• The Korean Journal of Elementary Counseling
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.391-405
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to discover unique personality traits which the children of 5 social status types using 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test (KCPI-S) in order to define the characteristics of 5 social status types developed as the Korean type. For this purpose, two hypotheses were set and tested. The subjects of this study were 502 children who were 4, 5th and 6th grade elementary school boys and girls in A city. 5 social status types and gender of children were set as the independent variables each, and 10 clinical scales of Korea Children's personality test as the dependent variables. The research hypotheses were analyzed in turn by the multivariate analysis (MANOVA) and t-test. The results are as follows: First, the results of analyzing differences in 10 clinical scales in accordance with 5 social status types how the significant differences in all 9 clinical scales except for language development scale, and ${\eta}^2$ representing the explanatory power of the independent variables to dependent variables was found to be in the range of the lowest at 2% up to 10% for each scale. Second, the results of analysis of the gender difference show that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the significant difference was appeared between boys and girls in 8-9 scales among the 10 clinical scales, but in the case of rest 3 social status types (average, popular, rejected children) the difference was appeared between boys and girls only in 2-3 scales. Depending on these results it seems that each of 5 social status types of the children has its own unique personality structure. It is necessary to attend to the fact that in the case of the children with controversial and neglected children, the average value of boys are significantly higher than that of the girls. There is a big possibility that the boys have more psychological problems that the girls. It is judged that in case of these two types the personal traits applying gender should be interpreted. Therefore, the follow-up study should conduct the exploratory research on the structure of the relationship between children's language development and sociality measure. Further, it is necessary to conduct the psychological comparison between genders in the children with controversial and neglected children, and to study the structure of their relationship with rest social status types by genders.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2015

Major corporations and portals have implemented a link server that connects Content Management Systems (CMS) to the physical address of content in a database (DB) to support efficient content use in web-based environments. In particular, a link server automatically connects the physical address of content in a DB to the content URL shown through a web browser screen, and re-connects the URL and the physical address when either is modified. In recent years, the number of users of digital content over the web has increased significantly because of the advent of the Big Data environment, which has also increased the number of link validity checks that should be performed in a CMS and a link server. If the link validity check is performed through an existing URL-based sequential method instead of petabyte or even etabyte environments, the identification rate of dead links decreases because of the degradation of validity check performance; moreover, frequent link checks add a large amount of workload to the DB. Hence, this study is aimed at providing a link server that can recognize URL link deletion or addition through analysis on the B-tree-based Information Identifier count per interval based on a large amount of URLs in order to resolve the existing problems. Through this study, the dead link check that is faster and adds lower loads than the existing method can be performed.

• The Bulletin of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.73.2-74
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• 2015

The gas cloud G2 falling toward Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way, is supposed to provide valuable information on the physics of accretion flows and the environment of the black hole. We observed Sgr A* with four European stations of the Global Millimeter Very Long Baseline Interferometry Array (GMVA) at 86 GHz on 1 October 2013 when parts of G2 had already passed the pericenter. We searched for possible transient asymmetric structure - such as jets or winds from hot accretion flows - around Sgr A* caused by accretion of material from G2. The interferometric closure phases (which are zero if the spatial brightness distribution of the target is symmetric, and deviate from zero otherwise) remained zero within errors during the observation time. We thus conclude that Sgr A* did not show significant asymmetric (in the observer frame) outflows in late 2013. Using simulations, we constrain the size of the outflows that we could have missed to ${\approx}2.5$ mas along the major axis, ${\approx}0.4$ mas along the minor axis of the beam, corresponding to approximately 232 and 35 Schwarzschild radii, respectively; we thus probe spatial scales on which the jets of radio galaxies are suspected to convert magnetic into kinetic energy. As probably less than 0.2 Jy of the flux from Sgr A* can be attributed to accretion from G2, one finds an effective accretion rate ${\eta}M{\leq}1.5{\times}10^9kg/s{\approx}7.7{\times}10^{-9}M_{earth}/yr$ for material from G2. Exploiting the kinetic jet power-accretion power relation of radio galaxies, one finds that the rate of accretion of matter that ends up in jets is limited to $M{\leq}10^{17}kg/s{\approx}0.5M_{Earth}/yr$ less than about 20% of the mass of G2. Accordingly, G2 appears to be largely stable against loss of angular momentum and subsequent (partial) accretion at least on time scales ${\leq}1$ year.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.40 no.6
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• pp.391-400
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• 2016

A number of maritime accidents, and accident response activities, including the command and control procedures that were implemented at accident scenes, are analyzed to derive useful information about responding to maritime accidents, and to understand how the chain of events developed after the initial accident. In this research, a new concept of a 'risk based accident response support system' is proposed. In order to identify the event chains and associated hazards related to the accident response activities, this study proposes a 'Brainstorming technique for scenario identification', based on the concept of the HAZID technique. A modified version of Event Tree Analysis was used for quantitative risk analysis of maritime accident response activities. PERT/CPM was used to analyze accident response activities and for calculating overall (expected) response activity completion time. Also, the risk based accident response support system proposed in this paper is explained using a simple case study of risk analysis for oil tanker grounding accident response.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-96
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• 2004

This study was intended to describe the hypertensive patient's lifestyle and quality of life by creating a hypothetic model on the lifestyle and quality of life and by examining a causeand effect relationship, and to contribute to countermeasures for practicing their lifestyle and improving the quality of life through creating a predictable model. Exogenous variable($\xi$) of hypothetic model in this study composed of a family support, hypertension knowledge, perceived benefit and toughness. Endogenous variable($\eta$) composed of self-esteem, perceived health state, depression, lifestyle and quality of life. There were 6 measured variables for exogenous variable(x). There were 9 measured variables(y) for endogenous variable. Also, there was error variable ($\delta,\;\epsilon$) of an individual. The survey was conducted for 207 hypertensive parents who received an out-patient service for 3 weeks from September 15, 2003 to October 3, 2003 after diagnosing as hypertension from 2 general hospitals in Daegu. As the conformance of hypothetic model in this study, there were $x^2$= 155.81, standard $x^2$ ($x^2$/df)=2.32, GFI=0.003, NFI=0.971, CFI=0.982, and RMSEA=0.080. Generally, the hypothetic model and actual data were well coincided. The higher the hypertension knowledge was(t=6.030), the higher the perceived benefit was(t=9.429), the higher the toughness was(t=2.783), and the higher the perceived health state was(t=2.282), the higher the lifestyle was. However, the degree of depression (t=-0.038), family support(t=1.161), and self-esteem(t=0.518) was not affected. The higher the family support was(t=10.476), the higher the self-esteem was(t=7.244), the higher the perceived health state was(t=6.996), the lower the degree of depression was(t=-2.044), and the higher the practice degree of lifestyle was(t=3.315), the higher the quality of life was. However, the toughness(t=1.672) didn't have a significant influence on the quality of life. It was modified to increase the model conformance and gain a conscious model As the result of model revision, for the model conformance, there were $x^2$= 118.43, standard $x^2$=1.69, GFI=0.923, NFI=0.976, CFI=0.982, and RMSEA=0.078. As the revised model showed the better conformance than hypothetic model, it seemed to be more suitable model. In the revised model, the perceived benefit(t=9.440) affected the lifestyle in the revised model. Then, the lifestyle was influenced by hypertension knowledge(t=6.139), toughness (t=2.757), family support(t=2.078), perceived health state(t=1.962) in the order. As a factor which affected the quality of life, there were the family support(t=l0.46l), self-esteem(t=7.368), perceived health state(t=6.989), lifestyle(t=3.316), toughness(t=2.584), and depression(t=-1.968) in the order. It showed the significant effect.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.253-265
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• 1994

The hydraulic-geometrica1 relations between the riverbed slope and water discharge and other hydraulic variables in some selected alluvial rivels in Korea have been investigated. The rivers from which the data relevant to this study were collected are mainly the first tributaries, considered to be mostly in the equilibrium state, of the 10 major rivers in Korea. The investigating methods adopted in this study are similar to the one suggested by Leopold and Maddock and the one suggested by Garde. All of 18 rivers their drainage areas of which range between 100-2,000 $\textrm{km}^2$ were considered and the changes in riverbed slope, drainage area, bed material size along the downstream river distance were measured. It is found in this study that the change in the riverbed slope, S, along the downstream can be expressed in terms of the coefficient, $\beta$, expressing the change in the drainage area along the downstream and the drainage area, A, by an empirical relation as 0.0063 0.0063 S = $S_{ 0}$ $A_{0}$$^{-------- +0.51}$A-$^{-------- -0.51}$. $\beta$ $\beta$ According to this relation, the riverbed slope of the river reaches investigated in this study appear to be proportional to the -0.6th power of the drainage area. This result is consistent with the previous ones obtained by Hack.k.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.847-856
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• 2000

Parents are primary care taker for the children and have an important role for the assessment and managent of children's pain following surgery. The purpose of the present study was to examine the validity and clinical utilization of the Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents (PPMP) developed by Chambers et al. Subjects were 52 children aged 4-12 years admitted for tonsillectomy and other minor surgery and their mothers. Faces Pain Scale, State Anxiety, and Postoperative Pain Measure for Parents were used. The data were collected by two research assistant on the operation day and 1st day after surgery at hospital during the period of July 20 to August 28, 1998. The results are as follows: 1. Eta correlation coefficient between 15 items of PPMP and child rated pain were calculated. Correlation coefficients were more than .2 for both day. 2. Internal consistency for PPMP were .82 and .83. 3. The scores of the PPMP were 10.73 (SD=3.71) and 9.27(SD=4.07) on the operation day and 1st day after surgery and there was no significant difference between two days(p=.056) On the other hand, there was a significant difference on the child rated pain by Faces Pain Scale between operation day and 1st day after surgery(p=.001). 4. The correlation(Spearman Rho) between PPMP and child rated pain were .40(p=.003) and .56(p=.000). The score of the PPMP and the children's state anxiety were highly correlated on the operation day and 1st day after surgery (.60, .52, p=.000). 5. Partial correlation between PPMP and child rated pain except state anxiety were .18(p=.23) and .48(p=.001) on the opration day and 1st day after surgery. 6. Using a cut-off score 10 out of 15, the measure showed excellent sensitivity (>80%) and moderate specificity (46.15%, 60% ). This study provides preliminary evidence for the use of the PPMP as a valid pain assessment tool with children between the ages of 4-12 years following surgery. It is suggested to explore the validity with a different subjects with other surgery and to examine the validity for infant and younger children.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.243-251
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• 2000

In order to provide a basis for studying the molecular mechanism of pharmacological action of local anesthetics and to develop a fluorescence spectroscopic method which can detect the microviscosity of native and model membranes using intramolecular excimerization of 1,3-di(l-pyrenyl)propane (Py-3-Py), we examined the effect of lidocaine HCl on the microviscosity of model membranes of phosphatidylcholine fraction extracted from synaptosomal plasma membrane vesicles (SPMVPC). The excimer to monomer fluorescence intensity ratio (I'/I) of Py-3-Py in liquid paraffin was a simple linear function of $T/{\eta}.$ Based on this calibration curve, the microviscosity values of the direct probe environment in SPMVPC model membranes ranged from $234.97{\pm}48.85$ cP at $4^{\circ}C$ to %19.21{\pm}1.11$ cP at $45^{\circ}C.$ At $37^{\circ}C,$ a value of $27.25{\pm}0.44$ cP was obtained. The lidocaine HCl decreased the microviscosity of SPMVPC model membranes in a concentration-dependent manner, with a significant decrease in microviscosity value by injecting the local anesthetic even at the concentration of 0.5 mM. These results indicate that the direct environment of Py-3-Py in the SPMVPC model membranes is significantly fluidized by the lidocaine HCl. Also, the present study explicitly shows that an interaction between local anesthetics and membrane lipids is of importance in the molecular mechanism of pharmacological action of lidocaine HCl.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.30-37
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• 1989

The PIN type a-SiC:H/a-Si:H heterojunction solar cells were fabricated by using the rf glow discharge decomposition of $SiH_4$ mixed with $CH_4,B_2,H_6\;and\;PH_3.$ The efficiency of the solar cell of the $SnO_2/ITO$ was higher than that of ITO transparent oxide layer by 1.5%. The P layer was prepared with the thickness of $100{\AA}$ and $CH_4/SiH_4$ ration of 5. The I layer has been deposited on the P layer and it is not pure intrinsic but near N type. So $SiH_4$ mixed with $B_2H_6$ of 0.3ppm was used to change this N type nature to intrinsic having the thickness of 5000${\AA}$. And consecutively, the N layer was deposited with t ethickness of $400{\AA}$ using $SiH_4/PH_3$ mixtures. The solar cell demonstrated 0.94V of $V_{oc'}$ 14.6mA/cm of $J_{sc}$ and 58.2% of FF, resulting the efficiency of 8.0%. To minimize loss by the reflection of light, $MgF_2$ layer was coated on the lgass and the efficiency was improved by 0.5%. Therefore, the solar cell indicated overall efficiency of 8.5%.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.99-119
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• 2006

Endothelin (ET) is a 21 amino acid peptide with multifunctional effects on the vasculature as well as a variety of other cell types such as respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, endocrine, central nervous systems, and others. Endothelin has emerged as a modulator by autocrine and paracrine actions for many cellular activities, including vasoconstriction, cell proliferation, hormone production, neurotransmitter and/or neuromodulator. The endothelin family consists of three closely related peptides, ET-1, ET-2, and ET-3 derived from separate genes, such as chromosome 6, 1, and 20, respectively. ET-1 is the predominant isoform produced in the cardiovascular system and about which most is known. Endothelin receptors are seven-transmembrane GTP-binding protein-coupled receptors, which are classified into endothelin-A (ETA) and endothelin-B (ETB) receptors. Interestingly, recent evidence is accumulating to suggest that ET -1 may contribute to a variety of pain states such as allodynia and hyperalgesia in animals and humans. Therefore, in this review the biological characteristics and contraction-related mechanism of endothelin-1 in mammalian cells will be summarized. Especially, we focus on multifunctional roles for ET-1 in noxious stimulation-induced pain for the study of pain specialized physical therapy.