• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 2010

The surface of low density polyethylene (LDPE) film was oxyfluorinated under different reaction conditions to introduce hydroperoxide groups and change surface characteristics. Hydroperoxide functional groups created by oxyfluorination were used as active sites for graft polymerization with hydrophobic monomer, acryl amide (AM), and hydrophilic monomer, methyl methacrylate (MMA) to carry out the second modification of the LDPE film surface. The surface properties of the OFPE films and grafted OFPE films were characterized by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging method, ATR-IR, contact angle measurement and DSC. From the results of DPPH method, the amount of hydroperoxide groups on the oxyfluorinated LDPE film continuously increased as the total pressure in the oxyfluorination and the partial pressure of fluorine gas increased. The water contact angle and surface free energy measurements showed that hydrophilic liquid (water) contact angle on LDPE film surface decreased with hydrophilic AM grafting and hydrophobic liquid (methylene diiodide) contact angle on LDPE film surface decreased with hydrophobic MMA grafting. These were attributed to AM or MMA monomer grafting and the wettability of LDPE filmsurface to hydrophilic and hydrophobic liquids were improved.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.166-170
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• 2011

This study reported the synthesis of perfluoropolyether intermediate (TP-$COOCF_3$) having a $CF_3$ functional group via electrophilic fluorine substituting direct fluorination from PFPE intermediate (TP-$COOCH_3$) having a $CH_3$ functional group, which was synthesized by the ring opening polymerization and methyl esterification of HFPO. The effects of reaction conditions such as the amount of solvent, fluorine partial pressure, reaction time, were investigated. The results showed that the yield of fluorination reaction became the highest when the reaction was carried out in a mild condition for a long reaction time, which also minimized side reactions. The sample was characterized by FTIR and NMR, which confirmed the synthesis of the final product, TP-$COOCF_3$, via direct fluorination converting $CH_3$ of TP-$COOCH_3$ to $CF_3$ of TP-$COOCF_3$ with 95.4% yield.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.294-294
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• 2008

동시 증발 증착법 화합물의 구성원자를 독립적으로 증발시켜서 기판에 증착하는 방법이다. 각 물질은 온도에 따른 증기압을 가지는데 각 물질의 온도를 조절하여 증착률을 조절한다. 보트에서 떠난 원자가 기판에 도달할 확률은 챔버의 진공도, 보토와 기판과의 거리 등에 의하여 영향을 받는다. 진공도가 나쁠수록, 보트와 기판과의 거리가 멀수록 기판에 도달할 확률이 떨어진다. 동시증발 증착법을 이용한 SmBCO 초전도층 증착에서 각 물질의 기판에 도달하는 원자비를 조절하기 위하여 QCM(증착률 측정장치), QCM 가이드를 사용하였다. QCM sensor 입구에 튜브형태의 QCM 가이드를 설치하고 QCM 가이드가 특정한 물질의 증발보트를 향하도록 배치하였다. 따라서 각 보트에서 떠난 원자들은 특정한 QCM sensor에 도달하게 되고 결국 3원소(Sm, Ba, Cu)의 증착률의 비를 조절함으로써 조성비를 조절할 수 있게 된다. QCM 증착률의 비와 실제 조성비는 여러 가지 변수에 의하여 영향을 받는 다. 대표적인 변수는 챔버의 진공도, QCM 가이드의 직경 및 길이, QCM 센서와 보트와의 거리 등이 있다. 진공도가 높을수록 특정 보트에서 떠난 원자들이 QCM 가이드 입구에 도달할 확률이 낮아지고, QCM 가이드의 직경이 좁을수록 가이드 내벽에 흡착될 확률이 높아진다. 또한 QCM센서와 보트와의 거리가 멀수록 챔버내 잔류가스의 원자들과 충돌확률이 높아지므로 도달확률이 줄어들게 된다. 동시 증발 증확법에서 조성비의 재현성을 높이기 위해서는 매회 증착실험에서 진공도가 일정해야 하며, QCM 가이드와 보트와의 거리를 되도록 최소화 하고, QCM 직경을 크게 하는 것이 유리하다.

• Aerospace Engineering and Technology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2013

Satellite's infrared detector shall be calibrated under thermal vacuum environment using a reference black body before a launch. The full aperture black body (FABB) as an infrared calibration reference shall be composed of vacuum compatible materials and temperature controlled from $-40^{\circ}C$ to $+40^{\circ}C$ with emissivity higher than 0.95. The temperature homogeneity over the central 80 % area of the FABB front surface shall be better than 2 K. The FABB designed by thermal and flow analysis was $1m{\times}1m{\times}8mm$ copper plate on which black painted aluminum honeycomb core was attached. Copper tubes were welded on the opposite side of the honeycomb core to allow temperature regulated gaseous nitrogen to flow through them. By the FABB validation test, the temperature homogeneity was observed around 1 K using 20 PT100 sensors and modified COTS infrared camera. The emissivity value was 0.975 at $40^{\circ}C$ under atmospheric pressure.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.162-168
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• 2013

$Li_2MnO_3-LiMO_2$(M=Ni, Co, Mn) nano-composite is a promising cathode material for xEV application due to its high theoretic capacity. However high voltage operating system of $Li_2MnO_3-LiMO_2$(M=Ni, Co, Mn) has worked as a hurdle in its application because of the inherent demerits, such as cycle life degradation and gas evolution. In order to enhance cell performance of $Li_2MnO_3-LiMO_2$(M=Ni, Co, Mn)/graphite cell, we examined electrolyte mainly composed of FEC, fluroalkyl ether and $LiPF_6$ (F-based EL). F-based EL showed much better discharging retention ratio than 1.3 M $LiPF_6$ EC/EMC/DMC (3/4/3, v/v/v) (STD). Furthermore gas evolution, especially CO and $CO_2$ during $60^{\circ}C$ storage for 30 days was dramatically reduced owing to thermal stable SEI formation effect of F-based EL.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.577-582
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• 1999

In order to make the electroconductive $Si_3N_4$-TiN composities, the Si-Ti(N) compacts were nitrided at $1450^{\circ}C$ for 20hours, and then they were post-sintered by a gas-pressure-sintering technique at 1TEX>$1950^{\circ}C$ for 3.5 hours. As starting powders, commercial si powder of about $10\mu\textrm{m}$, two types of Ti powders of 100 and 325 mesh, and fine-sized TiN of $2.5\mu\textrm{m}$ powders were used. In the $Si_3N_4$-TiN sintered bodies used Ti powders, the relative density and fracture strength and electrical conductivity are low due to the existence of large amounts of coarse pores. However, in the $Si_3N_4$-TiN composite used TiN powder, the fracture toughness, fracture strength and electrical resistivity were $5.0MPa{\cdot}m^{1/2}$, 624MPa and $1400{\omega}cm$, respectively. The dispersion of TiN particles in the composite inhibited the growth of $Si_3N_4$ in the shape of rod and made strong strain field contrasts at the $Si_3N_4$-TiNinterfaces. It was recognized that microstructural control is required to improve the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of $Si_3N_4$-TiN composites by dispersing TiN particles homogeneously.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.104-111
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• 2019

Staged combustion cycle engines exhibit higher combustion performance compared with open cycle engines with a gas generator. An advanced research of the staged combustion cycle engine is going on for the next program following the KSLV-II program. Various experiments have been carried out for the technology demonstration model, TDM0A and TDM0B. The experiments on the combustion performance are aimed to understand the engine start condition and combustion characteristics. They also aim to develop the oxidizer-rich pre-burner and the combustor of the staged combustion cycle engine. The engine-shaped model, TDM1A is fabricated based on the experimental data. The combustion experiment of the TDM1A shows that the combustion pressure of the combustor is approximately 91 bar and the turbine rotation is approximately 28,00 rpm. The result is stable and satisfies the development requirements. The present paper reports on the development process and characteristics of engine models from TDM0A to TDM1A.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.938-943
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• 2018

Thin nano-sized fibres were prepared by an electrospinning method. The spinning appratus consisted of pump for polymer injection, nozzle and nozzle rotus, and an aluminum plate collected the polymer fibers. Its surface was chemically modified for selective improved adsorption of carbon monoxide at indoor level. The chemical activation enabled to form the fibres 250-350 nm in thickness with pore sizes distributed between 0.6 and 0.7 nm and an average specific surface area of $569m^2/g$. The adsorption capacities of pure (100%) and indoor (0.3%) $CO_2$, of which level frequently appears, at the ambient condition were improved from 1.08 and 0.013 to 2.2 and 0.144 mmol/g, respectively. It was found that the adsorption amount of $CO_2$ adsorbed by the chemically activated carbon nanofiber prepared through chemical activation would vary depending on the ratio of specific surface area and micropores. In particular, chemical interaction between adsorbent surface and gas molecules could enhance the selective capture of weak acidic $CO_2$.

• Journal of Korea Foundry Society
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.241-251
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• 2021

7000-series aluminum alloys are noted for their superior strength compared with other Al alloys, and their billets are generally fabricated by direct-chill (DC) casting. Surface defects in a DC-cast aluminum billet are mainly related to exudation and the meniscus freezing phenomenon, which are influenced by alloy compositions, casting speed, and casting temperature. 7000-series aluminum alloys have a wide freezing range during solidification, which makes it easy for casting defects to occur. In this study, we investigated surface defect evolution in casting billets of Al-8Zn-2Mg-2Cu alloy fabricated by a DC casting process. The billets showed "wavy" or "dotted" surfaces. The wavy surface was formed by meniscus freezing at a lower casting speed (200 mm/min) and temperature (655 ℃). In the wavy surface, refined dendritic cells were observed in a concave region due to the constitutional supercooling caused by meniscus freezing. Meanwhile, at a higher casting temperature (675 ℃), the dotted surface was formed by pore formation. In the dotted surfaces in the billet formed at a high casting speed (230 mm/min), an exudation layer was formed by the high metallostatic head pressure. The dotted region and the smooth region had a refined dendritic morphology and a columnar morphology at the exudation layer, respectively. This is attributed to the formation of gas pores in the dotted region.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.39 no.12 s.269
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• pp.879-890
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• 2006

Background: The dysfunction of multiple organs is found to be caused by reactive oxygen species as a major modulator of microvascular injury after hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock, one of many causes inducing acute lung injury, is associated with increase in alveolocapillary permeability and characterized by edema, neutrophil infiltration, and hemorrhage in the interstitial and alveolar space. Aggressive and rapid fluid resuscitation potentially might increased the risk of pulmonary dysfunction by the interstitial edema. Therefore, in order to improve the pulmonary dysfunction induced by hemorrhagic shock, the present study was attempted to investigate how to reduce the inflammatory responses and edema in lung. Material and Method: Male Sprague-Dawley rats, weight 300 to 350 gm were anesthetized with ketamine(7 mg/kg) intramuscular Hemorrhagic Shock(HS) was induced by withdrawal of 3 mL/100 g over 10 min. through right jugular vein. Mean arterial pressure was then maintained at $35{\sim}40$ mmHg by further blood withdrawal. At 60 min. after HS, the shed blood and Ringer's solution or 5% albumin was infused to restore mean carotid arterial pressure over 80 mmHg. Rats were divided into three groups according to rectal temperature level($37^{\circ}C$[normothermia] vs $33^{\circ}C$[mild hypothermia]) and resuscitation fluid(lactate Ringer's solution vs 5% albumin solution). Group I consisted of rats with the normothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group II consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and lactate Ringer's solution infusion. Group III consisted of rats with the systemic hypothermia and 5% albumin solution infusion. Hemodynamic parameters(heart rate, mean carotid arterial pressure), metabolism, and pulmonary tissue damage were observed for 4 hours. Result: In all experimental groups including 6 rats in group I, totally 26 rats were alive in 3rd stage. However, bleeding volume of group I in first stage was $3.2{\pm}0.5$ mL/100 g less than those of group II($3.9{\pm}0.8$ mL/100 g) and group III($4.1{\pm}0.7$ mL/100 g). Fluid volume infused in 2nd stage was $28.6{\pm}6.0$ mL(group I), $20.6{\pm}4.0$ mL(group II) and $14.7{\pm}2.7$ mL(group III), retrospectively in which there was statistically a significance between all groups(p<0.05). Plasma potassium level was markedly elevated in comparison with other groups(II and III), whereas glucose level was obviously reduced in 2nd stage of group I. Level of interleukine-8 in group I was obviously higher than that of group II or III(p<0.05). They were $1.834{\pm}437$ pg/mL(group I), $1,006{\pm}532$ pg/mL(group II), and $764{\pm}302$ pg/mL(group III), retrospectively. In histologic score, the score of group III($1.6{\pm}0.6$) was significantly lower than that of group I($2.8{\pm}1.2$)(p<0.05). Conclusion: In pressure-controlled hemorrhagic shock model, it is suggested that hypothermia might inhibit the direct damage of ischemic tissue through reduction of basic metabolic rate in shock state compared to normothermia. It seems that hypothermia should be benefit to recovery pulmonary function by reducing replaced fluid volume, inhibiting anti-inflammatory agent(IL-8) and leukocyte infiltration in state of ischemia-reperfusion injury. However, if is considered that other changes in pulmonary damage and inflammatory responses might induce by not only kinds of fluid solutions but also hypothermia, and that the detailed evaluation should be study.