• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.93-108
• /
• 2013

This study is aimed to prepare the effective detail survey methods(Phase II) of abandoned metal mines through the contamination assessment for mine types and facilities in the abandoned metal mine areas. The study sites of 12 abandoned mines are located in Gyeonggi-do and Gangwon-do and those were chosen among 310 sites that the Phase II survey was conducted from 2007 to 2009 after considering the results of Phase I for abandoned mines scattered all over the country. 12 study sites were classified into four types; Type I sites only have pit mouth. Type II sites have pit mouth and mine-waste field. Type III sites have pit mouth and tailing sorting field. Type IV sites have pit mouth, tailing sorting field and concentrator(s). In forest land, paddy soil and farm land of Type I, As and Cd were showed average concentration, and Cu and Pb were high on the pit mouth area in one mines where the pit mouth was developed within 500 m. In the mines of Type II, Cu and Pb were showed average concentration too, but As and Cd were slightly high in pit mouth and mine-waste field. The mines of Type III which had grinding particle process through physical separation milling or hitting showed similar tendency with Type II. However, mines of Type IV pit mouth, mine-waste field and showed various results depending on defining the contamination sources. For example, if contamination source was pit mouth, the mixed results of Type I, II, II were showed. In tailing sorting field which was regarded as the most important source and having high mobility, however, if there were no facilities or it was difficult to access directly, field sampling was missed occasionally during phase I and phase II survey. For that reason, the assessment for tailing sorting field is missed and it leads to completely different results. In the areas of Type I mines, the concentration of heavy metals exceeded precautionary standards of soil contamination or not within 1,000 meters of pit mouth. Nickel(Ni) was the largest factor of the heavy metal contamination in this type. The heavy metals except Arsenic(As) were shown high levels of concentration in Type II areas, where pit mouth and mine-waste field were operated for making powder in upriver region; therefore, to the areas in the vicinity of midstream and downstream, the high content of heavy metals were shown. The tendency of high level of heavy metals and toxic materials contained in flotation agent used during sorting process were found in soil around sorting and tailing field. In the abandoned-pit-mouth area, drygrinding area and tailing sorting field area, the content of Cupper(Cu) and Zinc(Zn) were higher than other areas. Also, the contaminated area were larger than mine reclamation area(2,000 m) and the location of tailing sorting field was one of the important factors to estimate contaminated area.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.17 no.9 s.89
• /
• pp.1266-1271
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate combined effects of diaphragm breathing and garlic powder intake on body composition, heart rate, blood press and immunoglobulin levels in middle-aged male smokers from the age 40-49. Diaphragm breath training was 2-5 grade intensity on dyspnea scale for 20 minutes four times a week for 4 weeks and subjects were given garlic at 3 g of powder after breakfast and dinner two times a day during the 4 weeks. The conclusions of this study are as follows; Garlic intake group decreased in percentage of body fat, in the comparison between groups, garlic intake group had a lower percentage of body fat than control group. Heart rate was decreased in Diaphragm breathing group at rest. SBP was decreased in Diaphragm breathing+garlic intake group. Garlic intake group and diaphragm breathing+garlic intake group increased in IgG.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.671-677
• /
• 2011

We previously reported the isolation and characterization of a gene, SCA1 (for soybean $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase 1), encoding a calmodulin-regulated $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase that is located in the plasma membrane in soybean. Here, a $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase designated as SCA2 was isolated from soybean. The two $Ca^{2+}$-ATPases, SCA1 and SCA2, share a remarkably high degree of similarity (78%). Ten transmemebrane domains were predicted by hydropathy analysis. Using gel overlay assays, CaM was found to bind to SCA2 in a $Ca^{2+}$-dependent manner. Southern blot analysis revealed the presence of two copies of the $Ca^{2+}$-ATPase gene in the soybean genome. An N-terminal truncation mutant that deletes sequence through the putative calmodulin binding site was able to complement a yeast mutant (K616) that was deficient in two endogenous $Ca^{2+}$ pumps. Our results indicate that SCA2 is structurally highly conserved with type IIB $Ca^{2+}$ pumps in plants.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.12 no.3
• /
• pp.1260-1269
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine postoperative quality of life(QoL), thyroid specific symptoms(TSSs), self care compliance, anxiety and depression in patients with papillary thyroid cancer and to identify factors influencing their postoperative QoL. 154 patients were surveyed using structured questionnaires and data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation, and multiple regression with SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. The mean score of postoperative QoL in the subjects was 2.72 and the postoperative QoL score of social/family well being subscale showed the lowest score. Most of the subjects suffered from TSSs such as fatigue, cold intolerance, and mood swings. The most frequent activity for self care compliance was taking thyroid hormone(100%) and OPD follow up was the second activity(99.4%). Anxiety score was 45.3 indicating a medium level however 63% of the subjects were evaluated as depression status. Postoperative QoL in thyroid papillary cancer patients showed significantly negative correlations to TSSs, anxiety, and depression (r=-.573, p<.001; r=-.739, p<.001; r=-.742, p<.001). The factors influencing postoperative QoL were TSSs, anxiety, and depression, which explained about 64.9% of the variance. Thus to improve postoperative QoL in patients with papillary thyroid cancer, health care providers should relieve negative emotions related to long term cancer management, develop the support system and provide practical information to apply patients' physical, and psychological symptoms control.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.2 no.4
• /
• pp.143-153
• /
• 1969

For the purpose of the better dietary management and to emphasize of importance in nutrition education for 949 woman workers at the dormitory of wig factory in Seoul, the nutritional survey was conducted for seven days from August 13 th to 20 th of 1969. The survey included food and nutrient intakes, physical measurement, clinical findings and biochemical measurement were conducted for the randomly sampled 44 subjects. According to the survey results, their heights was under the standard and the 82% of the total subjects was the age ranges from 16 years to 20 years old. Their daily menu was not planned properly and the concept of 5 basic food groups was not utilized in their menu planning. The balanced meal should be emphasized in this factory. Calories and protein intakes are low compared with the recommended allowance and especially animal protein intake is low. Fat intake is only 8.8 grams for capita per day. Vitamins and minerals intake are also low. Clinical and biochemical survey indicated various vitamin deficiencies and anemia which is mostly due to the iron insufficiency.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.4 no.1
• /
• pp.29-40
• /
• 1971

For the measurement on the fat content if University Students, an intensive examination was conducted on a total of 3,030 students(male 2,577, female 453), from 16 to 25 years of age. The subjects were all students who had passed the written entrance examination for Seoul National University. Total Body Fat amount was measurement by skin-fold thickness with a skin-fold caliper(Manufactured by Cambridge Scientific Industrial Inc. U.S.A.) at four sites of the body, and it was calculated by Kim's and Lee's regression equation. As a result of this survey, the following conclusions were obtained; 1. Physical Measurements: i) The average of body height by anthropometric was male $167.95{\pm}4.85cm$ and female $156.03{\pm}4.56cm$. ii) The average body weight by anthropometric was male $56.42{\pm}5.65kg$ and female $51.29{\pm}5.34kg$. iii) The average of chest-girth by anthropometric was male $89.95{\pm}5.33cm$ and female $81.36{\pm}4.89cm$. iv) The average of sitting-height by anthropometric was male $91.23{\pm}4.98cm$ and female $86.18{\pm}4.15cm$. v) The average of arm circumference by anthropometric was male $23.76{\pm}2.17cm$ and female $22.39{\pm}1.79cm$. In all cases the male measurements were higher than the female. 2. The mean skin-fold thickness measured with a large skin-fold caliper was; At the sub-scapular: male $11.54{\pm}4.84mm$ and female $14.07{\pm}4.49mm$, Abdominal: male $10.36{\pm}7.09mm$ and female $14.95{\pm}5.47mm$, Lumbar; male $12.55{\pm}6.44mm$ and female $17.02{\pm}6.57mm$, Upper arm: male $6.28{\pm}3.71mm$ and female $11.62{\pm}3.99mm$, Total average: male $10.18{\pm}5.52mm$ and female $14.41{\pm}5.13mm$, in all cases the female measurements were higher than the male. 3. Data on body fat amounts according to body fat weight regression equation were: in male: Fat weight=10.56kg, Fat free weight=45.86kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=18.71%, (Body fat amount %), Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=23.02%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=81.29%. in female: Fat weight=12.23kg, Fat free weight=39.06kg, Fat weight/Total body mass(%)=23.85%, Fat weight/Fat free weight(%)=31.31%, Fat free weight/Total body mass(%)=76.15%. The females value was higher than the males.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.47-50
• /
• 1969

Sea-divers(woman) are living in coastal villages and their principal daily work is to dive into sea water in order to get sea-weeds, pearls etc. They are able to be stayed inside the water for a relatively long period and at the same time have a hard physical work during the period. Besides these works, they work also on farms and in homes in their rest time. Hwa-Jeon-Min('fire-field' farmers) are living in higher mountainous areas (plateau areas) and they burn off the ground for cultivation and obtain the crops on which they are living. Usually, they are far apart from cities and markets. The above mentioned two groups are special social groups in this country, consequently are interested in their food and nutritional habbits. The summarized surveyed results are as follows (See the Tables 1, 2, and 3). 1. In case of Sea-divers(woman): a. Staple foods are cereals, vegetables, and fishes and shell-fishes. These foods occupy 40%, 15%, and 24% respectively of all the foods intaken. b. Relatively large amount of protein and fat are intaken. Especially animal protein shows 64% of total protein intaken. c. Intake of vitamin $B_2$ is low but all other nutrients are intaken in relatively good amount. 2. In case of Hwa-Jeon-Min ('fire-field' farmers): a. Staple foods are cereals, potatoes, and vegetables. These foods occupy 61%, 19%, and 14% respectively of all the foods intaken. b. Intaken amount of animal foods is only 7 grams and this figure is only 0.1% of total foods intaken. c. Intake of animal protein is 0.4 to 0.6 grams per day and that of fats is 8 to 10 grams only. d. Intake of carbohydrate is very high. The calorie derived from the carbohydrate is 86% of total calorie intaken. e. Intakes of calcium, vitamin A, Vitamin $B_1$, Vitamin $B_2$, and niacin are low. Especially, calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin $B_2$ are deficient from their food habbits.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.13 no.9
• /
• pp.4119-4125
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to identify the validity, reliability, and discriminative index of the Korean version of Modified Barthel Index (K-MBI). For this, two hundreds twenty-thee stroke patients participated. Activities of daily living were measured through using K-MBI. Factor analysis was performed for identifying the construct validity and internal consistent and discriminative index were calculated. The result of factor analysis was that the 10 items of K-MBI have communality above .50, and was constructed one factor. Explained variance was 72.184%. The order of factor loading value was toileting, personal hygiene, transfer from bed to chair and back, ambulation/wheelchair, dressing, feeding, bowel control, bathing, bladder control, and stair climbing. Cronbach ${\alpha}$ of K-MBI was .994. The range of discriminative index was .783~.909, and was acceptable. One factor of K-MBI was identified through factor analysis, and reliability and discriminative index was also identified. Various psychometric properties of K-MBI should be investigated in further studies for valid assessment of activities of daily living in stroke patients.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.89-93
• /
• 2007

Contrast medium is a very useful tool for X-ray examinations. But contrast medium has some unavoidable adverse reactions. For those patients who have never received contrast medium before, it is impossible to predict whether they will suffer from certain kinds of adverse reactions. Thus, radiologists should use strategies to minimize adverse events and be prepared to promptly recognize and manage any reactions to the contrast media. If a radiologist commits medical malpractice, he will face civil responsibility. Medical malpractice means a tort or breach of contract that occurs in a medical setting. Medical malpractices happen, despite the efforts of hospital staff. Many courts have applied the traditional doctrine of respondeat superior in actions against organizations for injuries caused by their employees. It is a legal doctrine, which states that an employer is responsible for employee actions performed within the course of the employment. A hospital is an organization for health purposes. An organization may be convicted of an offense committed by an employee of the organization acting in its behalf and within the scope of his office or employment. Organizational liability involves a wide variety of legal issues, including tort liability, wrongful employment practices, personal injury, breach of fiduciary duty, and so on. Many executive directors of organizations are aware of their personal and organizational risks of exposure to legal liabilities. The employer must have the right to control the physical conduct of the employee and must consent to receive the employee's services, while expecting some benefits from the services offered. Therefore, legal liability can be imposed for improper selection, assignment, training, and supervision of employees. In conclusion, the hospital itself has organizational liability for adverse reactions to the contrast medium.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.245-263
• /
• 2016

This study was conducted to investigate the thermoregulatory behavior of young males in terms of self-identified thermal tolerance. We recruited 436 male students from Seoul ($24.0{\pm}4.6yr$ in age, $175.3{\pm}5.5cm$ in height, $70.1{\pm}10.6kg$ in body mass, and $23.0{\pm}2.7$ in BMI) in accordance with four types of self-identified thermal tolerance: 1) tolerable of both cold and heat, BCH (N=15); 2) heat tolerable only, HTO (N=118); 3) cold tolerable only, CTO (N=162); and 4) neither cold nor heat tolerable, NCH (N=141). The questionnaire consisted of 55 questions regarding preference to cold or heat environment, seasonal thermoregulatory behaviors including clothing habits, seasonal sleeping environments, health care/physical fitness, and anthropometric items. The results showed that: 1) BCH preferred less auxiliary heating devices, gloves/hats, or thermal underwear in winter and had very few experiences with cold/heat injuries or catching a cold, whereas NCH showed the opposite behavior and experiences as BCH; 2) thermoregulatory behaviors were not symmetrical between summer and winter. Most male students preferred cold beverage/foods to using cooling devices to lower body temperature in summer, whereas auxiliary heating devices were preferred to warm beverage/foods to maintain body temperature in winter; 3) thermoregulatory behaviors of NCH had more items in common with HTO than CTO, while the behaviors of BCH were more closely related to CTO than the behaviors of BCH were more closely related to CTO than HTO. Overall, we confirmed that thermoregulatory behaviors were apparently classified by self-identified thermal tolerance, and such behaviors could be adjusted by improving cold or heat tolerance.