• Food Science of Animal Resources
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.18-33
• /
• 2022

Beef contains functional fatty acids such as conjugated linoleic acid and longchain fatty acids. This review summarizes results from studies comparing the fatty acid composition of beef from cattle fed either grass or grain-based feed. Since functional lipid components are contributed through dietary consumption of beef, the fatty acid composition is reported on mg/100 g of meat basis rather than on a percentage of total fat basis. Beef from grass-fed contains lesser total fat than that from grain-fed in all breeds of cattle. Reduced total fat content also influences the fatty acid composition of beef. A 100 g beef meat from grass-fed cattle contained 2,773 mg less total saturated fatty acids (SFA) than that from the same amount of grain-fed. Grass-fed also showed a more favorable SFA lipid profile containing less cholesterol-raising fatty acids (C12:0 to C16:0) but contained a lesser amount of cholesterol-lowering C18:0 than grain-fed beef. In terms of essential fatty acids, grass-fed beef showed greater levels of trans-vaccenic acid and long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA; EPA, DPA, DHA) than grain-fed beef. Grass-fed beef also contains an increased level of total n-3 PUFA which reduced the n-6 to n-3 ratio thus can offer more health benefits than grain-fed. The findings signify that grass-fed beef could exert protective effects against a number of diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease (CVD) as evidenced by the increased functional omega-3 PUFA and decreased undesirable SFA. Although grain-fed beef showed lesser EPA, DPA, and DHA, consumers should be aware that greater portions of grain-fed beef could also achieve a similar dietary intake of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids. Noteworthy, grain-fed beef contained higher total monounsaturated fatty acid that have beneficial roles in the amelioration of CVD risks than grass-fed beef. In Hanwoo beef, grain-fed showed higher EPA and DHA than grass-fed beef.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.75-80
• /
• 1999

The effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids, ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (18:3), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6), on brain phospholipid content and fatty acid composition were compared in rats fed with a diet containing constant ratios of saturated fatty acid/monounsaturated fatty acid/polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) and n-3/n-6. The dietary fat in each diet was added at the level of 10%. In each diet, n-3 PUFA comprised two-thirds of the PUFA and the remaining one-third was linoleic acid (18:2). Dietary fat containing linoleic acid as the sole source of PUFA was also given to the control group. The content of brain phospholipid in the three n-3 PUFA groups was significantly lower than that of the linoleic acid group. This reduction was greater in the EPA and DHA groups than in the ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid group. The decrease in phospholipid content in rats fed n-3 fatty acid-rich diets was largely due to the decrease in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Each dietary n-3 PUFA was found to affect the fatty acid composition of brain phospholipids; the most pronounced alteration was observed in phosphatidylethanolamine fraction. Furthermore, the proportion of DHA in the phosphatidylethanolamine fraction tended to be higher in the DHA group than in other PUFA groups. In conclusion, dietary ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid, EPA and DHA can influence the phospholipid content, phospholipid subclass, and fatty acid composition in rat brain.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 1988

Ten college women were divided into 5 groups and treated in randomized block design for 5 weeks with 1 interval between treatments and subjects serving as their own controls. The experimental diets were corn oil diet as a source of n-6 linoleic acid, perilla oil diet as a source of n-3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid, and fish oil diet as a source of n-3 EPA and DHA. Dietary fat was supplied at 30% Cal and modified to give the total amount of saturated fatty acids and monoenoic acids at constant level. There was no significant effect on serum cholesterol level by different PUFA. However, on a gram-for-gram basis, there was a trend that the decrease in serum cholesterol was proportionate to the degree of fat unsaturation. On the other hand, only fish oil diet significantly decreased TG level but no significant effect on the relative proportion of TG in VLDL. The degree of hypotriglyceridemia did not corrleate with the degree of unsaturation. The relative proportion of CE in LDL was reduced by all PUFA diets but significant only by perilla oil diet. The relative amount of apoprotein in LDL was significantly reduced by n-3 PUFA. HDL-Chol content was significantly increased only in fish oil diet but no change in the relative proportion of its chemical components of HDL.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.56 no.3
• /
• pp.7.1-7.7
• /
• 2014

The recognition that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) possess potent anti-inflammatory properties in human models has prompted studies investigating their efficacy for animal growth and immunity. This study examined the effect of feeding an n-3 PUFA-enriched diet on growth and immune response of weanling piglets. Newly weaned pigs (averaging $27{\pm}2$ days of age and $8.1{\pm}0.7kg$ of body weight) were assigned randomly to receive a control (3% vegetable oil, n = 20) or n-3 PUFA-supplemented (3% marine n-3 PUFA, n = 20) diet for 28 day after weaning. Female pigs consuming the n-3 PUFA-enriched diet were lighter at week 4 post-weaning than those fed the vegetable oil supplement. Weanling pigs gained more weight, consumed more feed and had better growth to feed ratios between days 14 and 28 than between days 0 and 14 post-weaning. Plasma insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) decreased between days 0 ($87.2{\pm}17.0ng/mL$) and 14 ($68.3{\pm}21.1ng/mL$) after weaning and then increased again by day 28 ($155.2{\pm}20.9ng/mL$). In piglets consuming the vegetable oil-enriched diet, plasma tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) increased from $37.6{\pm}14.5$ to $102.9{\pm}16.6pg/mL$ between days 0 and 14 post-weaning and remained high through day 28 ($99.0{\pm}17.2pg/mL$). The TNF-${\alpha}$ increase detected in the piglets fed vegetable oil was not observed in the piglets fed n-3 PUFA. Results indicate that weaning induces considerable immune stress in piglets and that this stress can be mitigated by dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFA.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.31 no.2
• /
• pp.184-188
• /
• 2002

The fatty acid contents of egg yolk from various chicken eggs such as general egg, ginseng egg, gamgoal egg and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) egg were analysed during storage at 4$^{\circ}C$ for 3 weeks. The major fatty acids of all egg yolk oils were oleic acid (18 : 1) and palmitic acid (16 : 0). The contents of both fatty acids reached maximum at the first or second week and decreased at the third week. DHA was detected from 4 kinds of eggs stored for 2 or 3 weeks. The n-6/n-3 ratio was obtained under recommended intake range in fresh gamgoal egg and in general and DHA eggs stored far 0~3 weeks. For 3 weeks, polyunsaturated fatty acid / monounsaturated fatty acid/ saturated fatty acid (P/M/S) ratio of DHA e99 did not chance, but that of ginseng e99 gradually increased. The P/M/S ratio was generally maintained under recommended intake range in general egg stored for 3 weeks, in ginseng egg stored for 2 weeks and in DHA egg during all the storage period.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.144-153
• /
• 2014

Both docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3) have attracted increasing attention since the first epidemiological report on the importance of n-3 essential fatty acids. Lipids in microbial cells play various biological roles and, consequently, much research has been carried out on their role in cell physiology. The lipid composition of microorganisms can exhibit considerable variations depending on environment. The effects of culture conditions, temperature (15, 20, 24, 28, 32 and $36^{\circ}C$), salinity (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 psu), pH (pH5, 6, 7, 8 and 9), rotation speeds (50, 100, 150 and 200 rpm), carbon sources, nitrogen sources and C/N ratio on the production of docosahexaenoic acid, fatty-acid profiles, and acids secreted to the broth culture by the oleaginous microorganism, Schizochytrium mangrovei (KCTC 11117BP), were studied. Temperature (initially $28^{\circ}C$), salinity (20 psu), pH (pH7), rotation speeds (100 rpm), organism fatty acids, and secreted acids in the broth were varied during cultivation of S. mangrovei. At pH 7.0, S. mangrovei was able to accumulate lipids up to 40% of its biomass, with 13% (w/w) DHA content. The monosaccharides glucose and fructose, and yeast extract were suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively. The primary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid produced was docosahexaenoic acid.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.6 no.4
• /
• pp.201-205
• /
• 2001

As a series of studies on improving the processing suitability of imported Pacific saury, oxidative stability of seasoned-dried Pacific saury treated with liquid smoke (T2 product) was examined during storage, comparing with control (C, seasoning only) and T1 (treatment of 0.05% BHT instead of liquid smoke). The pH of T2 treated with liquid smoke was relatively lower than those of C and T1 during storage. The contents of volatile basic nitrogen in all products increased continuously during storage. In the changes of TBA and POV of products during storage, the POV of T2 was lower than that of T1, and the TBA values of T1 and T2 were lower than that of C product. The major fatty acids were 22 : 1n-11, 20 : 1n-11, 16 : 0, 14 : 0, 22 : 6n-3, 20 : 5n-3, 18 : 4n-3, 16 : 1n-7, 14 : 1n-7 and 18 : 1n-9 in the both C and T2 products. The contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids in hath C and T2 somewhat decreased with increasing storage period, while those of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids increased.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.186-192
• /
• 2000

In this study, total lipid and cholesterol contents and fatty acid composition of colostrum milk obtained from 30 normal mothers, 10 mothers who was delivered of preterm infant and 8 pregnancy induced hypertensive mothers were analyzed. While total cholesterol content in preterm colostrum was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05), total lipid content was not different among three groups, ranged 2.24-.2.2g/dl. Composition of saturated fatty acide, such as lauric acid and myristic acid which are medium chain fatty acids in preterm milk were higher than those of normal-term and hypertensive mother's milk. There was no difference n total composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the rationh of $\omega$6/$\omega$3 among 3 group mother's colostrum, ranged 19.45-21.45% and 6.42-7.87, respectively. but the composition of arachidonic acid and DHA in colostrum of hypertensive mothers were significantly higher than those of normal and preterm mothers. These data indicates that gestational length and complications during pregnancy may change the lipid profile and fatty acid composition of hyman milk colosstrum.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.6
• /
• pp.824-831
• /
• 2012

The objective was to compare meat quality, muscle fiber characteristics, lipid oxidation and fatty acids of Limousin (LIM), Simmtental (SIM), Luxi (LX), Qinchuan (QC) and Jinnan (JN) offered the same diet in China. After finishing, eight bulls from each breed were randomly selected for slaughter at 18.5 months old. Longissimus dorsi (ld) muscle was taken from the carcass for meat quality evaluations. Breed had little effect on most of meat and fat color parameters except for Hue and $b^*$ in which QC had lower values. LIM showed higher pH (24 h) and better water holding capacity than other breeds. LIM showed the lowest dry matter content but the highest crude protein. LX and LIM had higher percentage and density of red muscle fiber than other breeds. Lipid oxidations were significantly lower in LIM than in QC, with the LX, SIM and JN having the intermediate values. Compared to other four breeds, QC provided the highest values of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), n-6 fatty acids and n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, LIM scored better on most of meat quality characteristics; however, local breeds such as LX and QC also had better muscle fiber characteristics and better fatty acids composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.10
• /
• pp.1432-1442
• /
• 2016

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of palm and/or linseed oil (LSO) supplementation on carcass quality, sensory evaluation and fatty acid profile of beef from crossbred Wagyu beef steers. Twenty four fattening Wagyu crossbred beef steers (50% Wagyu), averaging $640{\pm}18kg$ live weight (LW) and approximately 30 mo old, were stratified and randomly assigned in completely randomized design into 3 treatment groups. All steers were fed approximately 7 kg/d of 14% crude protein concentrate with ad libitum rice straw and had free access to clean water and were individually housed in a free-stall unit. The treatments were i) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of palm oil; ii) control concentrate plus 100 g/d of palm oil and 100 g/d of LSO, iii) control concentrate plus 200 g/d of LSO. This present study demonstrated that supplementation of LSO rich in C18:3n-3 did not influence feed intakes, LW changes, carcass and muscle characteristics, sensory and physical properties. LSO increased C18:3n-3, C22:6n-3, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), however, it decreased C18:1t-11, C18:2n-6, cis-9, trans-11, and trans-10,cis-12 conjugated linoleic acids, n-6 PUFA and n-6:n-3 ratio in Longissimus dorsi and Semimembranosus muscles.