• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.9
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• pp.1007-1014
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• 2016

A highly efficient, rapid, and reliable multiplex polymerase chain reaction based method for distinguishing ten species of genus Cynoglossus (C. senegalensis, C. abbreviates, C. macrolepidotus, C. arel, C. semilaevis, C. interruptus, C. joyneri, C. lingua, C. robustus, and C. monodi) is described. The species-specific primer sets were designed base on the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene (1,500 bp). The optimal PCR conditions and primers were selected for ten of Cynoglossus species to determine target base sequences using single PCR. Multiplex PCR using the ten pairs of primers either specifically amplified a DNA fragment of a unique size or failed, depending on each species DNA. The length of amplification fragment of 208 bp for C. senegalensis, 322 bp for C. abbreviates, 493 bp for C. macrolepidotus, 754 bp for C. arel, 874 bp for C. semilaevis, 952 bp for C. interruptus, 1,084 bp for C. joyneri, 1,198 bp for C. lingua, 1,307 bp for C. robustus, and 1,483 bp for C. monodi with the species-specific primers, visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis, allowed perfectly distinction of the Cynoglossus species. The multiplex PCR assay can be easily performed on multiple samples and attain final results in less than 6 hours. This technique should be a useful addition to the molecular typing tools for the tentative identification of Cynoglossus species.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1999

CERES-rice, a rice growth simulation model, was used in conjunction with daily weather data to figure out the spatial variation of the phenology and yields of paddy rice at 168 rice cultivation zone units(CZU) of Kyunggi Province in 1997. Two sets of cultivar specific coefficients, which represent early and mid-season maturing varieties, were derived from field experiments conducted at two crop experiment stations. The minimum data set to run the model for each CZU (daily maximum and minimum temperature, solar irradiance, and rainfall) was obtained by spatial averaging of existing 'Digital Map of Korean Climate'(Shin et al., 1999). Soil characteristics and management information at each CZU were available from the Rural Development Administration. According to a preliminary test using 5 to 9 years field data, trends of the phasic development(heading and physiological maturity), which were obtained from the model adjusted for these coefficients, were in good agreement with the observed data. However, the simulated inter-annual variation was somewhat greater than the reported variation. Rough rice yields of the early maturing cultivar calculated by the model were comparable with the reported data in terms of both absolute value and inter -annual variation. But those of the mid season cultivar showed overestimation. After running the simulation model runs with 1997 weather data for 168 CZU's, rough rice yields of the 168 CZU's calculated by the model were aggregated into corresponding 33 counties by acreage-weighting to facilitate direct comparison with the reported statistics from the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. The simulation results were good at 22 out of the 26 counties with reportedly increasing yield trend with respect to the past 9 years average.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2014

The proliferation of using social media and social networking services affects the lifestyles of people. These phenomena are useful to companies that wish to promote and advertise new products or services through these social media; these social media venues also come with large amounts of user data. However, studies that analyze the data of social media within the perspective of information exchanges are hard to find. Much of the previous research in this area is focused on measuring the performance of exhibitions using general statistical approaches and piecemeal measures. Therefore, in this study, we want to analyze the characteristics of information exchanges in social media by using Twitter data sets, which are relating to the Mobile World Congress (MWC). Using this methodology provides exhibition organizers and exhibitors to objectively estimate the effect of social media, and establish strategies with social media use. Through a user network analysis, we additionally found that social attributes are as important as the popular attribute regarding the sustainability of information exchanges. Consequently, this research provides a network analysis using the data derived from the use of social media to communicate information regarding the MWC exhibition, and reveals the significance of social attributes such as the degree and the betweenness centrality regarding the sustainability of information exchanges.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.239-261
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• 2001

A large suite of official statistical data sets has been compiled for geographical units under the national directives, and it is the quantitative regional analysis procedures that could add values to them. This paper reports our attempts at prototyping a statistical GIS which is capable of serving over the Web a variety of regional analysis routines as well as value-added statistics and maps. A pilot database of some major statistical data was ingested for the city of Seoul. The baseline subset of regional analysis methods of practical usage was selected and accommodated into the business logic of the target system, which ranges from descriptive statistics, regional structure/inequality measures, spatial ANOVA, spatial (auto) correlation to regression and residual analysis. The leading-edge information technologies including the application server were adopted in the system design and implementation so that the database, analysis modules and analytic mapping components may cooperate seamlessly behind the Web front-end. The prototyped system supports tables, maps, and files of downloadable format for input and output of the analyses. One of the most salient features of out proposed system is that both the database and analysis modules are extensible via the bi-directional interface for end users; The system provides users with operators and parsers for algebraic formulae such that the stored statistical variables may be transformed and combined into the newly-derived set of variables. This functionality eventually leads to on-the-fly fabrication of user-defined regional analysis algorithms. The stored dataset may also be temporarily augmented by user-uploaded dataset; The extension of this form, in essence, results in a virtual database which awaits for users commands as usual. An initial evaluation of the proposed system confirms that the issues involving the usage and dissemination of information can be addressed with success.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.11-18
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• 2011

Urban space is the main contributor of greenhouse gas emissions, a primary cause of global warming. In order to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, planning at a city-level is necessary. The aim of this research is to develop a carbon emission model which can be used to create and manage urban spaces. In order to achieve this aim, the following methodologies were utilized. First, urban planning criteria related to population, landuse, and activity level were selected through theoretical speculation. Second, carbon dioxide emission was calculated based on electricity, gas energy, heating, petroleum, and water usages. Third, Seoul was selected as a case study city, and a carbon emission model was developed through a relational analysis between Seoul's urban planning criteria and carbon emissions. Thus far, various efforts have been made to respond to climate changes in urban spaces, but these have been limited to analyzing contributing factors in terms of their total amounts of carbon emissions in the entire city. However, the carbon emission model of this study is derived from urban planing criteria at a detailed scale. This sets our study apart from other studies by demonstrating a specific model in a local setting which can be utilized for lowering carbon emissions at a city level.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.175-182
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• 2000

Spatial interpolation of daily temperature forecasts and observations issued by public weather services is frequently required to make them applicable to agricultural activities and modeling tasks. In contrast to the long term averages like monthly normals, terrain effects are not considered in most spatial interpolations for short term temperatures. This may cause erroneous results in mountainous regions where the observation network hardly covers full features of the complicated terrain. We developed a spatial interpolation model for daily minimum temperature which combines inverse distance squared weighting and elevation difference correction. This model uses a time dependent function for 'mountain slope lapse rate', which can be derived from regression analyses of the station observations with respect to the geographical and topographical features of the surroundings including the station elevation. We applied this model to interpolation of daily minimum temperature over the mountainous Korean Peninsula using 63 standard weather station data. For the first step, a primitive temperature surface was interpolated by inverse distance squared weighting of the 63 point data. Next, a virtual elevation surface was reconstructed by spatially interpolating the 63 station elevation data and subtracted from the elevation surface of a digital elevation model with 1 km grid spacing to obtain the elevation difference at each grid cell. Final estimates of daily minimum temperature at all the grid cells were obtained by applying the calculated daily lapse rate to the elevation difference and adjusting the inverse distance weighted estimates. Independent, measured data sets from 267 automated weather station locations were used to calculate the estimation errors on 12 dates, randomly selected one for each month in 1999. Analysis of 3 terms of estimation errors (mean error, mean absolute error, and root mean squared error) indicates a substantial improvement over the inverse distance squared weighting.

• The Korean Journal of Applied Statistics
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.243-254
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• 1992

In the present study two sets of unbalanced two-way cross-classification data with and without empty cell(s) were used to evaluate empirically the various sums of squares in the analysis of variance table. Searle(1977) and Searle et.al.(1981) developed a method of computing R($\alpha$\mid$\mu, \beta$) and R($\beta$\mid$\mu, \alpha$) by the use of partitioned matrix of X'X for the model of no interaction, interchanging the columns of X in order of $\alpha, \mu, \beta$ and accordingly the elements in b. An alternative way of computing R($\alpha$\mid$\mu, \beta$), R($\beta$\mid$\mu, \alpha$) and R($\gamma$\mid$\mu, \alpha, \beta$) without interchanging the columns of X has been found by means of,$(X'X)^-$ derived, using $W_2 = Z_2Z_2-Z_2Z_1(Z_1Z_1)^-Z_1Z_2$. It is true that $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma)\Sigma = SSA_W and R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma)\Sigma = SSB_W$ where $SSA_W$ and means analysis and $R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta) = R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)\Sigma$ for the data without empty cell, but not for the data with empty cell(s). It is also noticed that for the datd with empty cells under W - restrictions $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\alpha$\mid$\mu) and R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W = R(\beta$\mid$\mu) but R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)_W = R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W - R(\mu,\alpha,\beta,\gamma)_W \neq R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)$. The hypotheses $H_o : K' b = 0$ commonly tested were examined in the relation with the corresponding sums of squares for $R(\alpha$\mid$\mu), R(\beta$\mid$\mu), R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta), R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha), R(\alpha$\mid$\mu,\beta,\gamma), R(\beta$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\gamma), and R(\gamma$\mid$\mu,\alpha,\beta)$ under the restrictions.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.195-202
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• 2004

The shell due to the effect of initial normal pressures on the shell surface was based on the assumption that the directions of the pressures are always normal to the undeformed shell surface, and that the change in the surface area of the shell is negligible. But the fact that the pressure are always normal to the deforming surface leads "follower force". The follower effect in the analysis can significantly alter the solution for natural frequency and buckling load as compared to the case when the direction of the pressures are assumed to be normal to the uniform shell surface. The expression for the part of strain energy contribution from normal pressure due to the effect of follower force was derived and added to the element stiffness matrix of axisymmetric shell. In the case of increasing external pressure, the natural frequencies decrease until one of them reaches zero. Theoretically the smallest applied load that reduces the frequency of any mode to zero, will have same magnitude as that of the buckling load. In order to determine the bucking load of the shell a few sets of frequencies are computed and the results considering the follower effects are well with the exact solution while the case without that are quite different. But in case of hemispherical dome, there are little difference in buckling pressure between with and without the effect of follower force.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.25
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• pp.55-85
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• 2011

Many States such as Arizona, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, California, New Mexico, Florida were obtained either from Spanish Empire or from Mexico. In 1848 due to the Guadalupe-Hidalgo treaty America could obtain half of the original territory of Mexico. American identity cannot be understood without the history of American expansionism further consolidated by the Spanish-American War in 1898, which brought other ex-Spanish colonies such as Guam, Puerto Rico, the Philippines to the US. The US's interest in these territories dates back to the Monroe doctrine in 1823 when Monroe "declared the Americas off-limits to any new European colonization." America justifies their expansion based on the notion of Manifest Destiny which was created by O'Sullivan at the hight of American fever to annex Texas to US. The intent of this paper is to study how Anglo-Saxon and Latin Culture clashed against each other especially right before and after the Spanish-American War. In this study the American hero, Theodore Roosevelt and Latin American hero, $Jos{\acute{e}}$ Martí will be compared, though they did not meet each other during the Spanish-American war due to Marti's early death in 1895 at the battle for the Cuba Libre. Their comparison is significant in that the former represents the American expansionist spirit and the latter the spirit of Anti-imperialism and Anti-Anglocentrism. Along with the concept of Manifest Destiny of America, 'American exceptionalism' is also mentioned which motivates U.S. to expand further even after the Spanish-American war in the form of 'informal imperialism' characterized by 'gunboat politics'of the US. These discussions will draw attention to how recent theorists such as Bryce Traister criticizes the Border Theory represented by $Jos{\acute{e}}$ David Saldívar. Here the Border Theory is criticized to repeat the discourse of the globalized capitalism which prefers the weak state and the transnational aspects by focusing on the in-betweenness of the border. In the end the paper will focus on how the Border theory as represented by Saldivar is political enough and sets up a resistant example against American expansionism of today in its focus on the call for pan-American and pluri-versal subjectivity of the borderlands. This point will be supported by a discussion of how Saldivar's view is confirmed by Walter Mignolo who advocates the "bottom up" resistance of the indigenous people of Chiapas and other social forums such as World Social Forum and the Social Forum of the Americas derived from the Zapatistas' movement whose motto is "A World in which many world co-exist."

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2008

For effective production of interspecific hybrids of Lilium and valuable new cultivars, we used Lilium Asiatic hybrid 'Tiny Ghost' as the female parent, and Oriental group, and Longiflorum group and Martagon as the male parents. Percentage pollen germination in Oriental hybrid 'Sorbonne' was the highest with 64%. As results of using normal style pollination and cut style pollination methods, all seed sets were formed in normal style pollinated treatment, except in 'Aktiva'. Pollen germination percent of Longiflorum hybrid 'Norina' was higher than that 'Gelria'. However, all crossings using 'Norina' failed to set seeds. Corresponding fertilization ratio was different from genetic compatibility, even in the same group. From the crossing using 'Aktiva' as the male parent one bulb was obtained derived from one embryo sac. And using 'Sorbonne' as the male parent, one plantlet was obtained after four ovule cultures. Crossing using 'Gelria' as the male parent five embryos, 15 embryo sacs, and seven ovules per one ovary were obtained. Among them, 18 plantlets germinated, with the germination percent of 66.7%. Crossings using L. hansonii, Martagon group, as the male parent resulted in 40% germination from five ovules.