구하고 하상으로부터 거리가 가까워짐에 따라 플럭입도분포가 단봉분포(Unimodal Distribution)와 이봉분포(Bimodal Distribution)가 모두 계산되는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 모형의 개발과정에서 플럭의 가능 최대 크기를 콜모고로브 길이규모로 제한한 것과 관련이 있다. 난류 흐름 내 존재하는 플럭의 크기가 응집현상을 통해 난류의 콜모고로브 길이규모까지 성장하는 경우, 난류의 전단응력이 급격하게 증가하여 파괴과정이 활발해지고 응집과정이 저하된다는 것은 널리 알려진 사실이다. 이러한 사실을 바탕으로 플럭의 가능최대 크기를 콜모고로브 길이규모로 제한하였으며, 하상으로부터의 거리에 따라 콜모고로브 길이규모의 변화로 인해 콜모고로브 길이규모 부근에서 하나의 최빈값이 추가로 나타나는 것으로 이해된다. 수치모의 결과로부터 얻어진 콜모고로브 길이규모와 입도분포 형태의 상관관계를 보다 정확하게 이해하기 위해 실측 자료들을 검토해 본 결과, 균질한 재료를 이용한 실험실 실험결과에서 플럭 이봉분포의 최빈값이 콜모고로브 길이규모와 일치하는 것이 확인되었다. 연안지역에서 측정을 수행한 자료들에서도 이봉분포 또는 다봉분포와 콜모고로브 길이 규모와의 상관성을 찾아볼 수 있었다.