• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.604-608
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• 2002

Accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used for a rapid and simple extraction of propylenchlorohydrin (PCH) residue in hydroxylpropyl modified starch. The effects of temperature, pressure and extraction solvent on the extraction efficiency were investigated to find the optimal condition of ASE. The optimal conditions for PCH extraction in hydroxylpropyl modified starch were static time of 50 min, purge time of 300 sec, heating time of 5min, temperature of 12$0^{\circ}C$, pressure of 2500 psi, flush (%) with 100 volumes, and ethylacetate as an extraction solvent. The recovery (96.1%) of this method was higher than that (76.4%) of Code of Food Additive. Therefore, the ASE was a good method in both aspects of efficiency and effectiveness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.34-42
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• 2009

This study was executed to introduce a greenhouse style "Evergreen Park" to apartment complexes to target hands-on resident participation and application rather than a mere viewing of the plants as a way to provide convenient and profitable service to residents in a year-round center of usable outside space. The four key points can be summarized as follows: first, subtropical plants are evergreen broad-leaved trees, which maintain their green during all four seasons the leaves are thick and glossy. Greenhouses geared toward these subtropical trees-mainly broad-leaved evergreen species-are in planning to introduce these unique, elegant plants to temperate regions. Residentswill not only gain an education regarding these species but will be provided with the best quality evergreens at very reasonable maintenance costs. Second, subtropical plants greenhouses introduced in apartment complexes are suggested for structures connected via underground passage as well as free-standing structures so as to make use of geothermal heating and apply to reducing sunlighting. Third, as a way to provide (1) health & relaxation(evergreens, herb garden, water space), (2) community & education (plant flea market/plant hospital, plant-related lecture(exhibition), hands-on experience program), (3) a vine garden for year-round use such festivities as a Butterfly Festival, Aroma festival, Smile Oak Nuts, Candlelight Festival and Christmas Photo Site. Lastly, it has been suggested that the operation and maintenance of these greenhouses will be both by resident council operation management and by outsourcing company operation management.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2001

In 2000, domestic protected cultivation area was about 52,189 ha including 13,621 ha of heating greenhouses. Recently, heating cost accounts for 25 to 30% of total production cost which has been increased due to the rise of oil price, while the heating cost was about 15% in other advanced countries. To reduce the heating energy cost, the study of minimizing the heating space of greenhouse have been conducted from 1998 to 1999. The system was developed to control the heating space according to crop growth by moving horizontal curtain up and down. Installation of the heating space-control curtain in greenhouse decreased heating capacity to 264 m$^3$compared to 661.5 m$^3$in the traditional curtain, and consumpted fuel was saved about 56% point in semiforcing culture and 28% point in retarding culture of pepper. In addition, uniform distribution of air temperature and relative humidity in greenhouse environment resulted in earlier flowering and higher yields in hot pepper.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.467-475
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• 2002

Hyperthermia using transrectal thermal probes has been used for a noninvasive treatment of prostate diseases. However it is known that heating the rectal wall at excessively high temperature can lead to destruction of the rectal mucous membrane. and it is difficult to maintain an optimum temperature over the entire prostate. Thus, a more accurate understanding of the heat transfer mechanism between prostate and hyperthermia system is needed Numerical analysis was performed to investigate how the cold/warm stimulations on the prostate surface affect the temperature distribution in the prostate model. The general purpose software "FLUENT" was used for obtaining a finite volume solution to the unsteady conduction equation and to calculate the time-varying temperature in the prostate. Effects of the warm/cold stimulations and the stimulation frequency on the temperature distribution were simulated. and we visualized how hyperthermia affected the inside of the prostate. It was found that the effect of hyperthermia by using a typical heating method is limited due to the low thermal conductivity of the prostate. Consecutive repetitions of warm and cold stimulations were considered to provide the thermal irritations inside a prostate. The effects of temperature difference and duration of warm/cold stimulations were investigated, and basic data for the optimum period and effective patterns of stimulations were obtained. A simplified bioheat equation was also solved to describe effects of the blood flow on the blood-tissue heat transfer. The effect of blood flow was not dominant compared to that of warm/cold stimulations. These results might be used as data for design of prostate treating probe, prostatic therapy and thermal stimulation effects on the prostate.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.131-138
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• 1995

We have discussed on the structural transition and its effect on the electrical property of Li-GFDICs and Li-PCDICs occuring during the deintercalation process of Li-Graphite Fiber Intercalation Compounds(Li-GFICs) and Li-Petroleum Cokes Intercalation Compounds(Li-PCDICs) synthesized under pressure and temperature by spontaneous oxidation by air circulation. The analytical results were obtained by X-ray diffraction and electrical specific resistivity measurements. According to X-ray analysis, we have found that the major stage of Li-GFICs was stage 2 and those of Li-PCICs were stage 1 and stage 2, respectively. And from this results of the deintercalation process, we have found that the deintercalation process did not occur any more after 5th week of Li-GFDICs and after 3rd week of Li-PCDICs. According to the results of the electrical specific resistivity measurements, Li-GFDICs showed little variation to 3rd week and rising in the steady curve after 4th week, while Li-PCDICs showed a rising in the steady curve to 3rd week and a declining curve after 3rd week. Therefore from these results, we can consider that graphite fiber and petroleum cokes as a substrate can be also used as an anode material of battery because they have good intercalation-deintercalation reactivity with lithium.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.37-46
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• 1994

A total 103 strains of Edwardsiella tarda was isolated from eel culture-ponds and examined for drug resistance, distribution and transferabilities of R plasmids. The drugs used were lincomycin(LM), penicillin(PM), sulfamethazine(SF), sulfadimethoxine(SD), cephalosprin(CP), chloramphenicol(CH), streptomycin(SM), oxytetracycline(OT), ampicillin(AP), oxolinic acid(OA), kanamycin(KM), amikacin(AK), gentamicin(GM) and enrofloxacin(EF). Two strains were resistant to the all drugs used, and all isolates were multiply resistant to drugs(at least 8 among 14 drugs), mostly restricted to LM(103 strains), PM(103 strains), SD(103 strains), SF(103 strains), CP(102 strains), CM(101 strains), SM(100 strains), OT(94 strains), AM(92 strains), OA(80 strains), KM(60 strains), AK(30 strains), GM(19 strains) and EF(14 strains), in combination at high degree showing 34 different drug resistant patterns. The most frequently encountered patterns were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM(22 strains, 22.4%) followed by LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OT(12 strains, 11.7%). LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP(7 strains, 6.8%), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%) and LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AM OX KM AK GM(6 strains, 5.8%). Transfer experiment of drug resistance showed that of 103 resistant strains, 100 strains(97%) transferred part or all resistance to all drugs, indicating that most isolates carried conjugally transferrable R plasmids determining multiple drugs. The most frequently observed transferarble R plasmids were LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OA(10 strains), LM PM SD SF CP CH SM OT AP OX KM(7 strains) and LM PM SD SF CP CH AP OA(7 strains). These results sugested that eel culture-ponds were highly contaminated with different strains of Edwardsiella tarda, and that contaminated bacteria might be highly multiple resistant strains to drugs, carring transferable R plasmids.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.34-41
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• 2000

Recently many scientists have tried to synthesize biodegradable polymers due to durable and non-biodegradable products of conventional synthetic plastics when these were wasted in nature. So to reuse the wastepapers for biodegradable polymer resources, ONP (old newsprint), OCC (old corrugated containerbpard) were carried out by the pretreatment of chlorinite, hypochlorite and oxygen-alkali treatment conditions. For manufacturing of biodegradable polymer with wastepaper, this study performed to investigate change of chemical components and optimal pretreatment condition. The summarized results in this study were as follows: Lignin content in ONP and OCC was was higher than in MOW and ash content was the highest in MOW. More amount of ash components were reduced by wet defiberation than by dry defiberation. Wet defiberation fiber are better than dry defiberated fiber in chemical pretreatment condition for wastepapers, and the best result was obtained in the condition of sodium chlorite at $70^{\circ}C$, because it has high delignification ratio, ${\alpha}$-cellulose contents and degree of polymerization in this treatment condition. Oxygen-alkali treatment condition is the worst method because of low yield, low degree of polymerization in this pretreatments.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2014

BACKGROUND: Defoliation in grapevine cultivation is practically used to improve light environment within the canopy and thereby fruit quality. Effects of defoliation in five-year-old 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating were investigated to find out optimum ratio of leaf area to fruit cluster weight (L/F). METHODS AND RESULTS: The grapevines were defoliated with berry-thinning 20 days after full bloom to provide various levels of L/F. At harvest, total leaf area values of fruit bearing branches were between 0.23 and $0.60m^2$. With increasing L/F, soluble solids and anthocyanin contents curvilinearly increased ($R^2=0.76^{**}$). At L/F over $0.6m^2/kg$, soluble solids content (SSC) leveled off. With increasing L/F, titratable acidity (TA) linearly decreased ($R^2=0.87^{**}$), but the ratio of SSC to TA linearly increased ($R^2=0.86^{**}$). Anthocyanin content was significantly correlated with SSC and the ratio of SSC to TA ($R^2=0.80^{**}$ and $0.82^{**}$, respectively). When total leaf area per fruit bearing branch was maintained $0.40m^2$, soluble solids and anthocyanin contents linearly decreased ($R^2=0.79^{**}$ and $0.85^{**}$, respectively), but TA linearly increased with increasing fruit cluster weight ($R^2=0.70^{**}$). Fruit was low in quality when the L/F was below $0.6m^2/kg$. CONCLUSION: L/F is recommended to be maintained at least $0.6m^2/kg$ in 'Pione' grapevine during cultivation with heating to produce higher-quality fruits.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.23 no.1 s.58
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• pp.42-48
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• 1984

The developments of overwintering larvae of the peach fruit moth, Carposina niponensis Walsingham, were studied in Suweon. Among fully grown larvae leaving from apple fruit, the earliest diapause larva was observed late July, about $50\%-diapause$ in middle August and $100\%-diapause$ in early September. Induction of the diapause seemed to have relationships with the time of oviposition: the incidents of the diapause started with the larvae grown from the eggs which had been laid in late June or late July depending on the prevailing weather condition. The termination of the diapause seemed to be in early December, and almost all of the larvae incubated after January were pupated. For the breakage of the diapause, it required chilling period more than one month, and the most effective temperature seemed to be $5\~10^{\circ}C$, while the temperature lower than $0^{\circ}C$ seemed to be inhibitory, if not at all. The overwintered larvae started to pupate in middle May, and the developments of the over-wintered larvae were affected by the temperature as well as the moisture contents of soil in the spring. The dry condition of soil increased the mortality of the developing larvae.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.469-475
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• 1994

Lipid content and fatty acids composition of anchovy sauce were investigated during fermentation at $20^{\circ}C\;and\;37^{\circ}C$ for 120 days. Total lipid(TL) of raw anchovy was composed of $80.8\%$(1.98g/100g) of non-polar lipid(NL), $19.2\%$ (0.47g/100g) of phospholipid(PL) The contents of TL, NL and PL in the anchovy sauce decreased during fermentation, but the ratio of NL/TL increased from $81.1\%\;to\;90.0\%$ while that of PL/TL decreased from $18.9\%\;to\;10.0\%$. The major fatty acids in TL and NL fractions of fermented anchovy sauce were 16:0, 18:0, 18:1n-9, 16:1n-7, 18:1n-7, 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3, 22:6n-3 was highest in the PL fraction regardless of temperature or fermentation time.