• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2021

Purpose SPECT/CT was noted for its excellent correction method and qualitative functions based on fusion images in the early stages of dissemination, and interest in and utilization of quantitative functions has been increasing with the recent introduction of companion diagnostic therapy(Theranostics). Unlike PET/CT, various conditions like the type of collimator and detector rotation are a challenging factor for image acquisition and reconstruction methods at absolute quantification of SPECT/CT. Therefore, in this study, We want to find out the effect on the radioactivity concentration estimate by the increase or decrease of the total acquisition time according to the number of projections and the acquisition time per projection among SPECT/CT imaging conditions. Materials and Methods After filling the 9,293 ml cylindrical phantom with sterile water and diluting 99mTc 91.76 MBq, the standard image was taken with a total acquisition time of 600 sec (10 sec/frame × 120 frames, matrix size 128 × 128) and also volume sensitivity and the calibration factor was verified. Based on the standard image, the comparative images were obtained by increasing or decreasing the total acquisition time. namely 60 (-90%), 150 (-75%), 300 (-50%), 450 (-25%), 900 (+50%), and 1200 (+100%) sec. For each image detail, the acquisition time(sec/frame) per projection was set to 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 15.0 and 20.0 sec (fixed number of projections: 120 frame) and the number of projection images was set to 12, 30, 60, 90, 180 and 240 frames(fixed time per projection:10 sec). Based on the coefficients measured through the volume of interest in each acquired image, the percentage of variation about the contrast to noise ratio (CNR) was determined as a qualitative assessment, and the quantitative assessment was conducted through the percentage of variation of the radioactivity concentration estimate. At this time, the relationship between the radioactivity concentration estimate (cps/ml) and the actual radioactivity concentration (Bq/ml) was compared and analyzed using the recovery coefficient (RC_Recovery Coefficients) as an indicator. Results The results [CNR, radioactivity Concentration, RC] by the change in the number of projections for each increase or decrease rate (-90%, -75%, -50%, -25%, +50%, +100%) of total acquisition time are as follows. [-89.5%, +3.90%, 1.04] at -90%, [-77.9%, +2.71%, 1.03] at -75%, [-55.6%, +1.85%, 1.02] at -50%, [-33.6%, +1.37%, 1.01] at -25%, [-33.7%, +0.71%, 1.01] at +50%, [+93.2%, +0.32%, 1.00] at +100%. and also The results [CNR, radioactivity Concentration, RC] by the acquisition time change for each increase or decrease rate (-90%, -75%, -50%, -25%, +50%, +100%) of total acquisition time are as follows. [-89.3%, -3.55%, 0.96] at - 90%, [-73.4%, -0.17%, 1.00] at -75%, [-49.6%, -0.34%, 1.00] at -50%, [-24.9%, 0.03%, 1.00] at -25%, [+49.3%, -0.04%, 1.00] at +50%, [+99.0%, +0.11%, 1.00] at +100%. Conclusion In SPECT/CT, the total coefficient obtained according to the increase or decrease of the total acquisition time and the resulting image quality (CNR) showed a pattern that changed proportionally. On the other hand, quantitative evaluations through absolute quantification showed a change of less than 5% (-3.55 to +3.90%) under all experimental conditions, maintaining quantitative accuracy (RC 0.96 to 1.04). Considering the reduction of the total acquisition time rather than the increasing of the image acquiring time, The reduction in total acquisition time is applicable to quantitative analysis without significant loss and is judged to be clinically effective. This study shows that when increasing or decreasing of total acquisition time, changes in acquisition time per projection have fewer fluctuations that occur in qualitative and quantitative condition changes than the change in the number of projections under the same scanning time conditions.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2004.06a
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• pp.353-354
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• 2004

사용후 핵연료의 조성을 분석하거나 또는 반사전자상과 2차 전자상 등으로 시료를 관찰하기 위해서는 핫셀(Hot cell)에 증착기(coater)를 설치하여 시료표면을 전도성 물질인 탄소 등으로 증착시켜야 한다. 그러나 원격조정기를(manipulator)를 이용하여 수행되는 핫셀에서의 증착작업은 사용후 핵연료 시험의 선진분석기술을 갖고 있는 원자력 선진국에서도 핫셀내에 설치되어 있는 증착기의 탄소봉을 교체하는 작업과 진공장치의 성능 유지가 까다로워 시료표면에 균질하게 전도성 물질을 증착시키는 작업에 많은 어려움을 겪고 있다. 본 연구는 통상적으로 이용되는 증착기를 사용하지 않고 Silver Paint를 사용하여 사용후 핵연료를 분석할 수 있는 새로운 방법에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 산화물 핵연료는 전기전도도가 매우 낮아($3{\times}10^{-1}~4{\times}10^{-8}/ohm{\cdot}cm$)입사된 전자의 이동이 원활하지 못해 일어나는 들뜸(Charging)현상이 발생한다. 그러나 Silver Paint 에 사용후 핵연료를 접착하면 모세관(capillary)현상에 의해 시료 주위와 핵연료의 결정립계로 Silver가 스며들어 입사된 전자의 이동이 원활해져 전도성이 극히 낮은 시료의 분석이 가능하게 된다. 본 시험에 사용된 EPMA는 (Electron Probe Micro Analyzer, SX-50R, CAMECA, Paris, France) 고 방사능을 띤 조사 핵연료의 시험을 수행할 수 있도록 기기의 적절한 부위에 납과 텅스텐으로 차폐되어 시편의 방사능 세기가 $3{\times}10^{10}Bq$까지 시험 가능한 기기이다. 그림 1은 JAERI 에 설치 운영중인 증착기 설비 사진이다. 그림에서 핫셀에 설치된 증착기의 진공을 유지하기 위해 핫셀 벽을 관통하여 증착기 본체까지 연결된 배출관의 형상과 복잡한 주변장치들을 볼 수 있다. 그림 2는 비조사 핵연료 시편을 Silver Pain떼 접착한 사진이다. 그림은 시료주위와 시료 표면까지 Silver Paint가 도포된 모습을 보여주고 있다. 상용발전소에서 연소도가 50,000 Mwd/tU인 사용후 핵연료를 상기와 같은 방법으로 만든 시편의 표면을 관찰한 사진을 그림 3~8에 나타내었다. 그림 3은 핵연료 중앙부위의 결정립을 나타낸 그림이다. Silver Paint만으로 접착한 시료의 표면관찰 및 정량분석이 그림에서 보듯이 가능함을 확인하였다. 그림 4는 사용후 핵연료시료를 중앙부위에서 가장자리까지를 다섯 부위로 나누어 그 중 중앙부위(1/5) 지점의 입계 및 형상을 관찰한 사진이다. 결정립의 크기가 다른 부위보다 상대적으로 크고, 결정립에 생성된 기공이 발달되어 있음을 볼 수 있다. 그림 5와 6과 7은 중심부위와 rim부위 사이 지점을 관찰한 사진으로서 결정립과 기공의 분포가 비슷한 형상을 나타내고 있음을 관찰할 수 있었다. 그림 8은 rim 부위 사진으로 전형적인 rim 영역 현상을 관찰할 수 있었다. 표 1은 그림 2와 같이 비조사 산화물 핵연료를 Silver Paint로 접착한 시편을 정량 분석한 결과이다. 시편의 조성은 33.6 at% U, 66.4 at% O의 결과를 얻었다. 산화물 핵연료의 표면 관찰 및 정량 분석 시험시 시편 표면을 전도성 물질로 증착시키지 않고, Silver Paint 에 시편을 접착하는 방법으로도 만족한 시험 결과를 얻을 수 있었다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.285-293
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory(MMPI-2) clinical scales and the self-regulation quotient of the brain quotient. The test in this study was performed by 41 adults over 20 years old and was done using the MMPI-2, which is a self-reporting method. EEG was performed using a 2-channel EEG System at Fp1 and Fp2. The analysis showed a negative correlation between scale 2(D), which is the MMPI-2 clinical scale, and the SRQ(Self Regulation Quotient) relaxation status, which is the related alpha rhythm. Scale3(Hy) showed a positive correlation with the SRQ concentration status and low ${\beta}$ rhythm. Scale7 in the MMPI-2 clinical scales showed a negative correlation with the SRQ relaxation status, which is the alpha rhythm. This means that MMPI-2 and SRQ can be used complementarily in the field of counseling. These results could be interpreted in three ways. First, people with depression are sensitive to other people's attention and evaluation. Therefore, they tend to expend a lot of energy when forming interpersonal relationships, and if they do not learn to relax, their fatigue can easily be increased. Second, people who seek other people's interest and have a cheerful spirit are considered to be highly active. Third, highly stressed people with anxiety and tension seem to easily become tired and their irritation and discomfort may be increased in consequence.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 2013

The internal contamination screening method using gross beta measurement was performed for radioisotope workers. 24 h and spot urine samples from workers of medical isotope production facilities were collected and measured. Most of the results were similar with the background level of gross beta activity except for a specific worker. Gross beta activity was slightly increased in several hours after finishing work. And the environmental factor of production facilities causing internal contamination were estimated based on screening results. The additional detailed internal dose assessment must be followed after the screening for protection of workers. Moreover, a procedure was established to apply a simple internal contamination assessment for radiation workers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1712-1717
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• 2009

Capsaicin has been shown to affect lipid metabolism. However, it is currently not known whether capsaicin would lower the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the effect of intraduodenally infused capsaicin on the lymphatic absorption of cholesterol and lipids in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300-350 g were starved for 16 hr and the mesenteric lymph duct was cannulated. Each rat was infused at 3.0 mL/hr for 8 hr via the duodenal catheter with a lipid emulsion, which contained 33.3 kBq [$^{14}C$]-cholesterol, 20.7 μmol cholesterol, 452 μmol triolein, 3.1 μmol $\alpha$-tocopherol, and 396.0 μmol Na-taurocholate without (control) or with 5.0 mg capsaicin in 24 mL PBS buffer (pH 6.4). Simultaneously, lymph was collected hourly for 8 hr. There was no significant difference in lymph flow between the groups. However, the lymphatic absorption of 14C-cholesterol for 8 hr was significantly lower in rats infused with capsaicin than in those infused with no capsaicin. Also, the output of oleic acid for 8 hr was significantly decreased by capsaicin. However, the intestinal absorption of $\alpha$-tocopherol did not differ between the groups. The results indicate that the luminal infusion of capsaicin inhibits the intestinal absorption of cholesterol and lipids in rats.

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.73-81
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• 1996

The self-diffusion coefficients of chloride and tritiated water ranged from 4.8 $\times$ 10-7 to 7.2 $\times$ 10-7 cm2/sec and 5.5 $\times$ 10-5 to 1.6 $\times$ 10-4 cm2/sec for three different depths of soil constituents at about 50% water content by volume, respectively Mobility of solute and water was conducted under steady-state flow conditions in a field soil consisting of 70 cm of clay to silty clay over a medium sand. A steady-state water flow conditions was maintained by applying irrigation water at a constant flux of 2cm per day. The water labeled with chloride and tritium was leached into the plot during the steady-state condition for 87 days. The positions of tritium and chloride as a function of soil depth and the time was measured by extracting samples of the soil solution with suction probes. Extremes in solute displacement occurred at equal and different depths within the plot. An analysis of these measurements indicated the observations of the pore-water velocity and the apparent diffusion coefficient were log normally disturbed. Twenty-four soil suction probes, used to identify the rate at which a solute was displaced in the soil, will yield an estimate of the mean pore-water velocity of this soils within a range of approximately 5% of its true value providing the effects of potential solute-soil interaction are taken into account.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.321-325
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• 2003

The effects of AMAD, absorption type, and intake pattern were compared and analysed for the internal dose evaluation of workers who chronically inhale uranium. The committed effective doses$(E_{50})$ based on AMAD, absorption type, and intake pattern were evaluated using 3 monthly lung predicted monitoring data due to a chronic intake of uranium for 5 years. The relative error ranges of $E_{50}$ evaluated with each AMAD$(0.1{\sim}10{\mu}m)\;to\;E_{50}$ evaluated with $5{\mu}m$ AMAD were $-37.0{\sim}49.8%$, and the relative error ranges of En evaluated with Type M to $E_{50}$ evaluated with Type S were $15.9{\sim}56.6%$, and the relative error ranges of $E_{50}$ evaluated with an acute intake to $E_{50}$ evaluated with a chronic intake were $0.55{\sim}4.52%$. Thus AMAD and the absorption type affected the results of $E_{50}$, but the intake pattern didn't really affect the results of $E_{50}$.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.146-155
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• 2016

As the probability of exposure to radiation increases due to an increase in the use of radioisotopes and radiation generators, the importance of a radiation safety management field is being highlighted. We intend to help radiation workers with exposure management by identifying the degree of radiation exposure and contamination to determine an efficient method of radiation safety management. The personal exposure doses of the radiation workers at the Korea Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences measured every quarter during a five-year period from Jan. 1, 2011 till Dec. 31, 2015 were analyzed using a TLD (thermoluminescence dosimeter). The spatial dose rates of radiation-controlled areas were measured using a portable radioscope, and the level of surface contamination was measured at weekly intervals using a piece of smear paper and a low background alpha/beta counter. Though the averages of the depth doses and the surface doses in 2012 increased from those in 2011 by about 14%, the averages were shown to have decreased every year after that. The exposure dose of 27 mSv in 2012 increased from that in 2011 in radiopharmaceutical laboratories and, in the case of the spatial dose rate, the rate of decrease in 2012 was shown to be similar to the annual trend of the whole institute. In the case of the surface contamination level, as the remaining radiation-controlled area with the exception of the I-131 treatment ward showed a low value less than $1.0kBq/m^2$, the annual trend of the I-131 treatment ward was shown to be similar to that of the entire institute. In conclusion, continuous attention should be paid to dose monitoring of the radiation-controlled areas where unsealed sources are handled and the workers therein.

• Proceedings of the Membrane Society of Korea Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.135-153
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• 1998

Nanofiltration (NF) is a recently introduced term in membrane separation. In 1988, Eriksson was one of the first authors using the word 'nanofiltration' explicitly. Some years before, FilmTech started to use this term for their NF50 membrane which was supposed to be a very loose reverse osmosis membrane or a very tight ultrafiltration membrane. Since then, this term has been introduced to indicate a specific boundary of membrane technology in between ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis. The application fields of the NF membranes are very broad as follows: Demeneralizing water, Cleaning up contaminated groundwater, Ultrapure water production, Treatment of effleunts containing heavy metals, Offshore oil platforms, Yeast production, Pulp and paper mills, Textile production, Electroless copper plating, Cheese whey production, Cyclodextrin production, Lactose production. The earliest NF membrane was made by Cadotte et al, using piperazine and trimesoyl chloride as monomers for the formation of polyamide active layer of the composite type membrane. They coated very thin interfacially potymerized polyamide on the surface of the microporous polysulfone supports. The NF membrane exhibited low rejections for monovalent anions (chloride) and high rejections for bivalent anions (sulphate). This membrane was called NS300. Some of the earliest NF membranes, like the NF40 membrane of FilmTech, the NTR7250 of Nitto-Denko and the UTC20 and UTC60 of Toray, are formed by a comparable synthesis route as the NS300 membrane. Commercially available NF membranes nowadays are as follows: ASP35 (Advanced Membrane Technology), MPF21; MPF32 (Kiryat Weizmann), UTC20; UTC60; UTC70; UTC90 (Toray), CTA-LP; TFCS (Fluid Systems), NF45; NF70 (FilmTec), BQ01; MX07; HG01; HG19; SX01; SX10 (Osmonics), 8040-LSY-PVDI (Hydranautics), NF CA30; NF PES 10 (Hoechst), WFN0505 (Stork Friesland). The typical ones among the commercially available NF membranes are polyamide composite membrane consisting of interfacially polymerized polyamide active layer and microporous support. While showing high water fluxes and high rejections of multivalent ions and small organic molecules, these membranes have relatively low chemical stability. These membranes have low chlorine tolerance and are unstable in acid or base solution. This chemical instability is appearing to be a big obstacle for their applications. To improve the chemical stability, we have tried, in this study, to prepare chemically stable NF membranes from PVA. The ionomers and interfacially polymerized polyamide were used for the modification of'the PVA membranes. For the detail study of the active layer, homogeneous NF membranes made only from active layer materials were prepared and for the high performance, composite type NF membranes were prepared by coating the active layer materials on microporous polysulfone supports.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.747-752
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• 2014

Iodine-131, an artificial radionuclide, mostly exists as iodide ion ($^{131}I^-$) and iodate ion ($^{131}IO_3{^-}$) in the water, and When a short time contacted, it could not be removed by poly aluminum chloride (PACl) and powdered activated carbon (PAC). Although the removal rate of iodine-131 was not related with turbidity of raw water, it showed linear relationship with contact time with PAC. With the mixture of PACl (24 mg/L or more) and PAC (40 mg/L or more), about 40% of iodine-131 could be removed. Iodine-131 could be removed little by sand filtration, but approximately 100% by granular activated carbon (GAC), both virgin-GAC and spent-GAC. Microfiltration process could remove little iodine-131 while reverse osmosis process could remove about 92% of iodine-131.