• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.8
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• pp.1073-1079
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• 2010

Forty-eight ((Duroc${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Landrace) pigs with an average initial body weight (BW) of $48.47{\pm}1.13\;kg$ were used in a 12-week growth trial to investigate the influence of Anion (silicate) supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, meat quality and fecal noxious gas content in growing-finishing pigs. Pigs were allotted into three dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design according to sex and initial BW. Each dietary treatment consisted of four replications with four pigs per pen. Dietary treatments included: i) CON (basal diet), ii) HCI (basal diet+3 g/kg Anion), iii) HCII (basal diet+6 g/kg Anion). No significant difference (p>0.05) was detected for average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain/feed ratio (G/F) throughout the experiment, although dietary supplementation of Anion numerically increased these characteristics compared with CON. The dietary HCI group significantly (p<0.05) increased the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) of dry matter (DM), nitrogen (N) and energy compared with the CON group (p<0.05). No significant difference was observed in meat quality except that meat firmness was linearly (p<0.05) increased by the Anion supplementation, while an increased tendency in meat color and a decreased tendency in 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was also observed (p<0.10). Anion supplementation linearly (p<0.05) decreased the fecal $NH_3$ compared with the CON group. However, dietary Anion supplementation at 3 g/kg decreased the $H_2S$ concentration compared with CON, while no significant difference was detected in the HCII group, although the $H_2S$ emission was numerically decreased compared with CON. In conclusion, supplementation of the diet with 3 g/kg Anion was found to exert a beneficial effect on nutrient digestibility and meat quality of growing-finishing pigs, and concomitantly decreased the noxious gas emission without negative effect on growth performance.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.243-249
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• 2009

This study was conducted to determine the proper inclusion levels of squid liver powder (SLP) and dehulled soybean meal (DHSM) as a fish meal (FM) replacement in the diets for olive flounders. All the experimental diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous (50% crude protein, CP) and isocaloric (17.1 kJ energy $g^{-1}$ diet). Four diet were formulation of FM with SLP (DHSM) were tested at 0, 25, 50, 75% (SLP(DHSM)$_0$, SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$, SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$, respectively). Triplicate groups of 12 fish with an average body weight of 5.56$\pm$0.1 g (mean$\pm$S.D.) were fed one of three experimental diets for 7 weeks. Weight gain (WG) and the specific growth rate(SGR) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ diets (P<0.05). Also, WG and SGR of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ had significantly higher WG and SGR than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The feed efficiency (FE) and protein efficiency ratio (PER) of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_0$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{25}$ were significantly higher than those fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ and SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ (P<0.05). The whole-body crude lipid content of fish SLP(DHSM)$_{75}$ was significantly higher than that of fish fed SLP(DHSM)$_{50}$ (P<0.05). However, there were no significant differences in whole-body moisture, crude protein and crude ash of fish fed all diets. Based on these growth performance results, the SLP(DHSM) combination replace up to 25% FM protein by the ANOVA test in juvenile olive flounder diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.1285-1293
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• 2005

The present study was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of various animal and plant protein sources on piglet' performance, digestibility of amino acids and gut morphology in weaned pigs until 28 days after weaning. The plant protein sources used were soybean meal (SBM), fermented soy protein (FSP), rice protein concentrate (RPC); and animal protein sources tested were, whey protein concentrate (WPC) and fishmeal (FM). Iso-proteinous (21%) diets were formulated and lysine (1.55%) content was similar in all the diets. The level of each protein source added was 6% by replacing SBM to the same extent from the control diet containing 15% SBM. The ADG was higher (p<0.05) in the groups fed animal proteins as compared with plant proteins at all the levels of measurement, except during 15-28 days. The highest ADG was noted in WPC and FM fed diets and lowest in SBM fed diet. The feed intake was higher in animal protein fed groups than plant proteins at all phases, but the feed:gain ratio was not affected by protein sources except during overall (0 to 14 day) measurement which was improved (p<0.05) in animal protein fed diets compared to plant protein sources. The digestibilities of gross energy, dry matter and crude protein were higher in animal protein fed groups than for plant protein fed sources. The apparent ileal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Leu, Thr, and Met were significantly (p<0.05) higher in animal proteins fed animals as compared with plant protein fed animals. But the apparent fecal digestibilities of essential amino acids like Arg and Ile were significantly higher (p<0.05) in plant protein diets than animal protein sources. The villous structure studied by scanning electron microscope were prominent, straight finger-like, although shortened and densely located in FM fed group as compared with others. The lactic acid bacteria and C. perfringens counts were higher in caecal contents of pigs fed plant proteins than the animal proteins. Overall, it could be concluded that animal protein sources in the present study showed better effects on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and gut morphology than plant protein sources.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1107-1112
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• 2009

The separation of X and Y chromosome-bearing sperm is of use in many aspects of livestock maintenance. In this study, we sought to determine the difference in DNA content between X- and Y-bearing sperm, separate sperm into X- and Y-enriched pools, and assess the efficacy of sorting. Sperm collected from Duroc and miniature pigs were stained with 20.8 $\mu{M}$ Hoechst 33342 and analyzed using a high-speed cell sorter. Measurement of the fluorescence intensity of stained sperm nuclei revealed that the X-bearing sperm of Duroc and miniature pigs respectively contain 2.75% and 2.88% more DNA than Y-bearing sperm. In total, 50.18% of the sperm were assigned to the X-sorted sample and 49.82% was assigned to the Y-sorted sample for Duroc pigs. For miniature pigs, the Xsorted sample represented 50.19% of the population and the Y-sorted represented 49.81% of the population. Duplex PCR was used to evaluate accuracy of sorting. A fast and reliable method for porcine sexing was developed through amplification of the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome gene (SRY). Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify the conserved porcine SRY high motility group (HMG) box sequence motif. We found that the primer pair designed in this study was 1.46 times more specific than previously reported primers. Thus, this study shows that the present method can be applied in porcine breeding programs to facilitate manipulation of the sex ratio of offspring and to achieve precise sexing of porcine offspring by amplification of the HMG box of the SRY gene.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1195-1201
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• 2009

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary alpha-lipoic acid (LA) on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers. A total of 240 1-d-old male Arbor Acres broilers were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (0, 300 ppm, 600 ppm, and 900 ppm dietary LA supplementation, respectively). Birds were slaughtered at 42 days old. Live body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average feed intake (AFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressing percentage, breast muscle percentage, thigh muscle percentage, abdominal fat percentage, muscle color (L*, a*, b*), pH values at 24 h postmortem, meat shear force value (SFV) and anti-oxidative ability were measured. Results showed that addition of 600 ppm or 900 ppm LA decreased BW (p<0.01), ADG (p<0.01) and AFI (p<0.05) compared with other diets. FCR was not affected by dietary LA content. LA had no marked effect on dressing percentage, breast muscle percentage or thigh muscle percentage. Abdominal fat percentage was lower (p<0.05) in the 900 ppm LA supplementation group than the control group. Dietary 900 ppm LA increased (p<0.05) breast and thigh muscle pH value at 24 h postmortem compared with the control treatment. Dietary LA increased thigh muscle a* value, though no significant difference was found in thigh muscle a* value among the treatments. Dietary LA significantly decreased breast muscle L* value (p<0.05), breast muscle b* value (p<0.01) and thigh muscle b* value (p<0.05). Broilers fed LA had higher breast muscle a* value (p<0.05) and thigh muscle L* value (p<0.05). All test groups had lower (p<0.05) breast muscle SFV than the control group. Dietary 600 ppm or 900 ppm LA both decreased (p<0.01) thigh muscle SFV compared with the control treatment. Dietary 900 ppm LA significantly increased (p<0.05) TAOC, SOD and GSHPx compared with no LA treatment. Broilers fed LA had lower (p<0.01) MDA compared with the control treatment. These results suggested that dietary LA enhanced the anti-oxidative ability and oxidative stability, and contributed to the improvement of meat quality in broilers.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 2012

This study deals with the investigation of the scale effect for the vertical-axis tidal stream turbine by evaluating the hydrodynamic efficiency of turbine rotors of different diameters at different flow conditions. Numerical analyses are made for the turbine rotors with a same shape, but different sizes obtained using the diameter evaluation equation suggested in this paper. It is shown that the performance of turbine is clearly dependent upon the rotor size and inflow velocity, i.e. Reynolds number dependency of different-scaled turbines showing better efficiency with increasing Reynolds number. The sudden decrease of efficiency is also noticed around the transition region of Reynolds number. The hydrodynamic capacity evaluation method needed at initial stage of turbine design is suggested and exercised with some test cases. It is recommended that the method is expected to be useful for turbines with demanding powers between 10 kW and 300 kW.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.31 no.1C
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• pp.26-35
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• 2006

In this paper, an automatic mobile robot system for a intelligent path planning using the detection scheme of the spatial coordinates based on stereo camera is proposed. In the proposed system, face area of a moving person is detected from a left image among the stereo image pairs by using the YCbCr color model and its center coordinates are computed by using the centroid method and then using these data, the stereo camera embedded on the mobile robot can be controlled for tracking the moving target in real-time. Moreover, using the disparity map obtained from the left and right images captured by the tracking-controlled stereo camera system and the perspective transformation between a 3-D scene and an image plane, depth information can be detected. Finally, based-on the analysis of these calculated coordinates, a mobile robot system is derived as a intelligent path planning and a estimation. From some experiments on robot driving with 240 frames of the stereo images, it is analyzed that error ratio between the calculated and measured values of the distance between the mobile robot and the objects, and relative distance between the other objects is found to be very low value of $2.19\%$ and $1.52\%$ on average, respectably.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.240-251
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• 1992

To find antitumor components from higher fungi, the cultured mycelia of Paxillus atrotomentosus were extracted with hot water. The water soluble fraction was purified and separated by DEAE-cellulose ion exchange chromatography and Sepharose CL-4B gel filtration method. The separated fractions(Fr.) were designated CR A, B, C and D. Fr. A showed the highest inhibition ratio of 68.51% among the five tractions at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day. When Fr. A was examined for immunopotentiation activity, it increased the amount of the superoxide anion from activated macrophages to 1.1 fold and the number of plaques in hemolytic plaque assay to 2.3 fold, respectively. Otherwise, it did not show direct cytotoxity in sarcoma 180. Delayed type hypersensitiyity reaction showed that the decreased footpad swelling of tumor-hearing was restored to the normal. These results indicate that antitumor activity was exerted through immunopotentiation. Its chemical analysis showed 86.36% polysaccharide, 1.52% protein and 1.64% hexosamine. The polysaccharide consisted of fucose, galactose, glucose, mannose and xylose. This component was named paxillan.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.363-363
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• 2008

The development of dry etching process for sapphire wafer with plasma has been key issues for the opto-electric devices. The challenges are increasing control and obtaining low plasma induced-damage because an unwanted scattering of radiation is caused by the spatial disorder of pattern and variation of surface roughness. The plasma-induced damages during plasma etching process can be classified as impurity contamination of residual etch products or bonding disruption in lattice due to charged particle bombardment. Therefor, fine pattern technology with low damaged etching process and high etch rate are urgently needed. Until now, there are a lot of reports on the etching of sapphire wafer with using $Cl_2$/Ar, $BCl_3$/Ar, HBr/Ar and so on [1]. However, the etch behavior of sapphire wafer have investigated with variation of only one parameter while other parameters are fixed. In this study, we investigated the effect of pressure and other parameters on the etch rate and the selectivity. We selected $BCl_3$ as an etch ant because $BCl_3$ plasmas are widely used in etching process of oxide materials. In plasma, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical, $B^+$ ion, Cl radical and $Cl^+$ ion. However, the $BCl_3$ molecule can be dissociated into B radical or $B^+$ ion easier than Cl radical or $Cl^+$ ion. First, we evaluated the etch behaviors of sapphire wafer in $BCl_3$/additive gases (Ar, $N_2,Cl_2$) gases. The behavior of etch rate of sapphire substrate was monitored as a function of additive gas ratio to $BCl_3$ based plasma, total flow rate, r.f. power, d.c. bias under different pressures of 5 mTorr, 10 mTorr, 20 mTorr and 30 mTorr. The etch rates of sapphire wafer, $SiO_2$ and PR were measured with using alpha step surface profiler. In order to understand the changes of radicals, volume density of Cl, B radical and BCl molecule were investigated with optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The chemical states of $Al_2O_3$ thin films were studied with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) and depth profile anlysis of auger electron spectroscopy (AES). The enhancement of sapphire substrate can be explained by the reactive ion etching mechanism with the competition of the formation of volatile $AlCl_3$, $Al_2Cl_6$ or $BOCl_3$ and the sputter effect by energetic ions.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.151-157
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• 2004

Effects of supplementing selected fatty acids on fatty acid incorporation (17 days) , and progeny production (14 days) in Artemia franciscana (Great Salt Lake, USA) were studied. To compare with the control four diets, which differed in fatty acid composition alone contain Dunalieia tertiolecta and an emulsion either rich in OA (oleic acid, 18: 1 n-9), ARA (arachidonic acid, 20:4n-6), EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid,20:5n-3), or DHA (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6n-3). Each of these emulsions was supplemented at a ratio of 20 % of the daily dose of D. tertiolecta (% algal dry weight). The initial OA and ARA values were 33.5 and 1.7 mg/g DW of freshly-hatched nauplii, respectively. After 11 days of feeding, these values increased to 38.8 and 7.6 mg/g DW in Artemia receiving the fatty acid sup-plement rich in each of the respective fatty acids. After 14 days, the levels were almost doubled, reaching 62.8 and 13.4 mg/g respectively. On EPA supplementation, its level after 11 days of feeding was 14.3 and 17.3 mg/g in male and female, respectively and was 16.0 and 23.1 mg/g in the male and female after 14 days, respectively. The EPA accumulated more in the body (39.1 mg/g) than in ovisac (16.9 mg/g). In the DHA supplementation group also, DHA levels after 11 days of feeding were 3.1 and 5.5 mg/g in male and female, respectively. After 14 days, the DHA level continued to increase in male. but slightly decreased to 4.6 mg/g in female. It was not richer in ovisac (2.6 mg/g) than in the remaining body of female (4.6 mg/g). In conclusion, fatty acids supplied by a lipid emulsion as a supplement to the algal diet are well incorporated in the adult Artemia. Apart from being an extra source of energy, these emulsions may function as source of HUFA which may play an essential role for growth and progeny production (fecundity) of Artemia.