• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.191-195
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• 1993

인체의 대장은 여러 종류의 균들에 의하여 상재균총이 이루어져 있는데 이들중 혐기성 균들이 주종을 이루고 있다. 이들 혐기성 균들 중 가장 많은 수가 Bacteroides이다. 본 연구에서 한국인으로부터 분리된 Bacteroides fragilis Roid 8은 장내의 다른 혐기성 균주들에 비하여 $N-acetyl-{\beta}-glucosaminidase$, ${\alpha}-fucosidase$, ${\beta}glucuronidase$ chitobiase, PNPCase 등의 활성이 높았다. ${\beta}-galactosidase$, ${\beta}-xylosidase$, ${\alpha}-arabinofuranosidae$활성은 없었고 ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, ${\alpha}-galactosidae$ 등의 생산은 Bifidobacteria 에 비하여 낮았다. BHI 기본배지에 여러 종류의 탄수화물을 첨가하여 배양한 뒤 생산된 $N-acetyl-{\beta}-glucosaminidae$, ${\alpha}-fucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ chitobiase, PNPCase, ${\beta}-glucosidase$, ${\beta}-glucosidase$ ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ 활성을 조사한 결과 모두 glucose와 lactose 첨가배지에서 이들 효소들의 활성이 낮았다. 조사된 모든 효소들에 대하여 특이적으로 현저히 생산을 증가시키는 당은 없었다. 이들 8개의 효소에 대하여 최적 pH와 최적온도가 조사되었다.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• 제7권
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• pp.153-163
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• 1989

성숙 중 토마토 과실의 ${\beta}$-galactosidase의 활성 변화와 정제한 효소의 생화학적 특성을 조사하였다. 성숙단계에 따른 Toatl activity는 다소 증가하는 경향이었으며 DEAE-sephadex A-50 Column chromatography 및 Sephadex G-100 Column chromatography를 통하여 정제한 결과 ${\beta}$-galactosidase 3개의 isoenzyme (${\beta}$-galactosidase I, II 및 III)을 가지고 있었다. 이들 각 isoenzyme의 성숙에 따른 활성변화를 조사한 결과 Mp에서는 ${\beta}$-galactosidase I, II 및 III는 각각 69.8, 31.8 및 170.8이었으나 RP에서는 48.7, 88.4 및 136.8을 각각 나타내어 ${\beta}$-gal I과 III은 다소 감소하였으나 ${\beta}$-galactosidase II의 활성은 2.8배 증가하였다. ${\beta}$-galactosidase I, II 및 III의 최적 pH는 각각 3.9, 4.2 및 3.9였으며 최적 온도는 $60^{\circ}C$ $56^{\circ}C$ 및 $60^{\circ}C$였다. pH3.0~6.0에서 안정하였고 또한 3개의 isoenzyme은 $55^{\circ}C$에서 5분간 열처리하였을 때 활성이 50% 소실되었다. 각 isoenzyme은 $Mg^{{+}{+}}$에 의해 활성이 다소 증가되었으나 $Cu^{{+}{+}}$와 SDS에 의해 활성이 30~40% 감소되었으며 $Hg^{{+}{+}}$에 의해서는 완전히 저해되었다. ${\beta}$-gal I, II 및 III의 km치는 각각 0.36mM, 0.63mM 및 0.45mM이었으며 반응속도는 기질의 농도가 $6.0{\times}10^{-5}$(M)까지 급격히 증가하였다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.122-133
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• 2006

Objectives : The amyloid $\beta$-protein ($A\beta$) is the principal component of the senile plaques characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and elicits a toxic effect on neurons in vitro and in vivo. Many environmental factors including antioxidants and proteoglycans modify $A{\beta}toxicity$. In this study, we have investigated the protective effects of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol on $A\beta$-induced oxidative cell death in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Methods : For this study, we used MTT reduction assay for detection of protective effects of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells. We also used cell-based $\beta$-secretase assay system to investigate the inhibitory effect of water- and organic solvent-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root on $\beta$-secretase activity. Results : We previously reported that methanol extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root strongly attenuated cytotoxicity induced by the three $A\beta$ fragments ($A{\beta}_{25-35},\;A{\beta}_{1-42}\;A{\beta}_{1-43}$) to both SK-N-MC and PC12 cells. In the present study, we found that butanol-, ethylacetate-, chloroform-, and water-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol had strong protective effects against $A{\beta}_{25-35}$-induced cytotoxicity to PC12 cells and inhibitory potency to $\beta$-secretase activity. Conclusion : These results suggest that butanol-, ethylacetate-, chloroform-, and water-extracts of Hemerocallis fulva root fractions pre-extracted with methanol may contain the protective component(s) against $A\beta$-induced cell death in PC12 cells as well as inhibitory component(s) to $\beta$-secretase activity.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권8호
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• pp.1392-1400
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• 2017

Galactooligosaccharides (GOSs) are known to be selectively utilized by Bifidobacterium, which can bring about healthy changes of the composition of intestinal microflora. In this study, ${\beta}-GOS$ were synthesized using bifidobacterial ${\beta}-galactosidase$ (G1) purified from recombinant E. coli with a high GOS yield and with high productivity and enhanced bifidogenic activity. The purified recombinant G1 showed maximum production of ${\beta}-GOSs$ at pH 8.5 and $45^{\circ}C$. A matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis of the major peaks of the produced ${\beta}-GOSs$ showed MW of 527 and 689, indicating the synthesis of ${\beta}-GOSs$ at degrees of polymerization (DP) of 3 and DP4, respectively. The trisaccharides were identified as ${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-glucopyranose, and the tetrasaccharides were identified as ${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-galactopyranosyl-($1{\rightarrow}4$)-O-${\beta}-{\text\tiny{D}}$-glucopyranose. The maximal production yield of GOSs was as high as 25.3% (w/v) using purified recombinant ${\beta}-galactosidase$ and 36% (w/v) of lactose as a substrate at pH 8.5 and $45^{\circ}C$. After 140 min of the reaction under this condition, 268.3 g/l of GOSs was obtained. With regard to the prebiotic effect, all of the tested Bifidobacterium except for B. breve grew well in BHI medium containing ${\beta}-GOS$ as a sole carbon source, whereas lactobacilli and Streptococcus thermophilus scarcely grew in the same medium. Only Bacteroides fragilis, Clostridium ramosum, and Enterobacter cloacae among the 17 pathogens tested grew in BHI medium containing ${\beta}-GOS$ as a sole carbon source; the remaining pathogens did not grow in the same medium. Consequently, the ${\beta}-GOS$ are expected to contribute to the beneficial change of intestinal microbial flora.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.160-169
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• 1976

한국산(韓國産) Pinus속(屬)의 Diploxylon아속(亞屬)의 소나무, 중곰솔, 곰솔, 금강소나무에 대(對)한 류별(類別)을 알아보기 위(爲)하여 GLC에 의(依)한 monoterpene 조성(組成)을 분석(分析) 연구(硏究)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 소나무, 중곰솔, 곰솔, 금강소나무의 monoterpene은 ${\alpha}$-pinene, camphene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene, limonene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, terpinolene 외(外)에 2개의 미지(未知)의 조성분(組成分)으로 구성(構成)되어 있다. 소나무와 금강소나무의 주요(主要) monoterpene조성(組成)은 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, myrcene, terpinolene 이다. 중곰솔의 주요(主要) monoterpene 조성(組成)은 ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, ${\alpha}$-plnene, terpinolene 이다. 곰솔의 주요(主要) monoterpene 조성(組成)은 ${\beta}$-pinene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-phellandrene, limonene 이다. 소나무, 중곰솔, 곰솔, 금강소나무에서 모두 monoterpene 조성분(組成分)은 개체간에 큰 차이(差異)가 있었다. 중곰솔은 monoterpene 조성(組成)에 있어서 소나무와 곰솔의 중간에 해당되었다. 소나무와 곰솔을 구별(區別)하는 가장 좋은 분류적기준(分類的基準)이 되는 monoterpene의 주성분(組成分)은 ${\alpha}$-pinene, ${\beta}$-pinene, myrcene이었고 소나무는 ${\alpha}$-pinene이 ${\beta}$-pinene보다 항상 많았고 중곰솔을 그 반대(反對)였다. 안면도와 치악산(産) 소나무의 산지별(産地別) 차이(差異)에서는 ${\alpha}$-pinene에서 유이성(有異性)이 보였으나 이는 개체 사이의 변이(變異)가 큰 것에 기인(起因)하는 것으로 추측(推測)된다.

• 한국조리학회지
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.176-192
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• 2013

본 연구는 외식업체 조리사들의 임파워먼트가 직무만족, 조직몰입, 고객지향성에 미치는 영향에 관계를 확인하기 위하여 부산지역 외식업체 조리사 260명을 대상으로 통계 프로그램 SPSS 18.0을 활용하여 빈도분석, 요인 및 신뢰도분석, 다중(단순)회귀분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과를 보면 임파워먼트는 3개의 요인(자기권한, 의미성, 역량성)으로 분석되었으며, 직무만족과 조직몰입, 고객지향성은 각각 1개의 요인으로 분석되었다. 가설검정을 변수들의 구조를 파악하기 위한 상관관계분석에서는 모든 요인들이 정(+)의 상관관계를 나타내었다. 가설검정을 위한 다중(단순)회귀분석에서는 임파워먼트 하위요인들은 자기권한(${\beta}$=.372, p<.001), 의미성(${\beta}$=.451, p<.001),역량성(${\beta}$=.240, p<.001)으로 직무만족에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 채택되었다. 임파워먼트 하위요인들은 자기권한(${\beta}$=.433, p<.001), 의미성(${\beta}$=.473, p<.001), 역량성(${\beta}$=.302, p<.001)으로 조직몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 채택되었다. 직무만족은 (${\beta}$=.775, p<.001)으로 조직몰입에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 채택되었으며, 직무만족은(${\beta}$=.467, p<.001)으로 고객지향성 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 채택되었고, 조직몰입${\beta}$=.567, p<.001)으로 고객지향성에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이라는 가설은 채택되었다.

• Plant Resources
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.140-146
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• 2001

This study was conducted to investigate the $\beta$-glucan contents and their characteristics of winter cereals according to particle sizes and milling recoveries. Sieved fractions differed in their average contents of $\beta$-glucans, and the coarse fraction had higher contents of $\beta$-glucan than finely milled fractions. In all winter cereals, the $\beta$-glucan contents of raw flours were higher than those of their brans, and the highest $\beta$-glucan contents of every cereals were observed at 100 mesh > or 100-140 mesh fractions except the Chalssalbori fractions which showed the higest $\beta$-glucan contents (12.9%) at 140-200 mesh fraction. As compared with the $\beta$-glucan content of Chalbori among the various milling recoveries, the $\beta$-glucan was distributed more evenly throughout the endosperm but $\beta$-glucan content in bran of Chalbori was only 1.5%. However, $\beta$-glucan content of Chalssalbori (hull-less waxy barley) was the highest in the subaleurone region (8.2%) and declined slightly toward inner layers of grain. This results suggest that $\beta$-glucan distribution between high (Chalbori) and low $\beta$-glucan barley (Chalssalbori) may explain the difference in milling performance of barley. On the other hand, $\beta$-glucan contents of two rye varieties (Chilbohomil, Chunchoohomil) were lower than those of two waxy barley varieties, and the higest $\beta$-glucan contents were observed at the 60% milling recoveries. In all winter cereals, the L-values (lightness) of raw flours were higher than those of brans. And the L-values of barley varieties were higher than those of oat and rye varieties. As the particle sizes and milling recovery ratios were decreased, the L-value were increased. The a-values (redness) in brans of every winter cereals were higher than those of every particle size flours and every milling ratio fractions, and this tendency was observed in the b-values (yellowness) of every particle size of cereal flours. The L and b-value of barley, the b-value of oat, and L, a, b-value of rye have the significant relationship with the $\beta$-glucan contents, respectively. This results represent the fact that $\beta$-glucans affected the color of the flours and pounded grains of winter cereals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.870-879
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the obesity and state of dietary intake of 216 young Korean females, and the influence of $\beta$-II, III Adrenergic receptor (AR) gene polymorphism upon obesity and dietary intake. The average weight, height and BMI of the subjects were 160 cm, 54 kg, and 20.9 kg/$m^2$, respectively. The average triceps skinfold thickness, waist circumference, hip circumference and WHR were 21.7mm, 73.1cm, 93.3cm and 0.78, respectively. The results of body composition measurement using bioimpedance method, average body fluid, body protein, mineral mass and body fat were 29.271, 7.22 kg, 6.79 kg and 19.16 kg, respectively. A dietary survey was conducted using 24-hour recall method. Average calorie intake was 1621 ㎉, which is 81% of Korean RDA. We detected 182 (84.3%) Gln27 (QQ) homozygotes and 34 (15.7%) Gln27Glu (QE) heterozygotes for $\beta$-II AR polymorphism. For $\beta$-III AR polymorphism, we detected 163 (75.5%) Trp64 (WW) and 53 (24.5%) Trp 64Arg (WR). The results of comparing of obesity by $\beta$-II AR gene polymorphism, obesity index and BMI of QE type were slightly higher than those of the QQ type. For $\beta$-III AR gene polymorphism, the mean BMI, obesity index, fat mass and percent body fat (%) of the WR type were significantly higher than those of the WW type (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that genetic variability in the human $\beta$-III AR is associated with obesity among young Korean females. We also evaluated the effect of the simultaneous presence of the $\beta$-II AR and $\beta$-III AR polymorphism on obesity. We found that the BMI and obesity index of the mutant type in both $\beta$-II AR and $\beta$-III AR were significantly higher than those of the type that has only one gene mutation or has no mutation (p < 0.05), indicating a synergistic effect of $\beta$-II AR and $\beta$-III AR polymorphism on obesity. No association was found between $\beta$-II Ad or $\beta$-III AR polymorphism and dietary intake.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

Adrenergic receptors play a major role in thermogenesis and lipolysis in brown and visceral adipose tissues, and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolic disorders. The purpose of this study was to estimate the effects of $\beta$2-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$2AR) and $\beta$3-adrenergic receptor ($\beta$3AR) genotypes on hyperglycemia and obesity in the Korean population. A representative sample consisting of 530 Korean men and women were measured for height, weight, BMI, WHR, obesity index and body composition. The genotypes of $\beta$2AR polymorphism in codon 27 and $\beta$3AR polymorphism in codon 64 were analyzed by the PCR RFLP method. Serum concentrations of fasting glucose, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride were determined. The frequencies of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR genotype were: both wild type, 62.5% ; only $\beta$2AR variant type, 12.8% ; only $\beta$3AR variant type, 18.8% ; and both variant type, 5.8% ; the frequency of E and R alleles were 0.098 and 0.137, respectively. Among the physiological parameters, fasting glucose level was significantly higher in subjects with both variant type compared with the three other types (p <0.05), Subjects with both variant type had 12%, 12% and 9.3% increases in serum glucose levels compared with wild type, only $\beta$2AR variant type, and only $\beta$3AR variant type, respectively. When logistic regression analysis was conducted to estimate the risk for hyperglycemia, the subjects were selected for fasting blood glucose concentrations of more than 6.105 m㏖/L (110 mg/dL), and the odds ratios were 1.215 (p=0.636) for only $\beta$2AR variant type,1.659 (p=0.089) for only $\beta$3AR variant type, and 3.078 (p=0.011) for both variant type. These results suggest that the interaction of $\beta$2AR and $\beta$3AR variant genotypes has a strong association with increased glucose levels, and might be a significant risk factor for hyperglycemia among Korean subjects.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.238-243
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• 2005

산양유 $\beta-casein$의 효소에 의한 가수분해 특성과 가수분해물의 ACE 저해 효과를 측정하고자 산양유의 $\beta-casein$을 양이온 교환 컬럼인 Mono S HR 5/5를 이용하여 분리하였으며 분리된 $\beta-casein$을 동물성 분해효소인 trypsin으로 처리하여 가수분해 특성을 확인하였고 가수분해물의 ACE 저해활성을 측정하였다. Mono S HR 5/5 양이온 교환 컬럼을 이용한 산양유 산 케이신으로 부터 순수한 $\beta-casein$의 분리는 SDS-PAGE를 이용하여 확인한 결과 순수한 $\beta-casein$의 분리가 이루어졌음을 확인할 수 있었다. $\beta-casein$을 $37^{\circ}C4$에서 trypsin으로 처리하여 전기영동으로 확인한 결과 가수분해 직후부터 $\beta-casein$ 위치의 band가 희미해지기 시작하고 저분자량의 band가 나타나기 시작하였으나 120분이 지난 후에는 모든 band가 가수분해되어 사라졌고 산양유에서 분리된 $\beta-casein$을 trypsin으로 처리하여 120분 경과 후 그 가수분해물을 이용하여 ACE 저해효과를 측정한 결과 가수분해하지 않은 $\beta-casein$은 $1.80\pm1.21\%$의 ACE 저해활성을 보였으나 trypsin으로 가수분해하여 ACE 저해 활성을 측정하였을 때 $25.36\pm0.79\%$의 저해 활성을 나타내었으며, trypsin에 의한 $\beta-casein$가수분해물의 $IC_{50}$을 측정한 결과 $308.7\pm2.77({\mu}g/mL)$로 나타났다.